Up to the point where women are in the majority at German Gymnastics Association

( Misuk Kim ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: This study is to take a look at the process of a change in perception of gymnastics which was once the province of men in the 19th century, but has become a sport event for German women. Especially, it bears significance in grasping women’s progressive thoughts, physical cul-ture, education and social activities which they intended to express through the association (Deutscher Turner Bund) and gymnastics clubs. Method: This study sheds light on the meaning and relationship of gymnastics to German women through document research such as books issued by the association, master’s theses, doctoral dis-sertations and academic journals. Conclusion: The meaning of “gymnastics” to German women is not confined to mere physical training, but it represents a symbolic sport event that releases a woman from a corset hindering her free movement. Johann Christiph Friedrich GutsMuts(1759-1839), Friedrich Ludwig Jahn(1778-1852), Ernst Wilhelm Bernhard Eiselen(1793-1846) are main examples who said that gymnastics was to emphasize physical training and masculinity of young men and soldiers. On top of that, the association failed to fully recognize women’s rights as a member until the end of the 19th century. However, as a female gymnastics club was formed by eleven women in Frankfurt in 1848, women were able to engage in political and social discussions along with physical training. The objective of the club was to enhance health, but they were not content with it and wanted women themselves to fight against social prejudice and gender inequality and men’s vested rights for women’s liberation. Martha Thurm was the first woman who mentioned at Turnfestival in Nurnberg that women also needed the same duties and rights like their male counterparts enjoyed at the association, the formation of a committee for women’s gymnastics and issuance of gymnastics newspaper for German women. Such endless efforts made a remarkable difference in many ways including gymnastics classes for girls’ schools, activities of female gymnas-tic teachers and establishment of women gymnastics clubs. In the aftermath of the World War I, as women were granted a right to vote, the German Gymnastics Association also recognized rights of female mem-bers and more than 2,600 female gymnasts were able to participate in German gymnastics festival in 1923, which led to the establishment of Women Gymnastics Committee at German Gymnastics Association (1926), Women Advisory Group (1927), “official announcement of female gym-nasts’ requirements” by Henny Warninghoff and election of Els Schroder as the association’s female gymnastics teacher. It resulted in development in female gymnastics organizations and women’ s active participation in civic movements. The Women Gymnastics Committee of the association served as a women’s committee that represented women’s issues regardless of fields. At that time, the number of female members who joined the association exceeded that of German Olympic Sports Confederation. Currently, the association has 3,414,434 female members (68.7%) out of 4,970,104, which is the second largest sports association after the German Football Association (6,889,115 members). Gymnastics was the produce of German women’s efforts to enjoy physical culture and free though in the past, and is and will be the foundation for communities only for German women now and down the road.

2010년 여자체조 세계선수권대회 이단평행봉 기술전략분석

김윤지(Kim, Yoon-Ji),김혜영(Kim, Hye-Young),여홍철(Yeo, Hong-Chul) 한국체육과학회 2012 한국체육과학회지 Vol.21 No.1

The purpose of the study is to give information to gymnasts and coaches for improving athletic performance and about the possibility of medals on uneven bars in Olympics and World Championships. The uneven bars event qualifying round in 2010 Artistic World Gymnastics Championships(WC) in Rotterdam was played with 186 women’s gymnasts. And the National Sports Festival(KC) in 2011 were played with 87 women’s gymnasts. Most tried Difficulty score range is 5.0-5.4 which was used 32% of 186 gymnasts in WC and 4.5-4.9 for 30% of 87 gymnasts in KC. Most occupied Execution-score range is 7.000-7.499 which was gained for 20% of 186 gymnasts in WC and 5.000 or less for 32% of 87 gymnasts in KC. The 76% gymnasts in WC gained 6.000 or more but 69% in KC gained 6.000 or less in E-score. This study shows that Korean women’s gymnasts should try their best to reduce mistakes in performance and they need to technical strategy and coaching to improve performances in uneven bars.

파울 클레의 1920-1930년대 작품에 나타난 신여성과 대중문화

최연희 미술사문화비평학회 2014 미술사문화비평 Vol.5 No.-

A new type of women started to appear in Germany during 1920-1930s and unlike his previous work, Klee began to create works, which related to this new type of modern woman. This paper is a study of Klee’s image of New women in the 1920-1930s, and reflects on Klee’s professional achievements and his perception of these times, based on their social background, which was reflected on the shapes of the ‘New women’ that he portrayed. The labor power shortage that resulted in the aftermath of the First World War provided women with employment opportunities and they were therefore able to actively contribute to the economy. Klee recognized the fact that the female gender role that had been limited to being a wife and mother at home, changed drastically as women participated more in politics and social activities. This was illustrated by the diverse images and activities of contemporary women in the performing arts, and portrayed in magazines, newspapers, and film. The liberation of bodies was expressed through dance or gymnastics and the social atmosphere of the time promoted the performances of modern female dancers. Consequently, there was a significant increase in the number of new women who enjoyed dancing and this led to the production of a large number of dance studios and professional dancers. Klee’s images of dancing women shown in his works at the beginning of the 1920s were formed using mysterious and erotic shapes and vibrant lines. However, towards the end of the decade, expressionistic and dark black lines were more prevalent in his dance related works. Clearly repeating straight lines and curves produced geometric and pictorial structures, which expressed perfectly the dynamic motions of dancing women. The 1920s in particular can be said to have been an innovative period of expressionistic dances, and dancers expressed the inner world of human emotions through free movements. The leaping dancers produced by Klee could also be connected to the gymnastics performed at the Bauhaus. At that time, gymnastics was seen as a link between pop culture and the practice of high class art. Overwhelmingly, many participants in gymnastics were women who embraced pop culture and saw themselves as being popular modern women. During the late 1920s, Klee focused on jumping and shifting shapes while concentrating on the creation of geometric abstraction, which meant that the geometrically simplified shapes lost their concreteness and comprised of crosses of planes. Therefore, the gymnastic rhythms that appeared in Klee’s works emphasized movements based on the geometric body shapes, which were connected to an observance of the participants in physical activities.

여자 기계체조 국가대표선수와 세계 우수선수들의 종목별 난이도 비교분석

박지수,김동화,이수근,강주원,노현욱 한국체육교육학회 2022 한국체육교육학회지 Vol.27 No.3

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the performance composition and difficulty of women's national mechanical gymnasts and world-class athletes to improve their performance and provide information to front-line leaders. Methods: A total of 32 players were selected as the top eight players in the national team selection competition and each of the eight players who advanced to the 2020 Tokyo Olympics heresy parallel bars, averages, and floor sports finals. For video analysis of the Korean national team and the world's best players, difficulty scoring tables were used to compare and contrast video cameras and filmed videos. For data processing, frequency analysis and independent sample t-test were performed using the SPSS 26.0(Ver) program, and the significance level was α=.It was set to .05. Results: First, both groups showed a preference for D difficulty in the two-tier parallel bars, but the national team's preferred difficulty ranking was D, C, E, B, and A, but the world's best players were D, E, F, G, C, and C. Second, it was found that both groups preferred the D difficulty in the average event. The preferred ranking of national team players was in the order of D, C, E, B, and A, but world-class players were in the order of D, E, C, and F, and world-class players performed relatively more difficulty than national team players. Third, in the floor exercise, national team players preferred C difficulty, world-class players preferred D difficulty, and national team players were shown in the order of C, D, E, B, and F, but world-class players were shown in the order of D, C, H, E, F, B, and I. Conclusion: In order for a national player to perform at a level similar to that of a world-class player, the national team players rarely perform, but the world-class players will have to rescue a differentiated program that can reliably perform many-practiced skills. 목적: 본 연구는 여자 국가대표 기계체조 선수들과 세계 우수선수들의 종목별 연기구성과 난이도를 비교・ 분석하여 선수들의 경기력 향상 및 일선 지도자들에게 정보를 제공하는 데 목적이 있다. 방법: 국가대표 선발전 상위 8명 선수와 2020 도쿄올림픽 이단평행봉, 평균대, 마루운동 종목 결승 경기에진출한 각 8명×3종목을 포함하여 총 32명을 편의표본 추출 방법으로 선정하였다. 선수들의 난이도 분석을위해 비디오카메라와 난이도 채점표를 비교, 대조하여 분석하고, SPSS 26.0(Ver) 프로그램을 사용하여 빈도분석, 독립표본 t-검정을 실시하였으며, 유의수준은 α=.05로 설정하였다. 결과: 첫째, 이단평행봉 종목에서 두 집단 모두 D난이도를 선호하는 것으로 나타났다, 국가대표선수가 선호하는 난이도는 D,C,E,B,A의 순서로 나타났고, 세계우수선수는 D,E,F,G,C,의 순서로 나타났다. 특히, 국가대표 선수들은 D난이도 다음으로 C난이도를 많이 실시하였고, 세계우수선수는 E난이도를 많이 실시하였다. 둘째, 평균대 종목에서 두집단 모두 D난이도를 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 국가대표 선수들이 선호하는 난이도는 D,C,E,B,A의 순서로 나타났고, 세계우수선수들은 D,E,C,F,의 순서로 나타났다. 세계우수선수는 E난이도를 국가대표 선수에 보다 상대적으로 많이 실시하느 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 마루운동 종목에서 국가대표선수들은 C난이도를 선호하였고, 세계우수선수들은 D난이도를 선호 하는 것으로 나타났다, 또한 국가대표선수는 C,D,E,B,F의 순서로 나타났으나 세계우수선수는 D,C,H,E,F,B,I의 순서로 나타나 세계우수선수가고난이도의 기술을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 국가대표 선수가 세계우수선수와 경쟁하여 우수한 성적을 거두기 위해서는 고난이도 기술을 실수없이완벽하게 실시할 수 있도록 연습 및 훈련 프로그램을 적용하여 실시해야 할 것이다.

2014 여자 기계체조 세계선수권대회 도마경기의 연기내용 및 착지성공률 분석

김채은(Kim, Chae-Eun),김혜영(Kim, Hye-Young),여홍철(Yeo, Hong-Chul) 한국체육과학회 2015 한국체육과학회지 Vol.24 No.3

The purpose of the study is to give information to gymnasts and coaches for improving athletic performance Vault in the World Championships 2014. The study was to analyze elements, line deductions and landing success rate. The subjects 8 final gymnasts in vault competition of the analyzed the element information and landing success rate and got the results the following conclusions. Vault in the Women’s Artistic Gymnastics World Championships 2014 gymnasts are in the skills analysis of the vault Group 4 group were more than 40% of the total use, Group 5 was used by about 30%, Difficulty-Score is the average score is 5.99 ± .39 points, Execution-Score by the average score was 9.05 ± .36 points. The Korean gymnast should demonstrate average D score of 6.0 points and get perfect E score of 1.0 points from Vault to enter a medal. The line-averaged .25 ± 10 point deduction, a perfect landing 2 times. The under rotated landing was to 7 times, and the over rotated landing was to 7 time. Additionally, the landing aspects was to 6 times.

앉아서 하는 실버체조가 80대후기 고령여성의 신체기능과 우울 및 인지기능에 미치는 영향

허필숙,민도겸,백선홍,박상갑 한국체육과학회 2020 한국체육과학회지 Vol.29 No.3

The purpose of present study was to determine the effects of sitted silver gymnastics program on physical functions, depression and cognitive functions in older elderly women. Subjects were recruted who aged over 80 years or older. The silver gymnastics program was conducted 60 minutes a day, 3 times per week during 30 weeks. As a results, there were significantly diffrences on one leg standing with closed eyes(left, right), Chair sit-up and timed up and go in silver gymnastics group. In addition, there were significantly diffrences on KDSQ-C in silver gymnastics group. Therefore, the silver gymnastics program would give positive effects on physical function, depression and cognitive function in older elderly women.

생활도수체조가 농촌지역의 여성고령인구 건강관련체력에 미치는 효과

고영완(Go, Young-Wan),유경석(Yoo, Kyoung-Seok),김영태(Kim, Young-Tae),김인홍(Kim, in-Hong) 한국체육과학회 2011 한국체육과학회지 Vol.20 No.5

This study was aimed to verifying the effect of gymnastics for physical fitness in the 256 applicants older women(60-64age, 65-69age, 70-74age, over age 75) of rural community. Collected data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA by SPSS 12.1 Win program. As a results, physical fitness factors that is muscle strength(grip strength, back strength), muscle endurance(arm curl, sitting and standing up on the chair) and flexibility(sit and reach, back stretch) were significant difference before and after daily gymnastics(p<.005), and has greatly increased physical fitness in four group of the elderly(p<.005), respectively. These data suggested that meaningful changes results from physical fitness factors. These findings we may expect both effects of physical fitness for daily gymnastics and old the people"s welfare in rural community by doing a daily gymnastics.

장기간 노인건강체조에 따른 여성노인의 신체적 자기개념과 우울수준

송근영(Ken Young Song),류호상(Ho Sang Yoo) 한국사회체육학회 2011 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.45

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical self-description and degree of depression in the with elderly women following long-term (12 weeks) gymnastic exercise for old female women. The subjects of this study were elderly women who reside in the welfare center for old people at D city. Twenty six participants were assigned to one of two groups, experimental (n=13) and control (n=13). Analysis of covariance was performed using SPSS 18.0K statistical program for data analysis. Levene`s test of equality of variances was performed with a homogeneity of regression test. P<.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results of data analyses were following; The 12 weeks gymnastic exercise for elderly women showed positive influences on the physical self-description (sports capability, body fat, external features, health, physical activity, selfesteem, flexibility, muscle power, etc) in the with elderly women. However, No significant differences were found in the endurance. The 12 weeks gymnastic exercise reduced the depression level in elderly women. It will be necessary to develop this type of long-term gymnastic exercise for old people as an exercise program to prepare aging society.

우리춤 체조를 적용한 중년여성의 건강 변화 경험

이주영(Lee, Joo-Young),한진숙(Han, Jin-Sook) 한국산학기술학회 2010 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.11 No.12

본 연구의 목적은 우리춤 체조 적용한 중년여성의 건강의 변화를 질적 방법을 적용하여 분석하여 우리춤 체조가 중년여성의 갱년기 증상과 건강 증진에 미치는 영향에 대한 이해를 돕고자 하는 것이다. 연구 대상자는 D시 에 있는 우리춤 체조 학원과 복지회관을 이용하여 우리춤 체조를 배우고 있는 중년여성 9명을 대상으로 면담 후 녹 취하여 질적 방법으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, ‘우리춤 체조를 건강증진 방법으로 선택함’, ‘나도 모르게 변화된 건 강’, ‘변화된 신체상으로 생긴 자신감’, ‘가족의 지지와 호응을 얻음’ 등 4개의 범주가 도출되었다. The purpose of this study was to make a qualitative analysis of middle- aged women's change health experiences in gymnastics based on Korean traditional dance in an attempt to acquire some information on the impact of Korean-dance-based gymnastics on middle-aged women's climacteric symptoms and health promotion. The subjects in this study were nine selected middle-aged women who learned Korean-dance-based gymnastics at Korean-dance-based gymnastics academies and welfare centers in the city of D. After their interview was taperecorded, the tape was transcribed, and the data were analyzed by utilizing qualitative analysis method. As a result, there appeared four categories of experiences: selecting Korean-dance-based gymnastics as the best way, a surprising and favorable change of health, confidence building resulting from the change in the body, and receiving the backing of family.

건강생활체조가 비만 고령여성의 신체구성 염증인자 및 β-아밀로이드에 미치는 영향

김은희(Kim, Eun-Hee),박상갑(Park, Sang-Kab),박경원(Park, Kyong-Won),최순섭(Choi, Sun-Seob),박현태(Park, Hyun-Tae),권유찬(Kwon, Yoo-Chan),정현훈(Jung, Hyun-Hun),임승택(Lim, Seung-Taek),홍가람(Hong, Ga-Ram) 한국체육과학회 2014 한국체육과학회지 Vol.23 No.6

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 20-week health life gymnastics on body composition, inflammation factors and β-amyloid in elderly women with obesity. We recruited 24 elderly women with obesity: a Health Life Gymnastics (n=10) and control group (n=10). The frequency of exercise for the Health Life Gymnastics (i.e., resistance, aerobics, yoga & meditation) group was 4 times per week (i.e., Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday) for 20 weeks. Each 60-minute exercise programme included 10 minutes of warm-up activities and 10 minutes of cool-down activities. The results of this study showed that Health Life Gymnastics decrease Body weight, BMI, % Fat and IL-6 after 20 weeks. In addition, the static relationship appears momentum regular, β-amyloid, inflammatory cytokines decrease β-amyloid, of obesity and IL-6 and weight reduction of body weight, and increased physical activity in older women, improved it is believed that a decrease in TNF-α, CRP, and more effective in IL-6. Therefore, it is determined to be capable of healthy living gymnastics program was carried out in this study are expected to improve positive effect on inflammatory diseases and dementia and weight loss in an obese elderly women.