터널 조명배열 유형과 운전자 주행행동 및 인식 간의 관계 분석

신소현(Shin, So Hyeon),민아람(Min, Aram) 한국디자인리서치학회 2021 한국디자인리서치 Vol.6 No.3

최근 터널의 증가와 터널의 장대화로 터널 내 사고율의 위험성이 높아지고 있다. 터널의 폐쇄적이고 협소한 공간은 운전자들의 심리를 자극한다. 이에 따라 국내외 각종 터널 관련 문헌 조사 및 분석, 국내외 터널 조명 관련 분석 등을 바탕으로 1km 이상 터널을 외‧내부 디자인 요소별로 정량화하며 사고데이터와 관계를 분석한다. 데이터 기반 사전연구를 통해 터널의 어떤 디자인 요소가 사고량과 가장 연관성이 있는지 규명하고 이후 관련 요인에 대한 심층적 분석을 위해 운전 시뮬레이션을 이용한 2차 실험을 진행하여 정확하게 어떤 관계가 있는지 파악하는 것이 연구의 목적이다. 다중회귀분석으로 이행된 데이터 기반 사전연구에 의하면 터널의 넓이, 차선 수, 터널 곡선의 유무, 그리고 출구부 조명의 여부가 사고량과 유의미하게 관련이 있는 것으로 도출되었다. 이 외 조명 색의 다양성과 조명의 개수 및 위치가 미미한 관계를 보였는데, 이에 대한 심층적 요인 파악을 위해 시뮬레이션 실험을 총 18명의 피실험자를 대상으로 진행하였다. 몰입감 있는 운전 주행 시뮬레이션을 위해 게임 엔진인 Unity를 활용하여 실제 터널 모양과 유사하게 모델링 하였으며 현실감을 위해 Racing Wheel을 활용하였다. 각 참여자는 총 6가지의 터널 시나리오 중 하나의 시나리오를 배정받아 주행하였으며 각 시나리오는 3개의 터널에 3개의 충돌지점이 포함되어 설계되었다. 터널 주행 후에는 인터뷰를 진행하여 운전자들의 실제 도로 또는 터널 운전 경험에서 나오는 감정 요인을 파악하였다. 이 결과 터널 내에서의 조명개수 및 위치는 운전자 주행 행동 및 심리‧인지적 측면과 다소 복잡한 관계를 나타내고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 특히 조명배치가 1배열일 때 집중도가 높아졌다는 인터뷰 결과와 상반되는 2배열일때 충돌률이 줄어드는 수치적 결과는 오히려 조명 디자인이 너무 한곳에 집중되어 있으면 시각적 장애물 역할을 한다는 것을 유추할 수 있었으며, 조명이 전체적으로 너무 과할 경우, 눈에 피로도 또한 운전 주행에 방해가 될 수도 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 조명 디자인의 다양한 유형(색상, 배치 간격, 형태 등)에 관한 심층적 연구의 확장이 필요함을 강조할 수 있었다. Recently, an increase in the number of tunnels and their elongation have raised the risk of accident rates in tunnels. The closed and narrow characteristics of the tunnels inevitably affect the psychology and the cognition of the drivers. In this research, we quantify tunnels over 1km by design elements, and the relationship with real-world accident data is analyzed using multiple linear regression. As a result, we found out that the tunnel’s width, number of lanes, presence of a curve, and presence of lighting in the tunnel’s end had a significant relationship to the accident data. Meanwhile, the number of lighting colors and lighting array types had a minimal relationship. To investigate the regression results more in-depth, we conducted experiments that simulate the driving situations with diverse lighting array counts and sides at curved parts of the tunnels. For the experiment, we designed six different scenarios, each with three different tunnels with three different crash points. There were 18 participants, and each was given one scenario to drive using a racing wheel for the sense of reality. After the simulation experiment, we interviewed the subjects to identify the drivers attitudes toward the actual road and tunnel driving experiences. From the interviews, we were able to identify that the relationship between the tunnel lighting designs and driving behaviors and cognition of the drivers is, in fact, complex. For instance, while the subjects answered that they felt more focused when there was a single array of lighting, the actual crash rate was substantially lower when there was a double line of lighting. These findings indicate that there needs further research with various lighting designs such as the color, spacing, and shape.

운전자 선호도를 고려한 고속도로 터널 내 조명디자인의 조형특성 연구

한승희 ( Seung He Han ),박억철 ( Eok Chul Park ) 한국기초조형학회 2014 기초조형학연구 Vol.15 No.2

한국도로공사에서는 2010년부터 운전자의 안정성 향상을 위한 목적으로 장대터널에 대한 유형별 조명디자인 설계안을 마련하여 운영하고 있다. 이에 따라 터널 내 조명디자인에 대한 운전자 선호도 및 안전성에 영향을 미치는 조형 설계요소를 도출하였다. 연구의 진행은 터널 조명디자인의 조형특성에 따른 유형을 선정하고, 동일한 조건의 터널 내부 환경에서 조명디자인의 유형별 실험사진을 작성하였다. 운전자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 조명디자인의 조형특성별 운전자의 선호도를 조사하였다. 설문조사는 5점 리커트 척도로 진행되었으며, 설문조사의 내용을 바탕으로 분산분석, 요인분석, 회귀분석을 수행하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조명디자인의 조형특성(노출, 간접, 문양조명)에 따른 운전자의 경관선호도는 긍정적 측면에서 전체평균이 3.28로 비교적 높게 나타났다. 이중에서 문양조명이 3.47로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 긍정적 평가에는 ``잘 보인다``, ``흥미롭다``, ``특이하다`` 등이 우세한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 운전자의 주행감에 영향을 미치는 요인은 ``특이성``과 ``질서`` 또는 ``정연함`` 및 ``가시성``으로 나타났다. 셋째, 운전자의 주행시 ``안전성``에 가장 영향을 미치는 요인은 ``질서`` 또는 ``정연함``으로 파악되었다. ``질서`` 또는 ``정연함``은 ``복잡성``, ``지저분함``, ``자극성``, ``수량`` 등과 상관성이 있으며, 이는 특화조명의 설계 및 시공시 우선적으로 특화조명의 설치위치, 수량, 밝기 등이 고려되어야 함을 시사한다. 따라서 본 연구는 운전자의 선호도를 고려한 고속도로 터널 조명디자인의 설치의도와 그 효용성에 대해 검증해 보았다는 것에 그 의의가 있다. Korea Expressway Corporation is running the manual of lighting designs in expressway longitudinal tunnel that classified by types for the purpose of improving driver`s safety from 2010. Therefore, this study evaluated driver preferences about lighting designs in expressway longitudinal tunnel and drew design elements that affect driver`s safety. After selecting the type of tunnel lighting design, we completed test pictures in each type of lighting design in the same condition of internal tunnel environment. Based on the survey conducted for drivers, their preference for each type of lighting was researched. The survey followed the 5-point Likert Scale. Based on the contents of the survey, we carried out analysis of variance, factor analysis and regression analysis. The results of the study are like following. First, drivers` preference on scenery in accordance with the type(exposure, indirect, patterned lighting) of lighting design was shown relatively high as 3.28(total average) in the positive aspect. Among them, the patterned lighting was the highest(3.47), and its positive evaluation included ``excellent visibility``, ``interesting``, and ``unique`` that would have positive influence. Second, the factors that would have influence on drivers` sense of driving included ``peculiarity``, ``order``, or ``measuredness`` and ``visibility``. Third, we found that the most influential factor on ``safety`` during driving was ``order`` or ``measuredness``. The ``order`` or ``measuredness`` is correlated with ``complexity``, ``messiness``, ``irritation`` and ``quantity``, which suggests what should be considered preferentially when designing and building specialized lighting. This study verified the intention to install and its utility of specialized lighting by understanding the influence of lighting design in highway tunnel. It is also significant that it has shown a design direction of lighting to build up pleasant and safe driving environment inside of tunnel, considering drivers` preference.

A Life Cycle Cost Comparison of Low-pressure Sodium Lamp and Fluorescent Lamp for Tunnel Lighting

Lee, Young-Q. Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers 2004 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.3 No.1

The number of tunnel has fast increased with the rapid expansion of highway network. Tunnel should be designed to provide for drivers both safety and pleasant driving conditions. In this perspective, the design for tunnel lightning is very important in order to provide its safety, pleasantness, and cost-efficiency of maintenance, all of which should be considered and analyzed for a better tunnel lighting. This paper attempts to compare the low-pressure sodium lamp, which have usually been used for tunnel lighting, with the fluorescent lamp, which we consider as an alternative for the former. In an effort to determine the number of lamps to meet the required illuminance in the tunnel, this research employs a simulation technique which would allow us to conjecture, with the aid of basic model, the life cycle cost for illumination per each tunnel. This analysis is expected to provide a basic method and related information for tunnel development and design.

터널조명 측정을 통한 조도와 휘도기반의 조명 비교 연구

이미애(Mi-Ae Lee),한승훈(Seung-Hun Han),김연화(Yeon-Hwa Kim) 한국조명·전기설비학회 2013 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.27 No.11

Tunnel lighting design and operation are both regulated based on luminance in and out of Korea these days. However, domestic tunnel lighting is operated by internal lighting depending on external brightness by using an illuminometer applying the conversion factor on luminance. The purpose of tunnel lighting is to alleviate the visual shock occurring from the rapid change from external brightness to internal brightness when entering a tunnel. However, when looking at the tunnels operated based on an illuminometer, it is not a system where the driver can measure the brightness within his or her viewing angle when entering the tunnel. It is general to install and operate the illuminometer on the roof of an administrative office near the tunnel; however, this method is not structured to connect with the internal lighting by checking the brightness of the viewing scope of the driver, thus is not structured to properly apply the viewing conditions of the driver. Rather, it should be in a method for extracting the luminance value within the viewing scope of the driver pursuant to tunnel lighting standards and in connection with internal lighting. This research seeks to find the difference between operations based on luminance and operations based on intensity of Illuminance in road tunnels through field measuring, and to suggest the necessity of operating based on luminance with the resulting value.

Design Method of Combined Gradient Dimming Structures for Highway Tunnels

Bo Liang,Jinghang Xiao,Jiaan Niu,Shiyong He 대한토목학회 2023 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.27 No.4

The notable brightness difference between the inside and outside of a tunnel is a major issue restricting the safe driving and energy-saving conditions of highway tunnels. The installation of a shading structure at the entrance of a highway tunnel could resolve this problem. This method is equivalent to moving the entrance zone outside so that light is smoothly transmitted into the tunnel, which is called pretunnel lighting. In this research, the shading structure is selected as the research object. First, the shading effects of pergolas and sunshades of different cross-sectional forms are analyzed. Second, choosing the Jiulongpo Tunnel in Chongqing as an example, through DIALux software modeling and analysis, the tunnel sunshade is selected as the primary shading structure, which is better than the pergola in terms of the average luminance value and uniformity of luminance. Third, based on the idea of gradient dimming outside the tunnel, three kinds of combined gradient dimming sunshades are designed. Considering the influence of the season, weather and orientation, the optimal design scheme is determined in detail. Finally, the energy-saving benefits are calculated of the installation of a tunnel sunshade to replace the enhanced lighting in Threshold zone 1 (TH1) combined with gradient dimming lighting in Threshold zone 2 (TH2). The results show that the combined gradient dimming sunshade in Scheme 3 (70% + 40% + 20% + 10%) is optimal. The combined gradient dimming sunshade could decrease the variation in luminance inside and outside the tunnel and reduce the artificial lighting intensity in the entrance zone, which could facilitate safe driving and energy savings.

Safety Evaluation of the Lighting at the Entrance of a Very Long Road Tunnel: A Case Study in Ilam

Mehri, Ahmad,Hajizadeh, Roohalah,Dehghan, Somayeh Farhang,Nassiri, Parvin,Jafari, Sayed Mohammad,Taheri, Fereshteh,Zakerian, Seyed Abolfazl Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2017 Safety and health at work Vol.8 No.2

Background: At the entrance of a tunnel, reflection of sunlight from the surrounding environment and a lack of adequate lighting usually cause some vision problems. The purpose of this study was to perform a safety evaluation of lighting on a very long road in Ilam, Iran. Methods: The average luminance was measured using a luminance meter (model S3; Hagner, Solna, Sweden). A camera (model 108, 35-mm single-lens reflex; Yashica, Nagano, Japan) was used to take photographs of the safe stopping distance from the tunnel entrance. Equivalent luminance was determined according to the Holliday polar diagram. Results: Considering the average luminance at the tunnel entrance ($116.7cd/m^2$) and using Adrian's equation, the safe level of lighting at the entrance of the tunnel was determined to be 0.7. Conclusion: A comparison between the results of the safe levels of lighting at the entrance of the tunnel and the De Boer scale showed that the phenomenon of black holes is created at the tunnel entrance. This may lead to a misadaptation of the drivers' eyes to the change in luminance level at the entrance of the tunnel, thereby increasing the risk of road accidents in this zone.

Safety Evaluation of the Lighting at the Entrance of a Very Long Road Tunnel: A Case Study in Ilam

Ahmad Mehri,Roohalah Hajizadeh,Somayeh Farhang Dehghan,Parvin Nassiri,Sayed Mohammad Jafari,Fereshteh Taheri,Seyed Abolfazl Zakerian 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2017 Safety and health at work Vol.8 No.2

ackground At the entrance of a tunnel, reflection of sunlight from the surrounding environment and a lack of adequate lighting usually cause some vision problems. The purpose of this study was to perform a safety evaluation of lighting on a very long road in Ilam, Iran. Methods The average luminance was measured using a luminance meter (model S3; Hagner, Solna, Sweden). A camera (model 108, 35-mm single-lens reflex; Yashica, Nagano, Japan) was used to take photographs of the safe stopping distance from the tunnel entrance. Equivalent luminance was determined according to the Holliday polar diagram. Results Considering the average luminance at the tunnel entrance (116.7 cd/m2) and using Adrian's equation, the safe level of lighting at the entrance of the tunnel was determined to be 0.7. Conclusion A comparison between the results of the safe levels of lighting at the entrance of the tunnel and the De Boer scale showed that the phenomenon of black holes is created at the tunnel entrance. This may lead to a misadaptation of the drivers’ eyes to the change in luminance level at the entrance of the tunnel, thereby increasing the risk of road accidents in this zone.

실제 설치 및 유지보수 조건을 고려한 고속도로 터널조명 보수율 산정 연구

이민욱(Min-Wook Lee),박광용(Kwang-Yong Park),김필영(Pil-Young Kim),박용진(Yong-Jin Park),김훈(Hoon Kim) 한국조명·전기설비학회 2013 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.27 No.3

In lighting design, the calculation of maintenance factor is performed by calculation considering light source, characteristics of luminaire and environmental factors. The method to calculate the current maintenance factor applied to tunnel lighting design takes into consideration only pollution factors in tunnels. In addition, the calculation method should be change in response to changes of tunnel conditions and used light sources. In this study, the calculated factor of the maintenance factor in tunnel is determine by four calculation factors generally applied to the calculation of maintenance factor. This study examined the method of calculating the maintenance factor of tunnel lighting that can be applied according to the installation conditions in designing tunnel lighting by applying the actual installation data of luminaire.

국도터널 조명 및 관리방식 개선을 위한 조사 연구

유성식(Seongsik Yoo),김세나(Saena Kim),채성기(Sung Gi Chae),임종민(Jongmin Lim),김훈(Hoon Kim) 한국조명·전기설비학회 2019 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.33 No.5

In 2015, the Land Management Administration measured the road surface illuminance at threshold zone of the national road tunnels and found that 76% of the tunnels failed to meet the standard illuminance. For the request of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, the researchers selected 99 sites out of the 499 national road tunnels and investigated basic information to assess whether the tunnels meet the lighting standard by measuring the road surface luminance of the actual tunnels. Through investigation of lighting conditions and management methods, the problems of tunnels that are not meeting the standard were identified and classified according to the problem types, and improvement measures are proposed. The reflectance distributions of the road surface on the threshold zone and interior zone were measured to analyze the variation of road use, and the adequacy of the maintenance was analyzed through the measurement of the wall reflectance. In addition, the adequacy of the The Luminance to Illuminance Conversion Factor used in the tunnel lighting design was reviewed.

터널 조명등 교체에 따른 전력사용량 및 조도개선 효과: 저압나트륨램프 LED로 교체

이규필,김정흠 사단법인 한국터널지하공간학회 2020 한국터널지하공간학회논문집 Vol.22 No.2

Low-pressure sodium lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps and fluorescent lamps etc are mainly used tunnel lighting in Rep. of Korea. Power rates for tunnel lighting are known to account for the highest percentage in the tunnel maintenance costs. Therefore, tunnel lights are being replaced by LED that have advantages such as low power consumption and longevity. To analysis effect of replacement low pressure sodium lamp with LED, illumination and monthly power usage for a year are investigated for 8 tunnels. Power usage for tunnel lighting is decreased by 26.1% to 59.6%, and illumination is increased by 34.1% to 293% replacing low pressure sodium lamp with LED. 국내 터널조명에는 저압나트륨램프, 고압나트륨램프, 형광램프 등이 주요 광원으로 사용되고 있으며, 터널 유지관리 비용 가운데 터널조명을 위한 전력요금은 가장 높은 비율을 차지하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 터널조명은 낮은 소비전력, 장수명 등의 장점을 갖는 LED로 교체 중에 있다. 본 연구에서는 터널조명 LED 교체에 따른 효과 분석을 위하여 기존 터널조명이 저압나트륨램프인 8개소 터널에 대하여, LED 교체 전 ‧ 후 터널 조도측정결과 및 1년간의 월별 전력사용량을 조사하였으며, 분석결과 터널조명 광원을 저압나트륨램프에서 LED로 교체 후 1년간 터널조명용 전력사용량은 26.1~59.6% 감소하였으며, 조도는 34.1~293% 향상된 것으로 나타났다.