풍력기상자원지도 산출방법에 따른 풍력자원 비교

서범근,김연희,김지희,김백조 한국신·재생에너지학회 2017 신재생에너지 Vol.13 No.4

Two types of wind resource maps for Korea were developed. The first wind resource map was a TMY (TypicalMeteorological Year) wind resource map based on the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model using the NCEP FNL for theTMY period from 1998 to 2009. The second wind resource map was a KLAPS (Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System) windresource map based on the WRF model using the high resolution KLAPS reanalysis data of a continuous period from 2010 to 2013. Acomparative verification was carried out using the observation data of the ASOS sites. The KLAPS wind resource map was improvedby 17.9% (0.24 m s-1, mean bias) and 10.6% (0.24 m s-1, mean RMSE) compared to the TMY wind resource map. The wind speedverification at an 80 m height of the KLAPS wind resource map was conducted for the Gochang site (onshore) and HeMOSU-1 site(offshore). As a result, the bias was 0.5 m s-1and -0.2 m s-1, and the RMSE was 2.1 m s-1and 2.0 m s-1, respectively. The wind speed ofthe KLAPS wind resource map was strong in winter (onshore) and spring (offshore), and weak in summer. Moreover the wind speedduring the daytime was stronger than that at night. The wind resource map depicted the average wind speed, maximum wind speed,prevailing wind direction, frequency of 3 ~ 25 m s-1wind speed, and Weibull distribution in major wind farms for the development ofwind energy.

무빙필터 기법을 적용한 제주 우도지역의 풍력자원지도 작성에 대한 연구

문서정(Moon, Seo Jeong),고정우(Ko, Jung Woo),이병걸(Lee, Byung Gul) 대한공간정보학회 2012 대한공간정보학회지 Vol.20 No.4

풍력자원지도를 작성하기 위해서는 풍황자료, 지형고도지도, 지면조도지도가 필요하다. 본 연구는 이 중 지면조도 지도를 생성하는 작업의 효율성과 정확도를 높이기 위해 환경부의 토지피복지도에 영상필터링 기법 중 무빙필터를 적용하였다. 필터링된 토지피복지도를 이용하여 지면조도지도를 생성하였고 이를 가지고 풍력자원지도를 작성해봄으로써, 필터링을 거쳐 풍력자원지도를 작성하여도 타당한지 여부를 검증하였다. 그 결과, 필터링을 적용한 지면조도지도를 사용하여 작성한 바람지도 모두 과소예측을 보였으나 오차정도가 매우 작았고, RMSE 또한 50m높이에서 0.0237~0.0253m/s 정도로 거의 0에 근접한 결과를 보였다. 즉, 풍력발전기가 설치되는 80m 이상의 높이에서는 오차의 정도가 더욱 줄어들 것이고, 풍력자원예측 시 작업의 효율성을 위해 필터링기법을 적용하여도 신뢰할만한 풍력자원지도를 얻을 수 있을 것이다. In order to create a wind resource map, we need wind data, contour map and roughness map. Moving Filter technique was applied to Udo of Jeju Island to improve the accuracy and efficiency of creating roughness map based on the Land Cover Map of the Ministry of Environment. The Land Cover Map was simplified using moving filtering, and the roughness map was created with this Land Cover Map. The wind resource map was created using this roughness map. Finally, we verified the validity and application of moving filter technique for wind resource map. As a result, the wind map which was created using the roughness map with moving filtering showed bias values which were all negative. It means the wind map is underestimated to values of wind energy and RMSE values were also from 0.0237m/s to 0.0253m/s at 50m height. In other words, estimation of wind resource using image filtering provides reliable results at 80m height typically when the wind turbine is installed. Finally, we found that image filtering technique is very useful tool to make wind resource map.

육상풍력 입지지도 고도화 및 공공서비스를 위한 해외 사례 조사

김진영,김현구,강용혁 한국풍력에너지학회 2020 풍력에너지저널 Vol.11 No.2

Onshore wind resource maps are the primary data for wind farm site prospecting, national renewable energy supply policy and power system network design development. This study discusses appropriate service levels in terms of elements and spatiotemporal resolution in wind resource maps, with a view to improving the wind resource map service in Korea. The study investigated the production technology and service status of the wind resource maps currently in use in Europe, the United States, Australia, and Japan. As a result, it identified that a capacity factor map should be included in order to perform more direct measurements close to wind power generation, and that various wind resource maps, along with wind speeds, need to be included, such as surface geographical maps and environmental conservation maps. In particular, the spatial resolution of wind resource maps should be improved to within 200 m, with the inclusion of horizontal grid spacings, and up to 200 m above ground level vertically in the same manner as in Europe and the United States. It is expected that the improved service proposed by this paper will be more useful to policy makers, the wind power industry, and wind energy researchers.

풍력-기상자원지도에 기반한 제주 행원 풍력발전단지 효율성 평가

변재영,강미선,정현숙 한국지구과학회 2013 한국지구과학회지 Vol.34 No.7

This study evaluates wind farm efficiency at Haengwon in Jeju Island. The actual energy production at Haengwon wind farm is compared with the estimated energy production based on Korean wind map which is developed at the National Institute of Meteorological Research/KMA. The validation of wind map at Gujwa located near the Haengwon wind farm shows that the wind speed is overestimated. The diurnal variation of wind speed shows a maximum value in the afternoon due to the effect of sea-land breeze. The ratio of the actual energy production at Haengwon wind farm and the estimated energy production based on the Korean wind map is 24.8%, while the distribution of energy frequency is similar each other. The difference of energy production is caused by mechanical error of the turbine and the overestimation of the simulated wind map. This study will contribute to the repowering of turbines for improving the efficiency of wind farm in the future. 풍력 발전단지의 효율성 평가를 위하여 풍력-기상자원지도로부터 이론적 잠재량을 계산하고 행원 발전단지 발전량과 비교하였다. 풍력-기상자원지도는 기상청 국립기상연구소에서 개발된 1 km 해상도 자료를 이용하였다. 풍력-기상자원지도와 AWS(구좌) 풍속의 비교 검증 결과는 풍속이 과대 모의되었으며, 행원 발전단지 풍속의 일 변동성은 해륙풍의 영향으로 오후에 최대가 되는 일 변동 특성을 보였다. 풍력-기상자원지도로부터 산출된 발전량과 행원 발전단지발전량의 비율은 24.8%이나, 발전량 빈도수 분포 형태는 유사하였다. 발전량 차이의 원인은 터빈의 기계적 오류, 풍력-기상자원지도 풍속의 과대 모의에 기인한 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구는 향후의 발전단지 효율성 증가를 위한 터빈의 재배치에 기여 할 것이다.

풍력자원지도를 이용한 포항지역 바람권역 분류

김현구,김진영,강용혁 한국풍공학회 2018 한국풍공학회지 Vol.22 No.3

한반도 풍력자원지도의 시계열 풍속벡터의 유사성을 유클리디안 거리로 정의하여 군집분석에 의해 바람권역을 분류하는 방법을 포항지역에 적용하였다. 풍력자원지도는 포항지역 기상탑 측정자료와의 비교를 통해 정확도를 검증하였다. 이때 풍력자원지도와 기상탑 측정자료의 시간범위가 서로 상이하여, 재해석자료와의 측정-상관-예측을 이용하여 동기간으로 변환한 후 비교검증 하였다. 포항지역에 대한 바람권역 분류 결과, 계절별로 바람권역의 변화가 매우 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 이로부터 우리나라의 바람권역은계절특성을 고려해야 함을 확인하였다. 풍력자원지도의 공간해상도에 따른 바람권역 분류에서는 상대적으로 지형고도가 낮지만 바람의 특성에 민감한 지형이 존재하며, 이러한 지형요소의 수치해석이 정확하게 반영되어야 바람권역 분류의 실질적인 설명력이 향상됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 구축된 국지적 바람권역 분류방법은 풍력발전소 설계, 대기환경영향평가, 풍환경평가 등에유용하게 활용될 것으로 기대된다. A method of classifying wind zones by cluster analysis was applied to Pohang region by defining the similarity of wind vector as an Euclidean distance using Korea wind resource map. The accuracy of wind resource map was validated by comparing with the meteorological tower measurements in Pohang region which were extrapolated to the same period of the wind resource map using a Measure-Correlate-Predict method. For four season, the classified result showed obviously different wind zones, and this implies that the seasonal characteristics should be taken into account for a wind zone classification in Korea. It was found that there exists a relatively low elevation but sensitive terrain feature which divides wind zones, and this imples that high resolution wind map is necessary for local wind zone classification. It is anticipated that the wind zone classification established in the paper will be used for wind farm design, atmospheric environmental impact assessment, wind environment assessment in a local region.

한반도 고해상도 풍력자원지도-2010년판

김현구(Kim, Hyun-Goo),강용혁(Kang, Young-Heack) 한국태양에너지학회 2013 한국태양에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.4

The national wind resource map is used as fundamental and core information across the sectors of policy, business and research in the wind energy field. Therefore, all countries with advanced renewable energy continue to update the temporal and spatial resolutions of their national wind resource maps as well as perform annual updates. This paper analyzes the spatial distributions of annual mean wind speed, maximum wind speed, seasonal mean wind speed, mean wind power density, wind profile exponent, Weibull shape and scale parameters from the recently updated 2010 wind resource map of the Korean Peninsular. In addition, time-series data are analyzed at HeMOSU offshore meteorological-tower and Youngduk Wind Farm by selecting them as contrast comparison locations.

환경친화적 풍력단지 평가체계 구축을 통한 입지선정 및 잠재량 분석

김은영 ( Eun Young Kim ),전성우 ( Seong Woo Jeon ),김유훈 ( Yu Hoon Kim ),이정원 ( Jung Won Lee ),송원경 ( Won Kyong Song ),김현구 ( Hyun Goo Kim ) 한국환경복원기술학회 2014 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Wind power which is one of renewable energies is higher economical efficiency and technical maturity than other renewable energies. Recently, the government of ROK announced to increase the proportion of renewable energy through the National Energy Plan. Also, industry required to deregulate for large-scale wind power as Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is introduced. Wind power whereas the eco-friendly energy, is a serious level of damage of the natural environment and topography when the wind power is located. Therefore, the study selected the indicators required for site selection of wind power and proposed the feasible area for wind power based on wind resource map. We selected the 15 indicators including 12 legal protected area, Ecology and Nature Map, rarity, and connectivity (National Ecological Network). After site selection, we should be considered slope and altitude at the stage of design for wind farm to mitigate the environmental impact. Results of analysis showed that 22.3% of wind resource map is available to locate wind power in real. Through the field survey we had verified the accuracy of the results was significantly correct.

풍력자원 표출을 위한 풍속지도 범례의 표준화 방안 연구

성효현,전상희,안승만,최영진,김규량,구혜정 한국지도학회 2009 한국지도학회지 Vol.9 No.2

‘표준화(standardization)’란 일상적이고 반복적으로 일어나는 문제에 대해 주어진 여건 하에서 최적의 질서를 달성하고자 하는 일련의 활동으로 정의 할 수 있다. 현재 풍력자원지도의 범례는 표준화가 이루어지지 않은 상태이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내․외의 풍력자원지도 구현 사례를 조사하고 우리나라에 적합한 범례를 구성하여 제시하고자 하였다. 국내외 사례연구 외에 색채의 기능과 각 색상별 감정효과를 연구하여 이를 기반으로 보라색, 분홍색, 파란색, 초록색, 황토색으로 이루어진 범례를 구성하였다. 그러나 풍력밀도에 따른 풍력자원지도 범례 구분에 대한 연구가 더 이루어져야 할 필요가 있다. The purpose of this study is to propose the standardization of the wind speed map legend for wind resource visualization. The class intervals of wind speed and color systems for wind resource are analyzed based on the case studies on wind resource maps in many countries. In addition to this, the functions of colors and emotional effects by the colors was studied. On the basis of color function and emotional effects, wind speed map legend was composed of violet, purple, blue, green and beige colors system. Nevertheless, there still need further studies on the class interval of legend based on wind power density for wind resource map.

Development of probability wind speed map based on frequency analysis

유인상,Jinho Kim,Sangman Jeong 대한공간정보학회 2016 Spatial Information Research Vol.24 No.5

This study performed a wind speed frequency analysis in order to develop a probability wind speed map. A total of 70 available stations, having a 10-min mean wind speed over a 20-year historical record were selected. Subsequently, the appropriate probability distribution and method of parameter estimation were determined. The application of the Generalized Extreme Value, Gumbel, Weibull, 2-Parameter Gamma, 3-Parameter Gamma and Log-Pearson Type III distribution were used to determine the appropriate distributions for Korea and were found to be useful for frequency analysis of extreme value. The Method of Moment and Probability Weighted Moment Method were used for the parameter estimation of the different distributions. Hence, results show that GEV distribution coupled with Probability Weighted Moment Method is the best fit for the wind speed frequency analysis in Korea. Also, from the results of a 100-year wind velocity frequency analysis, wind speed of Uljin station was calculated to be the highest at 44.8 m/s and Bonghwa station the lowest at 12.9 m/s. Lastly, probability wind speed map was also developed using inverse distance weighted method using ArcGIS.

NWP-CFD 축소화에 의한 육상풍력 자원지도 고해상도화

김정현,박성군,황수진,김현구,김진영 한국풍공학회 2022 한국풍공학회지 Vol.26 No.1

An accurate prediction of the wind energy production is essential in the initial design process of wind farms. Many researchers use meteorological data obtained from Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) methods to predict wind energy production. The NWP method does not consider the influence of local topography and surface roughness on wind conditions. In Korea, most of onshore wind farms are installed in mountainous areas with complex topography, which makes the meteorological data obtained from only NWP method not applicable for the generation of wind resource map. The NWP-CFD coupled method, which uses the meteorological data from NWP method as the boundary condition of the CFD simulation, is adopted to overcome the limitations inherent in the NWP method. In this way, the spatial resolution of onshore wind resource map is downscaled to 100m-level considering the effects of the complex topography on the wind conditions. 풍력발전단지는 초기 투자비용이 높고 설치 후 이동이 용이하지 못하기 때문에 풍력발전단지 설계 과정에서 해당 지역의 생 산 가능 자원량을 정확히 예측하는 것이 필수적이다 . 많은 연구자들이 풍력에너지 발전량을 예측하기 위해 수치기상예보 (Numerical Weather Prediction, NWP) 방법으로부터 얻은 장기간 기상데이터를 활용한다 . 하지만 NWP 방법은 국지적 지형지물과 표면조도가 풍 황에 미치는 영향을 충분히 고려하지 못한다는 한계점이 존재하여 대부분의 육상풍력발전단지가 지형이 복잡한 산간지역에 설치되어 있는 한국에서 활용하기에 적합하지 않다 . 이에 NWP 방법을 통해 얻어진 장기간 기상데이터를 전산유체역학 (Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)의 경계조건으로 활용하여 지형지물과 표면조도의 영향을 고려하여 축소함으로써 공간해상도를 100m 급으로 고해상 도화 하였다 .