중국인 학습자가 산출한 한국어 어두파열음의 후행모음 길이 연구

박정은 ( Park Jung-eun ) 한국언어문화교육학회 2017 언어와 문화 Vol.13 No.2

The objective of this study is to examine the vowel duration that follow word initial-plosives in Korean language produced by Chinese learners, to identify its characteristics and propose how to use the following vowel duration for teaching pronunciation of word initial-plosives. To this end, 20 native Korean speakers from Seoul and Gyeonggido Province in their 20s and 20 Chinese speakers from Shandong Province in their 20s participated in the production experiment. They were asked to pronounce nine word initial-plosives in each sentence unit, and the vowel duration was analyzed. According to the result, native Korean speakers produced the longest sound for vowels that followed fortis, while producing shorter sounds for the following vowels of lax and aspirated. Another observation was an inverse relationship between VOT of word-initial plosives and the vowel duration. In comparison, the vowel duration produced by Chinese speakers had no differences among lax, aspirated, and fortis. Also, an inverse relationship was not observed between VOT and the vowel duration. To examine the effect of education, we taught Chinese participants that the vowel duration should vary by the phonation type of word initial-plosives. Afterwards, we asked them to read the same sentences again, and measured the vowel duration. The vowel duration produced by Chinese participants after the instruction remained different from that produced by native Korean speakers. However, compared to pre-instruction test, Chinese participants produced shorter sounds for the following vowels of lax and aspirated consonants. This suggests that the characteristics of the vowel duration by different phonation type can be applied to teaching word initial-plosives in Korean language. Teaching Chinese learners of Korean language to pronounce the vowel duration of fortis longer than the following vowel of lax or aspirated would help them make a distinction between lax and aspirated, and correctly pronounce them. (Korea University)

Variation in vowel duration depending on voicing in American, British, and New Zealand English

Cho, Hyesun Korean Society of Speech Sciences 2016 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.8 No.3

It is well known that vowels are shorter before voiceless consonants than voiced ones in English, as in many other languages. Research has shown that the ratio of vowel durations in voiced and voiceless contexts in English is in the range of 0.6~0.8. However, little work has been done as to whether the ratio of vowel durations varies depending on English variety. In the production experiment in this paper, seven speakers from three varieties of English, New Zealand, British, and American English, read 30 pairs of (C)VC monosyllabic words which differ in coda voicing (e.g. beat-bead). Vowel height, phonemic vowel length, and consonant manner were varied as well. As expected, vowel-shortening effects were found in all varieties: vowels were shorter before voiceless than before voiced codas. Overall vowel duration was the longest in American English and the shortest in New Zealand (NZ) English. In particular, vowel duration before voiceless codas is the shortest in New Zealand English, indicating the most radical degree of shortening in this variety. As a result, the ratio of vowel durations in varying voicing contexts is the lowest in NZ English, while American and British English do not show a significant difference each other. In addition, consonant closure duration was examined. Whereas NZ speakers show the shortest vowel duration before a voiceless coda, their voiceless consonants have the longest closure duration, which suggest an inverse relationship between vowel duration and closure duration.

Variation in vowel duration depending on voicing in American, British, and New Zealand English

조혜선 한국음성학회 2016 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.8 No.3

It is well known that vowels are shorter before voiceless consonants than voiced ones in English, as in many other languages. Research has shown that the ratio of vowel durations in voiced and voiceless contexts in English is in the range of 0.6~0.8. However, little work has been done as to whether the ratio of vowel durations varies depending on English variety. In the production experiment in this paper, seven speakers from three varieties of English, New Zealand, British, and American English, read 30 pairs of (C)VC monosyllabic words which differ in coda voicing (e.g. beat-bead). Vowel height, phonemic vowel length, and consonant manner were varied as well. As expected, vowel-shortening effects were found in all varieties: vowels were shorter before voiceless than before voiced codas. Overall vowel duration was the longest in American English and the shortest in New Zealand (NZ) English. In particular, vowel duration before voiceless codas is the shortest in New Zealand English, indicating the most radical degree of shortening in this variety. As a result, the ratio of vowel durations in varying voicing contexts is the lowest in NZ English, while American and British English do not show a significant difference each other. In addition, consonant closure duration was examined. Whereas NZ speakers show the shortest vowel duration before a voiceless coda, their voiceless consonants have the longest closure duration, which suggest an inverse relationship between vowel duration and closure duration.

Variation in vowel duration depending on voicing in American, British, and New Zealand English

Hyesun Cho 한국음성학회 2016 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.8 No.3

It is well known that vowels are shorter before voiceless consonants than voiced ones in English, as in many other languages. Research has shown that the ratio of vowel durations in voiced and voiceless contexts in English is in the range of 0.6~0.8. However, little work has been done as to whether the ratio of vowel durations varies depending on English variety. In the production experiment in this paper, seven speakers from three varieties of English, New Zealand, British, and American English, read 30 pairs of (C)VC monosyllabic words which differ in coda voicing (e.g. beat-bead). Vowel height, phonemic vowel length, and consonant manner were varied as well. As expected, vowel-shortening effects were found in all varieties: vowels were shorter before voiceless than before voiced codas. Overall vowel duration was the longest in American English and the shortest in New Zealand (NZ) English. In particular, vowel duration before voiceless codas is the shortest in New Zealand English, indicating the most radical degree of shortening in this variety. As a result, the ratio of vowel durations in varying voicing contexts is the lowest in NZ English, while American and British English do not show a significant difference each other. In addition, consonant closure duration was examined. Whereas NZ speakers show the shortest vowel duration before a voiceless coda, their voiceless consonants have the longest closure duration, which suggest an inverse relationship between vowel duration and closure duration.

The phonetic realization of devoiced vowels in Mandarin Chinese

한정임,오수진 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2016 언어연구 Vol.33 No.1

This study analyzed the phonetic realizations of devoiced vowels in Mandarin Chinese. First, the target vowels were acoustically examined and classified in three categories: completely devoiced, partially devoiced, and completely voiced. Second, the segmental duration and intensity of the target vowels, and the aspiration/noise duration of the preceding consonants were measured between the devoiced and voiced tokens. Our findings indicate that 1) the vowels of Mandarin Chinese were seldom realized as prototypical devoiced vowels like Japanese or the American Indian languages: the frequency of devoiced vowels was less than 5% regardless of the contexts eliciting vowel devoicing; and 2) there were considerable individual variations across speakers. However, it was also found in the acoustic measurements of the target vowels that the devoiced vowels were realized with shorter duration and lower intensity than the voiced counterparts. As for the duration of the aspiration/noise of the preceding consonants, a voiceless fricative, but not a voiceless affricate or stop, was realized with longer duration when it was immediately preceded by the (completely and partially) devoiced vowel as compared to the completely voiced vowel. The present results demonstrate a cross-linguistic variation in the realization of devoiced vowels.

나나이어 모음의 지속시간

고동호 ( Ko Dongho ) 전북대학교 인문학연구소 2020 건지인문학 Vol.0 No.27

This paper measured and examined the characteristics of durations of short vowels and long vowels in Nanai, in which vowel length has a distinctive function, more than one long vowel may appear in a word. To summarize the discussion in this paper is as follows: First, [+ RTR] vowels such as [a], [I] have a longer duration than [Ə], [i] of [-RTR] vowels. In addition, the low vowel [a] has the longest duration and the high vowel [i] has the shortest duration. Secondly, durations of short vowels are the longest in the second syllable and the shortest in the first syllable. Those of long vowels, except for [u:], is longer in the first syllable than in the second syllable. Thirdly, ratio of long and short vowels differs according to the syllable positions. The average duration of long vowels in the first syllable is at least 54% longer than the short vowels, and the average duration of long vowels in the second syllable is 23% longer. On the other hand, in the third syllable, the ratio of long vowels to short vowels is almost equal, or rather, is smaller than short vowels.

The phonetic realization of devoiced vowels in Mandarin Chinese

( Jeong-im Han ),( Sujin Oh ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어연구 Vol.33 No.1

This study analyzed the phonetic realizations of devoiced vowels in Mandarin Chinese. First, the target vowels were acoustically examined and classified in three categories: completely devoiced, partially devoiced, and completely voiced. Second, the segmental duration and intensity of the target vowels, and the aspiration/noise duration of the preceding consonants were measured between the devoiced and voiced tokens. Our findings indicate that 1) the vowels of Mandarin Chinese were seldom realized as prototypical devoiced vowels like Japanese or the American Indian languages: the frequency of devoiced vowels was less than 5% regardless of the contexts eliciting vowel devoicing; and 2) there were considerable individual variations across speakers. However, it was also found in the acoustic measurements of the target vowels that the devoiced vowels were realized with shorter duration and lower intensity than the voiced counterparts. As for the duration of the aspiration/noise of the preceding consonants, a voiceless fricative, but not a voiceless affricate or stop, was realized with longer duration when it was immediately preceded by the (completely and partially) devoiced vowel as compared to the completely voiced vowel. The present results demonstrate a cross-linguistic variation in the realization of devoiced vowels.(Konkuk University)

Durational Interaction of Stops and Vowels in English and Korean Child-Directed Speech

Choi Hansook 한국음성학회 2012 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.4 No.2

The current study observes the durational interaction of tautosyllabic consonants and vowels in the word-initial position of English and Korean child-directed speech (CDS). The effect of phonological laryngeal contrasts in stops on the following vowel duration, and the effect of the intrinsic vowel duration on the release duration of preceding stops in addition to the acoustic realization of the contrastive segments are explored in different prosodic contexts - phrase-initial/medial, focal accented/non-focused - in a marked speech style of CDS. A trade-off relationship between Voice Onset Time (VOT), as consonant release duration, and voicing phonation time, as vowel duration, reported from adult-to-adult speech, and patterns of durational variability are investigated in CDS of two languages with different linguistic rhythms, under systematically controlled prosodic contexts. Speech data were collected from four native English mothers and four native Korean mothers who were talking to their one-word staged infants. In addition to the acoustic measurements, the transformed delta measure is employed as a variability index of individual tokens. Results confirm the durational correlation between prevocalic consonants and following vowels. The interaction is revealed in a compensatory pattern such as longer VOTs followed by shorter vowel durations in both languages. An asymmetry is found in CV interaction in that the effect of consonant on vowel duration is greater than the VOT differences induced by the vowel. Prosodic effects are found such that the acoustic difference is enhanced between the contrastive segments under focal accent, supporting the paradigmatic strengthening effect. Positional variation, however, does not show any systematic effects on the variations of the measured acoustic quantities. Overall vowel duration and syllable duration are longer in English tokens but involve less variability across the prosodic variations. The constancy of syllable duration, therefore, is not found to be more strongly sustained in Korean CDS. The stylistic variation is discussed in relation to the listener under linguistic development in CDS.

독립발화조건에 따른 한국어 모음 길이 연구

이경주,진인기 한국청각언어재활학회 2016 Audiology and Speech Research Vol.12 No.3

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure durations of Korean vowels. Methods: Using a speech-recording program, 20 normal-hearing participants recorded 20 Korean vowels. Each vowel was recorded five times and the second, third, and fourth recorded vowel durations were used for analysis of durations. Results: On average, vowel durations for female speakers were longer than the durations for male speakers. Specifically, 11 vowel durations for female speakers were significantly longer than the durations for male speakers and the other nine vowel durations for female speakers were not. In addition, across-vowel differences in duration were evident not only for male speakers but also for female speakers. Generally, durations of diphthongs were longer than durations of monophthongs. Conclusion: The results of this study provide information about effects of gender and vowels in vowel durations. Vowel durations may be one factor to discriminate vowels.

서울 코퍼스의 모음 길이 연구

이유리,윤규철 영남대학교 인문과학연구소 2016 人文硏究 Vol.- No.77

The purpose of this work is to examine the vowel duration of the Seoul Korean found in the Seoul corpus(Yun et al., 2015). In addition to the vowel durations, the factors that were supposed to influence them were analyzed including the sex and age of the speakers, the number of syllables of the phrasal word containing the target vowel, the location of the vowel in a phrasal word and in an utterance, the manner and place of the plosives preceding the vowel and the speech rate calculated from the three consecutive phrasal words. Much of the findings of this work agreed with those from earlier studies and new discoveries were also made. The average durations of the simple vowels ranged from 50 to 70 msec, with those of the female speakers and teen speakers slightly longer than the others. In addition, high vowels had shorter vowel durations. The average speech rates were around 7 syllables per second, with those of the male speakers slightly faster. Teen speakers and speakers in their twenties were also faster than the others. The speech rates and vowel durations were in an inverse and non-linear relationship with each other. Phrasal word-initial vowels were longer in duration than the word-final vowels. As expected, utterance-final vowels were considerably longer due to the phrase-final lengthening effect, as well as those in the utterance-initial positions. As for the pre-vocalic plosive manner, aspirated plosives were followed by the shorted vowels, followed by the lax and tense plosives. For the plosive place, bilabial plosives had the longest vowels. We hope that this work will shed more light to revealing the property and the nature of the spontaneous speech of Seoul Korean. 본 논문은 서울 코퍼스 Yun, W., Yoon, K., Park, S., Lee, J., Cho, S., Kang, D., Byun, K., Hahn, H. & Kim, J., 「The Korean Corpus of Spontaneous Speech」, Daegu: Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Keimyung University (Distributor), 2015. 를 대상으로 한국어 서울 방언의 모음 길이를 측정하여 연구하였다. 특히 모음 길이에 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상되는 화자의 성별, 연령, 어절의 음절 수, 어절 및 발화 내 모음의 위치, 선행 파열음의 조음 위치 및 방법, 세 어절 내 발화속도 등의 요인을 조사하였다. 본 연구에서 발견된 사항은 선행 연구에서 밝혀진 내용과 일치하는 부분도 많지만, 새로운 사항도 밝혀낼 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 서울 방언의 자연발화 음성언어의 본질에 좀더 다가갈 수 있는 계기가 되었다.