Plastic mulching improves the water use efficiency and productivity of direct seeded and transplanted fine rice

Mubshar Hussain,Shahid Farooq,Safdar Ale 단국대학교 국제농업협력연구소 2012 단국대학교 국제농업협력연구소 학술대회 Vol.2012 No.1

Water scarcity around the globe and climate change challenges has forced the researchers to develop alternative production systems with higher water use efficiency. Direct seeded rice is the emerging water saving rice production system having higher water use efficiency. Field experiment was conducted to assess the role of different mulch systems in improving water use efficiency and productivity in direct seeded and transplanted rice. Three different rice production systems viz., transplanted rice with continuous flooding, two weeks continuous flooding after transplanting and direct seeding with supplemental irrigation only were evaluated under two ground cover systems i.e., plastic and straw mulching with no mulch taken as control. Super Basmati was used as experimental material. Continuously flooded transplanted rice with plastic mulching resulted in higher paddy yield (4.04 t ha- 1 ); while performance of no mulch direct seeding remained poor in this regard. Two weeks flooded transplanted rice with plastic mulching followed continuous flooding in paddy yield (3.94 t ha- 1 ). Continuously flooded transplanted rice with plastic mulching observed substantial improvement in yield related attributes such as panicle length, number of grains per panicle and 1000 grain weight. Plastic mulching improved the productivity and water use efficiency of transplanted as well as direct seeded rice. Higher water use efficiency was observed in direct seeded rice with plastic mulching as it was grown on supplemental irrigations. In crux productivity and water use efficiency of transplanted and especially direct seeded rice can be improved by using plastic film as mulch in current scenarios of water shortage. Key Words: mulching, rice production systems, water use efficiency, productivity

Water Use Efficiency of Subsurface Drip Irrigation and Furrow Irrigation

송인홍,피터 월러,최연식,권순국,Song, In-Hong,Waller Peter. M.,Choi, C. Yeon-Sik,Kwun, Soon-Kuk The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 2007 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.49 No.2

The primary objective of this study was to compare water use efficiencies between subsurface drip irrigation and furrow irrigation. The uniformity of used drip lines was tested to determine if clogging would be a threat to the long-term success of a subsurface drip irrigation system. Three crops, cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell pepper, were grown in four plots for each irrigation system. Significantly less water was applied with subsurface drip irrigation than with furrow irrigation (29.5 % less for cantaloupe and 43.2 % less for bell poppet) in order to produce similar crop yields. Water use efficiencies with subsurface drip irrigation were significantly higher than those with furrow irrigation fur cantaloupe (P-value = 0.018) and bell pepper (P-value ${\leq}$ 0.001). Drip-irrigated lettuce, a shallow-rooted crop, had moderately higher water use efficiency during the first two seasons, while no difference was observed in the third season. After the experiment, the uniformity of the drip lines was 92.1 % on average and classified as good. The high values fur water use efficiency and uniformity indicate that subsurface drip irrigation can be a sustainable method for conserving irrigation water.

물이용 취약성 지수의 새만금 유역 적용을 통한 수자원 특성 평가

정하옥 ( Ha-ok Jeong ),이현기 ( Hyeon-ki Lee ),박상우 ( Sang-woo Park ) 한국환경기술학회 2016 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.17 No.6

수자원계획 및 사업의 효과 등을 파악하기 위해서 지표와 지수를 이용한 분석방법이 널리 적용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 새만금 유역(전라북도)의 수자원 현황과 특성 평가를 위해서 기존의 수자원과 관련된 지표와 지수 조사를 수행하여 확대 및 개선된 물이용 취약성 지수를 적용하고자 하였다. 물이용 취약성 지수는 압력, 효율, 대응지수로 3개의 세부지수와 14개의 지표로 구성하였으며 산정된 지수는 5단계의 등급으로 평가가 가능하다. 새만금 유역에 대해 5개년 동안 물이용 취약성 변화 추이를 분석한 결과 전주시가 제일 취약한 것으로 분석되었으며, 부안군이 가장 좋은 등급을 받은 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 객관적 및 정량적 평가가 가능하여 새만금 유역의 정책과 사업의 효과성, 우선순위 선정 등에도 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. To find out about water resource planning and the effectiveness of projects, analysis method using indicators and indices is widely used. In order to understand the water resource status in Saemangeum watershed(Jeollabuk-do) and evaluate its characteristics, this study tried to conduct a research on existing indicators and indices related to water resources and apply an expanded and improved water use vulnerability index. Water use vulnerability index is composed of 3 detailed indices of pressure, efficiency, and response factor, and 14 indicators, and the calculated indices can be evaluated in 5 levels. The result of analyzing the transitional aspect of water use vulnerability index in Saemangeum watershed for 5 years, Jeonju City was the most vulnerable and Buan County received the highest grade. Also the result will make objective and quantitative evaluations possible and will contribute to policies on Saemangeum watershed, efficiency of projects, and selection of priorities.

Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency as Affected by Irrigation at Different Growth Stages

Kim, Wook-Han,Hong, Byung-Hee,Ryu, Yong-Hwan The Korean Society of Crop Science 1999 Korean journal of crop science Vol.44 No.4

Extensive research has been conducted on effects of drought stress on growth and development of soybean but information is rather restricted on the limited-irrigation system by way of precaution against a long-term drought condition in the future. The experiment for limited-irrigation was conducted in transparent vinyl shelter at Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), Taiwan in 1997. Two soybean varieties, Hwangkeum and AGS292, improved in Korea and AVRDC, respectively were used for this experiment. The relationships between normalized transpiration rate (NTR) and fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) in both varieties were similar that the NTR was unchanged until FTSW dropped to about 0.5 or 0.6. At FTSW less than those values, NTR declined rapidly. Days required to harvest in both varieties were significantly prolonged at IR6 treatment compared to any other treatments. Daily mean transpiration rate was significantly higher at IR5 treatment, as averaged over varieties. Similarly, water use efficiency was also high at 1R5 treatment. In both varieties, seed yield was the greatest at the IR5 treatment, as compared to any other limited-irrigation treatments, due to the increased seed number and high transpirational water use efficiency. The indices of input water and seed yield for the different limited-irrigation treatments against control indicated that Hwangkeum produced 59.6% or 60.7% of seed yield using 36.1% or 44.9% of input water, as compared to control, by irrigation at only R5 or R6 stages, respectively. The AGS292 produced 56.1% of seed yield with 35.4% of input water of control, when irrigated at R5 stage. The results of this study have elucidated that the limited irrigation at R5 stage in soybean can be minimized yield loss with such small quantity of water under the environment of long-term drought stress and the expected shortage of agricultural water in the future.

Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency as Affected by Irrigation at Different Growth Stages

Wook-Han Kim,Byung-Hee Hong,Yong-Hwan Ryu 韓國作物學會 1999 Korean journal of crop science Vol.44 No.4

Extensive research has been conducted on effects of drought stress on growth and development of soybean but information is rather restricted on the limited-irrigation system by way of precaution against a long-term drought condition in the future. The experiment for limited-irrigation was conducted in transparent vinyl shelter at Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), Taiwan in 1997. Two soybean varieties, Hwangkeum and AGS292, improved in Korea and AVRDC, respectively were used for this experiment. The relationships between normalized transpiration rate (NTR) and fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) in both varieties were similar that the NTR was unchanged until FTSW dropped to about 0.5 or 0.6. At FTSW less than those values, NTR declined rapidly. Days required to harvest in both varieties were significantly prolonged at IR6 treatment compared to any other treatments. Daily mean transpiration rate was significantly higher at IR5 treatment, as averaged over varieties. Similarly, water use efficiency was also high at 1R5 treatment. In both varieties, seed yield was the greatest at the IR5 treatment, as compared to any other limited-irrigation treatments, due to the increased seed number and high transpirational water use efficiency. The indices of input water and seed yield for the different limited-irrigation treatments against control indicated that Hwangkeum produced 59.6% or 60.7% of seed yield using 36.1% or 44.9% of input water, as compared to control, by irrigation at only R5 or R6 stages, respectively. The AGS292 produced 56.1% of seed yield with 35.4% of input water of control, when irrigated at R5 stage. The results of this study have elucidated that the limited irrigation at R5 stage in soybean can be minimized yield loss with such small quantity of water under the environment of long-term drought stress and the expected shortage of agricultural water in the future.

Scheduling Non-drainage Irrigation in Coir Substrate Hydroponics with Different Percentages of Chips and Dust for Tomato Cultivation using a Frequency Domain Reflectometry Sensor

CHOIEUN YOUNG,최기영,이용범 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2013 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.22 No.3

This study examined an automated irrigation technique by a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensor for scheduling irrigation for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Starbuck F1’) cultivation aimed at avoiding effluent from an open hydroponic system with coir substrate containing different ratios of chip-to-dust (v/v) content. Specifically, the objectives were to undertake preliminary measurements of irrigation volumes, leachate volume, volumetric water content and electrical conductivity (EC) in the substrate, plant growth, fruit yield, and water use efficiency resulting from variation in chip content as an initial experiment. Commercial coir substrates containing different percentages of chips and dust (0 and 100%, 30 and 70%, 50 and 50%, or 70 and 30%), two-story coir substrates with different percentages of chips in the lower layer and dust in the upper layer (15 and 85%, 25 and 75%, or 35 and 65%), or rockwool slabs were used. The results showed that a negligible or no leachate was found for all treatments when plants were grown under a technique for scheduling non-drainage irrigation using a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensor. Daily irrigation volume was affected by chip content in both commercial and two-story slabs. The highest plant growth, marketable fruit weight, and water-use efficiency were observed in the plants grown in the commercial coir slab containing 0% chips and 100% dust, indicating that the FDR sensor-automated irrigation may be more useful for tomato cultivation in coir substrate containing 0% chips and 100% dust using water efficiently and minimizing or avoiding leachate and thus increasing yield and reducing pollution. Detailed experiment is necessary to closely focus on determining appropriate irrigation volume at each of irrigation as well as duration of each individual irrigation cycle depending on different physical properties of substrates using an automated irrigation system operated by the FDR sensor.

Growth and Physological Characteristics of Seven Garden Perennials to Flooding

Seung Won Han,Jae Soon Kim,Myung Il Jeong 한국화훼학회 2020 화훼연구 Vol.28 No.3

본 연구에서는 국내 빗물정원과 같은 소규모 저류지공원 적합한 식물을 선발하기 위하여 수변 또는 척박지 녹화용으로 활용되고 있는 초화류 7종을 대상으로 일정 수위를 항시 유지하는 저면 침수와 식물 기부가 물에 잠긴 상태로 3일간 간 침수처리를 반복하는 완전 침수 두 가지 수분 상황에서 식물의 생장 특성을 조사하였다. 습지식물인 갈대는 침수처리에 의한 생장과 생리적 차이를 보이지 않았고, 억새와 리아트리스는 침수처리에 의해 광합성량은 저면관수 시 21.4%, 침수처리 시 60.4%로 낮아졌으나 수분이용효율은 차이를 나타내지 않아 침수 내성종임을 알 수 있었다. 벌개미취와 해국은 침수처리에 의해 생장이 저조했고 광합성량은 82.7% 이상 감소하고 수분이용효율도 29.2% 증가하여 수분스트레스 상태였으나 이후 정상적인 관수에 의해 광합성량과 수분이용 효율이 회복되어 빗물정원 식물로 적합한 식물임을 알 수 있었다. 무늬쑥부 쟁이는 저면침수에서는 광합성효율은 낮아졌으나 수분이용효율은 차이가 없어 습지에 적합하나, 완전침수에서는 수분스트레스가 79.8%로 매우 높았고 침수 후 회복율도 낮아 완전침수에는 적합하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. With the aim of selecting plants suitable rain gardens and smal reservoir parks where dry and wet spaces are repeatedly, this study examined growth characteristics of Phragmites communis, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Liatris spicata, Aster koraiensis, Aster spathulifolius, Aster ageratoides ‘Variegata’, and Carex maculate. This flooding experiment were examined under 2 moisture conditions: base flooding with a 30% water level maintained and over flooding where plants were repeatedly submerged for 3 days and non replenishment for 4days under water. M. sinensis and L. spicata showed a decrease in the amount of photosynthesis by 21.4% when being base flood and by 60.4% when being over flood, but it did not show any difference in water use efficiency, indicating that is a water stress tolerant species. A. spathulifolius and A. koraiensis showed poor growth when being submerged. During the period, the amount of photosynthesis decreased by over 82.7% and moisture use efficiency increased by 29.2%. They were under water stress but the amount of photosynthesis and water use efficiency were recovered later by normal watering, indicating that they are suitable for rain gardens. A. ageratoides showed a decrease in the amount of photosynthesis when being base flooded but did not show any difference in moisture use efficiency. Their water stress when being over flooded was 79.8% very high and their recovery rate after being flooded was also low, which indicates that they are not suitable for over flood spaces.

環境스트레스에 대한 作物의 調節機能과 그 適應에 관한 生態生理學的 硏究 : 1. Effects of Soil Water Stress on its Related Traits and Photosynthesis and Transpiration in Soybeans 第1報 土壤水分스트레스가 콩의 光合成, 蒸散作用 및 그 關聯形質에 미치는 影響

崔仁洙,金容撤,李忠烈,金成萬,朴賢哲 密陽産業大學校 農業技術開發硏究所 1997 農業技術開發硏究所報 Vol.1 No.1

土壤水分스트레스가 光合成率, 蒸散作用 및 氣孔傳道度의 日變化에 미치는 影響과 그 關聯性을 밝히기 위해서 韓國品種 黃金콩과 短葉콩 그리고 日本品種 엔레이를 1/2000 wagner pot에 播種, 出現後 第5~7葉이 完全展開後부터 斷水處理하여 토양수분 pF 2.5, 3.2, 3.6의 조건하에서 光合成, 蒸散 및 氣孔傳道度의 日變化을 調査하였다. 1. 土壤水分乏條件下에서 光合成率과 蒸散作用 및 氣孔傳道度의 日變化는 午前이 높았고, 午後로 갈수록 次次 減少하는 傾向이었으며 토양수분이 많을수록 日中 光合成率과 蒸散作用 및 氣孔傳道度가 높았다. 2. 水分利用效率의 日變化는 pF2.5처리구에서는 오전보다는 오후로 갈수록 增加하는 傾向이었으나, pF 3.6처리구에서는 오전 이른 시간에서 最高値를 보였고 그 이후로 시간이 경과함에 따라 減少하는 傾向을 보였다. Three soybean cultivars, Hwangkeumkong, Danyeobkong and Enrei were planted in the same pot under glasshouse conditions to investigate the influence of soil water stress(pF 2.5, 3.2, 3.6) on the diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency. Under water stress, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were higher in the morning, but the corresponding values were rapidly decreased during the day. The water use efficiency was increased in process of time at pF 2.5 of soil moisture, but it was decreased in process of time at pF 3.6 of soil moisture.

Effects of Water Deficit on Biomass Accumulation and Water Use Efficiency in Soybean during Vegetative Growth Period

Wook-Han Kim,Byung-Hee Hong,Larry C. Purcell 韓國作物學會 2000 Korean journal of crop science Vol.45 No.1

Water deficit is the primary constraint of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield, and a physiological understanding of processes affected by water deficit is a key step in identifying and improving drought tolerance in soybean. The objectives of this research were to evaluate biomass and nitrogen accumulation patterns and water use efficiency (WUE) as possible mechanisms associated with the drought tolerance of Jackson. Biomass accumulation of Jackson was contrasted with the PI416937, which also has demonstrated tolerance to drought. For water-deficit treatment, total biomass accumulation was negligible for PI416937, but biomass accumulation continued at approximately 64 % of the well-watered treatment of Jackson. Transpirational losses for Jackson and PI416937 were approximately the same for the water-deficit treatment, indicating that Jackson had superior WUE. Isotopic discrimination of 13 C relative to 12 C also indicated that Jackson had higher WUE. Results indicated that increased WUE for Jackson under water deficit showed it was tolerant to drought rather than had an avoidance mechanism.

Effect of Irrigation Level on Sap Flow, Relative Water Content, and Photosynthetic Rate during Bulb Development Stage of Garlic Plants

Sang Sik Nam,Byoung Woon Kim,Gap-Chae Chung,Kyeong Ju Choi,In Hu Choi 한국원예학회 2006 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.47 No.6

This study was conducted to investigate the response of watering to sap flow transport, leaf relative water content, and photosynthetic rate of garlic during vegetative and bulb development stages under water-stressed conditions. The cloves were planted on the polyethylene film-mulched plots at a planting density of 18 × 11 ㎝ in a greenhouse in September 2002 and harvested in May 2003. The irrigation levels during the experimental period were 0 (no irrigation), 10, 20, and 30 ㎜. Volumetric soil water contents (VSWCs) were changed periodically from 32-35 to 21-25% in the irrigation plots, but continuously decreased to 19% in the no irrigation plot. The sap flow of leaf sheath was increased with increase of irrigation level. The highest sap flow was continuously recorded from 9:00 to 19:00 in the irrigated plants, but recorded from 9:00 to 16:00 in the water-stressed plants. Relative water content of leaf was highly associated with VSWC (R² = 0.92<SUP>**</SUP>). When VSWC decreased to 20%, relative water content of leaf during the day decreased below 75%, and garlic plant leaf was wilting by. the water stress. Photosynthetic rate was 16.8 μ㏖ㆍm?²ㆍs?¹ at noon when VSWC increased to: 30%, while photosynthetic rate decreased to 14.5 μ㏖ㆍm?²ㆍs?¹ when VSWC decreased to 21%.