턱교정수술의 패러다임 변화-선수술의 보급과 미용적 양악수술의 증가

박상훈,현원석,이중규,이양구 대한미용성형외과학회 2010 Archives of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Vol.16 No.1

Orthognathic surgery became more popular because people are more interested in facial profile changes and are more receptive to surgery. As people seek beauty as well as function in maxillofacial surgery, patient’s aesthetic demand becomes higher. Considering these big changes, one of the major reasons is surgery-first orthognathic approach (SFOA), which removes pre-surgical orthodontic treatment. Pre-surgical orthodontic time has been a great barrier to patients in terms of time and social rehabilitation. By SFOA, patients can get surgery as soon as they make up their mind; Patients from abroad can get surgery and get back to their country; They can go back to their work more easily because their occlusion is more acceptable. Surgery first orthognathic approach is still developing in practice and principle. However, as it is based on patient’s need, it will play a greater part in the field of orthognathic surgery. Surgery first orthognathic approach together with aesthetic two jaw surgery are expected to change the paradigm in orthognathic surgery. (J Korean Soc Aesthetic Plast Surg 16: 9, 2010)

Analysis of Pediatric Surgery Using the National Healthcare Insurance Service Database in Korea: How Many Pediatric Surgeons Do We Need in Korea?

Oh Chaeyoun,이상훈,장혜경,Ahn Soo Min,Chae Kyunghee,Kim Sujeong,Kim Sukil,Seo Jeong-Meen 대한의학회 2021 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.36 No.18

Background: In the past, general surgeons (GSs) without a pediatric surgical subspecialty often performed surgery on children and, even now, GSs are performing many pediatric surgeries. We aimed to investigate the involvement of pediatric surgeons (PSs) and GSs in pediatric surgery, compare the outcomes of surgery in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and estimate the appropriate PS workforce in Korea. Methods: We used surgical data from the National Health Insurance Service database that was collected from patients under the age of 19 years in hospitals nationwide from January 2002 to December 2017. In this database, we found 37 hospitals where PSs worked by using the index operation (congenital diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, Hirschsprung's disease, abdominal wall defect, jejunoileal atresia, malrotation, anorectal malformation, and biliary atresia). It was assumed that the surgery in the 37 hospitals was performed by PS and that the surgery in other hospitals was performed by GS. Mortality was analyzed to compare the outcomes of acute abdominal surgery in the NICU. We estimated the number of PS currently needed in Korea for each situation under the assumption that PS would perform all operations for the index operation, main pediatric diseases (index operation + gastroesophageal reflux disease, choledochal cyst, inguinal hernia, and appendicitis), acute abdominal surgery in the NICU, and all pediatric surgeries. Additionally, we estimated the appropriate number of PS required for more advanced pediatric surgery in the future. Results: The number of pediatric surgeries from 2002 to 2017 increased by 124%. Approximately 10.25% of the total pediatric surgeries were performed by PSs, and the percentage of the surgery performed by PSs increased from 8.32% in 2002 to 15.92% in 2017. The percentage of index operations performed by PSs annually was 62.44% in average. It was only 47.81% in 2002, and increased to 88.79% in 2017. During the last 5 years of the study period, the average annual number of surgeries for main pediatric diseases was approximately 33,228. The ratio of the number of surgeries performed by PS vs. GS steadily increased in main pediatric diseases, however, the ratio of the number of surgery performed by PS for inguinal hernia and appendicitis remained low in the most recent years. The percentage of the number of acute abdominal surgery performed by PS in the NICU was 44% in 2002, but it had recently risen to 89.7%. After 30 days of birth, mortality was significantly lower in all groups that were operated on by PS, rather than GS, during the last 5 years. In 2019, 49 PSs who were under the age of 65 years were actively working in Korea. Assuming that all pediatric surgeries of the patients under the age of 19 years should be performed by PS, the minimum number of PS currently required was about 63 if they perform all of the index operations, the main pediatric surgery was about 209, the NICU operation was about 63, and the all pediatric surgeries was about 366. Additionally, it was determined that approximately 165 to 206 PS will be appropriate for Korea to implement more advanced pediatric surgery in the future. Conclusion: The proportion of the pediatric surgery performed by PS rather than GS is increasing in Korea, but it is still widely performed by GS. PSs have better operative outcomes for acute abdominal surgery in the NICU than GSs. We believe that at least the index operation or the NICU operation should be performed by PS for better outcome, and that a minimum of 63 PSs are needed in Korea to do so. In addition, approximately 200 PSs will be required in Korea in order to manage main pediatric diseases and to achieve more advanced pediatric surgery in the future.

THE DESIRE FOR A NEW FACE: THE EMERGENCE OF COSMETIC SURGERY TOURISM IN CHINA AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOUTH KOREAN NATIONAL IDENTITY

Hyun Jeong Min,Eric Ping Hung Li 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

“If you‟re ever found yourself wondering what to do during an annoyingly long layover (hi, hello, all of us), „get Botox‟ will soon join your list of possibilities – at least if you‟re traveling in South Korea”(MacKenzie, 2017). Introduction Cosmetic surgery has become a new attraction for Chinese tourists to visit Korea. According to the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea, 27,646 of 127,648 Chinese medical tourists who visited Korea in 2016 did so to obtain cosmetic surgery (Nam, 2017). This paper presents how external desire influenced the socio-historical development of the cosmetic surgery tourism in South Korea, focusing on Chinese crossborder consumption. In analyzing this relatively new phenomenon, we identified two intertwined desires. Specifically, while popularity of cosmetic surgery in South Korea is driven by the desire of individual Chinese consumers to obtain symbolic capital by achieving so-called K-beauty, this directly supports the collective desire of the Korean nation to construct a new Korean-ness. This trend has led to the promotion of Medical Korea, aiming to erase the former image of uncool industrial emerging country. In examining these complex practices, we employed the conception of “nation-ness” (Taylor, 1997) to elucidate the renewal of Korean national identity in the medical tourism industry and the global marketplace (Anderson, 1991; Appadurai, 1996; Lee, 2017). This paper commences with a brief outline of the socio-historical development of cosmetic surgery in Asian societies. We then discuss the connection of beauty and social capital among the Chinese consumer society and how Korean‟s cosmetic surgery industry has become the icon site for the achieving the ideal beauty. The paper closes with an illustration of the inter-relationship between the emerging consumer desire for beauty and the reconstruction of Korean-ness. Cosmetic surgery in contemporary asian consumer society Drawing on Giddens‟s (1991) notion of reflexivity, Belk (1988) and other consumer researchers have revealed that consumers consider their body as their possession and a reflection of their self. Consequently, some see it as a resource for constructing their desired identity through cosmetic surgeries (Askegaard, Gertsen, & Langer, 2002; Schouten, 1991; Thompson & Hirschman, 1995). While this phenomenon has mostly been examined in the context of contemporary Western consumer society, it is increasingly becoming more widespread. Such practices have resulted in human body no longer being viewed as a biological entity, but rather as “the finest consumption object” that can be further refined if needed (Baudrillard, 2005, p. 129). Altering one‟s body has traditionally been considered a taboo in many Asian cultures. In ancient Chinese society, there was a general perception that our bodies, down to a single hair and a flake of skin, are given to us by our parents. Therefore, any modification to the way our body looks and functions would be considered disrespectful to one‟s parents (Hua, 2013). However, in the world of cable TV and mass-circulation of Hollywood movies, in which social media has become an indispensable part of everyday life for most individuals, it is not surprising that Western beauty ideals have emerged as a dominant reference for the rest of the world. As the Westernized values and lifestyles become more easily accessible through media, they challenge these former social norms. Consequently, Asian women are increasingly seeking body modifications, such as plastic surgery, in an attempt to attain the elusive ideal beauty. In her research on body alternations, Orbach (2011) reported that 50 percent of teenage girls in South Korea planned to alter their faces or bodies through plastic surgery. According to the available evidence, in 2011, South Korea was rated first in the world in terms of the per capita ratio of aesthetic plastic surgeries (Shin, 2011). The success of South Korea‟s plastic surgery industry then made the country one of the best site for body alternations in the global beauty marketplace. Chinese desire for new face: beauty as capital Although it directly counters old Confucian doctrine of not tampering with one‟s body for filial piety, cosmetics surgery is very popular in China. In her book Buying Beauty, Hua (2013) noted that the increasingly brutal competition for jobs has prompted Chinese women to regard beauty as capital. It is thus not uncommon for Chinese parents to finance their daughters‟ cosmetic surgery, as they have come to perceive a pretty face as a worthwhile long-term investment, as it may increase the future career and/or marriage prospects of their daughters. For this reason, Chinese women are undergoing cosmetic surgery at a much younger age than do their Western counterparts. “Being good-looking is capital” has become the epitome of Chinese young girls. They consider attractive appearance that a cosmetic surgery may proffer as a form of capital, which they believe can give them a competitive advantage in the increasingly fierce job market (Hua, 2013). This attitude is prevalent among women, as gender and appearance discrimination is widespread in Chinese job market even in occupations where outward appearance usually has no relevance, such as civil service and government institutions (Hua, 2013). Owing to the increasingly widespread access to popular and social media and TV as a result of China reopening its doors, Chinese beauty standards have changed, whereby the perception of ideal image is heavily influenced by Western movies, pop culture, and the fashion and beauty industry (Hua, 2013). As Luo‟s (2012) research demonstrated, however, these newly adopted Western beauty ideals are coming into conflict with those that have traditionally been held by the Chinese. Yet, as Li et al. (2007) have shown, not all recent changes to the perceptions of and attitudes toward external appearance can be attributed to the Western influence. In their cross-cultural study on skin-whitening practices in four Asian markets, the authors reported that the desire for “white skin” in many Asian cultures (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Indian) has a long history. Saraswati (2010) concurred with this finding, stating that, in the non-Western context, the desire for “whiteness” cannot be equated to the desire for “Caucasian whiteness,” implying that the concept of whiteness may be context-dependent. This tension seems to be relieved by the adoption of Korean beauty ideal, which blends the Western and Korean physical traits and has resulted in Hallyu or the Korean Wave. Since the late 1990s, the term “Hallyu” has been used to describe the influx of South Korean popular culture in Asia. Korean TV dramas, movies, and popular music (K-pop) have in recent decades become staples in Asian markets formerly dominated by Japan and Hong Kong (Seabrook, 2012). Since the Korean Wave hit China, the visual appearance, fashion trends, hairstyle choices, and make-up styles of Korean stars have become highly popular. Consequently, many Chinese people regard Korea as the cosmetic surgery hub of Asia, as Korean beauty is admired by Chinese people who thus aspire to attain it by undergoing various surgical and non-surgical procedures. This growing trend was spurred by the success of the TV drama, Jewel in the Palace, which resulted in the popularity of the lead actress Lee Young Ae among Chinese women, who would ask plastic surgeons to make them look like her (Hua, 2013). The popularity of Korean pop culture and the widespread adoption of the Korean beauty ideals can be interpreted as counter-standard against the Western beauty. Yet, as Hua (2013) and others argue, the rise of Korean influence in the Asian markets can also be viewed as an indication of the submission to the Western beauty imperialism. This tension exists, as their Mongolian heredity with more prominent noses and lighter skins than other Asians gives Koreans certain “Western” features (Fairclough, 2005). The new face and desire for the new national identity Not long ago, Korea had the reputation as an emerging industrial nation that manufactures low-cost cars and appliances (Fairclough, 2005; Seabrook, 2012). South Korea has a long history and reputation as an industrial hub in East Asia. Some of the top global brands, such as Samsung, Hyundai, and LG, began as the key manufacturing partners of Western brands in the early and mid-twentieth century. Korea is also often associated with the Korean War, as described in US motion pictures, such as MASH (Preminger & Altman,1970). However, in the late 1990s, this image began to change with the increasing popularity of aforementioned Hallyu entertainment contents (Fairclough, 2005). In fact, the latest “Korean Wave” has ushered a brand-new transnational representation of Korea into the global marketplace. Following a highly successful cultural Hallyu, Korea has recently launched medical Hallyu, promoting cosmetic surgery (Eun, 2013). In the 2000s, Korean cosmetic surgery emerged as a successful byproduct of the Korean Wave. This growing trend has since become a source of great national pride in South Korea (Holliday, Bell, Cheung, Jones, & Probyn, 2015). While Korean entertainment products were generating enormous revenues, cosmetic surgery was recognized as a profitable addition to the already lucrative export industry, as foreign tourists were willing to travel to the country in order to undergo operations that would make them look like Korean Hallyu stars. In recognition of this change in attitudes towards physical appearance and beauty ideals, “Korean cosmetic surgery” (Hanshi zhengxing) and “Korean-style beauty” (Hanshi meirong) became key words in the cosmetic surgery advertisements in China (Davies & Han, 2011). Cosmetic surgery clinics in the trendiest Gangnam and Apgujeong districts of Seoul often provide medical tourism packages targeting foreign tourists coming from China and other Southeast Asian countries (Eun, 2013). As Hallyu boasts a creative integration of the Western and Korean elements in its entertainment contents (Shim, 2006), Korean cosmetic surgeons are attempting to achieve the same. According to a doctor that took part in Shim‟s (2009) study, Korean surgeons have the best skills to operate on Asian patients, as they have smaller physique and denser subcutaneous tissues compared to their Western counterparts. Although Korean surgeons used to travel to the U.S. to obtain training for the popular procedures, such as eyelid surgery, they subsequently modified the American techniques, realizing that they were inappropriate for the “Korean Body.” For instance, removing too much fat from the eyelids created an unnatural Western eyes that were not suitable for Korean facial structure. Such specialism, which is now internationally recognized, makes aspirant youths from neighboring China and Korean diaspora more than willing to travel to Korea to undergo elective cosmetic procedures that would improve their visual appearance (Holliday, Bell, Cheung, Jones, & Probyn, 2015). The Korean government‟s active support for the export of cultural products has also helped the proliferation of cosmetic surgery tourism. In 2009, the Korean National Assembly passed an amendment to the medical law, enabling hospitals to advertise their services and promote medical tourism (Eun, 2013). Korea Tourism Organization (KTO), a subsidiary organization of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, runs an online medical tourism platform website, visitmedicalkorea.com, to provide foreign tourists with information about Korean medical tourism. It also supports the overseas marketing of companies and hospitals as a means of attracting more tourists to the country (Korea Tourism Organization, n.d.). While the KTO website is not solely dedicated to cosmetic surgery tourism, Visit Medical Korea‟s website boasts the massive number of cosmetic surgery operations performed every year in Korea. The country is now the third largest cosmetic surgery market after the U.S. and Brazil, as the recognition of the high skill level of Korean surgeons and their use of modern technology motivates many individuals to visit Korea for their beauty enhancement (Korea Tourism Organization and Korea Health Industry Development Institute, n.d.). The fact that Korea has achieved economic progress through rapid modernization but did not give up many of its traditions is another allure to many Asian tourists (Fairclough, 2005). This is emphasized in the promotional video published by KTO through the juxtaposition of the beauty of traditional porcelain making inherited from Joseon dynasty with cutting edge medical technology and skills of Korean medical industry (Korea Tourism Organization, 2016). Conclusion: renewing “Korean-ness” in the global marketplace Desire to be beautiful and prolong one‟s youth is not unique to modern times. Yet, medical advances now make even extending one‟s height by breaking and separating the thigh bone to prompt growth possible. While this sounds scary and can be highly dangerous, it is a very popular operation in Shanghai. Cosmetic surgery is no doubt a popular service high on many Chinese consumers‟ list. Although it may be cynical to say that our desire for beautiful body is perpetuated and exploited by the style industries, it is true that the beauty, cosmetic, fashion, media, and celebrity industries are playing an important role in shaping our beauty standards and promoting the ideal body size/shape in the contemporary marketplace (Orbach, 2011). In this study, we connected Chinese consumers‟ desire for new facial features with the emerging plastic surgery tourism in South Korea as an exemplar of the reconstruction of national identity. The term “nation-ness” is comprehensive and links disparate phenomena, such as nation, nationalism, and nationality by including “everything from the bureaucratic fact of citizenship to the nationalist‟s mythical construction of nation as an eternal entity” (Taylor, 1997, p. 277). In this study, we argued that cosmetic surgery has become a new Korean national identity, which is not solely reflected in the rise of Korean beauty and style in the Pan-Asian (Cayla & Eckhardt, 2008) or even global marketplace. The new identity has also inherited the techno-industrial past, as the preciseness and high quality of Korean “industry” are valuable traits to transfer to this new medical field. In this paper, we demonstrated that the creation and promotion of ideal beauty and body is part of a broader political strategy, in which governments, corporations, and key cultural stakeholders are actively, and sometimes collectively, shaping and monitoring individuals‟ bodily practices.

종합병원 일부 입원환자의 당일수술에 대한 태도와 당일수술 적용 가능성 평가

백영란,이경수,김석범,강복수,강영아,Beak, Young-Ran,Lee, Kyeong-Soo,Kim, Seok-Beom,Kang, Pock-Soo,Kang, Young-Ah 대한예방의학회 2000 예방의학회지 Vol.33 No.3

이 연구는 당일수술을 실시하고 있지 않은 병원에서 당일수술이 가능한 질병으로 입원하고 있는 환자를 대상으로 당일수술에 대한 인지도와 선호도를 조사하고, 당일수술 가능 질병의 평균 재원일수를 분석하며, 마취 후 퇴원점수체계를 이용한 시간대별 퇴원 가능한 환자의 비율을 분석하여 당일수술 가능여부를 판단하기 위하여 실시되었다. 자료수집은 1999년 2월 1일부터 동년 3월 31일까지 $\bigcirc\bigcirc$대학교 의과대학 부속병원에 입원하여 백내장, 편도선 비대, 탈장, 사시, 안검하수, 담석증, 질, 치루로 수술 받은 환자 353명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료 수집 방법은 설문지를 이용하여 설문과 면담을 하였고, 간호사용 마취 후 퇴원점수체계(PADS)를 이용하여 환자의 수술 후 활력징후, 활동력과 정신상태, 통증, 오심 구토, 출혈, 식이 및 배뇨 등의 환자상태를 조사하였다. 당일수술에 대한 인지도는 52.7%이었으며, 당일수술 의향이 있는 환자는 52.1%이었다. 당일수술을 받고 싶은 이유로는 "질병이 경미하고 수술이 간단하여"가 43.1%, "집에서 안정을 취해도 충분하므로"가 30.4%이었고, 당일수술을 받고 싶지 않는 이유는 "집에 있기 불안해서"가 56.5%로 가장 높았다. 당일수술 후 가장 염려되는 것은 응급 상황발생에 대한 것이었다. 당일수술의 가장 큰 장점은 입원기간 절약(39.1%)이었으며 단점은 응급상황 시 불안하다는 것이 53.9%로 가장 많았다. 환자의 주관적 판단에 의한 퇴원시기는 수술 후 1-2일이라고 생각하는 사람이 47.6%로 가장 많았다. 수술명에 따른 평균 재원일수는 백내장적출술 2.9일, 사시 교정술 2.2일, 편도선제거술 3일, 탈장교정술 3.8일, 안검복원술 2.2일, 담석증복강경술 4.9일, 치질제거술 4.1일, 치루제거술 4.6일로, 이들 전체의 평균 재원일수는 3.1일이었다. 수술 후 나타난 증상으로는 통증이 45.6%로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 오심 구토(10.5%) 및 두통(7.9%)의 순이었다. 시간대별 퇴원 가능 환자 수는 3시간대에 95.2%, 12시간대에 99.2%, 24시간대에는 100%로 나타나 이 연구에서 선정된 모든 수술이 마취 후 퇴원점수체계에 의한 24시간 이내 퇴원 기준을 충족시켰고, 통상적으로 당일수술 3시간 뒤에 환자가 퇴원하는 것을 고려하면 의학적인 측면에서 당일수술이 가능한 수술은 백내장적출술과 사시교정술로 판단되었다. 당일수술의 경과에 대한 설명과 수술 시행 후에 환자들에게 발생할지도 모르는 응급상황에 대한 대처 방안이 잘 강구 된다면 당일수술의 수요가 증가할 것이며, 그 서비스에 대한 만족도도 높아져 당일수술이 활성화될 것이다. Objectives . This study was conducted in order to investigate the degree of recognition, acceptability, and altitude towards day surgery of patients who were hospitalized with diseases that were candidates for day surgery; in order to analyze the average length of stay for treatment of the ailments; and to analyze the percentage of patients who could be discharged on the same day after the surgery ,using the post-anesthesia discharge scoring system. Methods : Data was collected between February 1 and March 31, 1999 from 353 patients who received surgery for cataract, adenoid hypertrophy, inguinal hernia, strabismus, ptosis, cholelithiasis, hemorrhoid, or anal fistula, at a general hospital in Daegu city. The patients were interviewed and surveyed by a post-anesthesia discharge scoring system(PADS) in order to collect data on patient condition such as vital signs, activity and mental status, pain, nausea and vomiting, surgical bleeding, intake and output after the surgery. Results : Among the 353 patients, 52.7% were after of the day surgery and 52.7% were interested in day surgery. Of the respondents, 43.1% said 'my ailment was not serious and the surgery was simple' and 30.4% said 'according to my condition rest at home was desirable' as the reasons for wanting day surgery Alternatively, 56.5% of those declining day surgery said the 'uncertainty of staying home' was the reason. The greatest concern in discharging within 24 hours after surgery was a post-op emergency situation. On the other hand, the shortened hospitalization was the largest advantage of day surgery with 39.1% responding this way, followed by the savings in hospitalization costs (25.8%) and emotional stability (13.7%). The majority of those surveyed (47.6%) believed that discharge should be determined within 1-2 days after the surgery. The average hospital stay was 3.1 days for dischargeable ailments. Pain (45.6%), nausea and vomiting (10.5%), and headache (7.9%) were the common symptoms following surgery. The percentage of patients who were able to be discharged within 24 hours after surgery revealed 95.2% were dischargeable after approximately 3 hours, 99.2% dischargeable after 12 hours, and 100% dischargeable after 24 hours. Conclusions : According to the PADS score, the cataract extract and strabismus correction patients were eligible for day surgery and the further evaluation concerning the reason for delayed recovery of the other diseases is needed.

외과 영역에서 로봇 수술의 적용

김진경,양승윤,김성현,김형일 대한의사협회 2021 대한의사협회지 Vol.64 No.10

Background: Application of robotic surgery in the field of general surgery has been increasing. This paper is an overview of the current uses and future perspectives of robotic surgery in four major divisions—endocrine, upper gastrointestinal, hepato-biliary-pancreatic (HBP), and colorectal surgery. Current Concepts: In endocrine surgery, cosmetic advantage is the highest priority when selecting a surgical approach for thyroidectomy. Currently, the transaxillary route is the most common approach. The introduction of the single-port system could maximize the advantages of this technique. In upper gastrointestinal surgery, the use of robots has the advantage of better retrieval of lymph nodes, less bleeding, earlier discharge, and less complications than the laparoscopic approach. However, a more prospective comparative trial is required to confirm those findings. In the HBP field, the indications of robotic surgery have expanded, starting with cholecystectomy to more challenging procedures, such as donor hepatectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy. Meticulous dissection using robots could provide benefits to patients. In colorectal surgery, robotic surgery is an excellent technical tool for minimally invasive surgeries for rectal cancers, especially in male patients with narrow, deep pelvises. However, further studies are required to confirm the impact of robotic surgery on rectal cancers. Discussion and Conclusion: Robots are used to provide optimal surgical outcomes. Investigating new technologies and innovative surgical procedures is the highly important for a surgeon in the era of minimally invasive surgery.

Restoration for the foregut surgery: bridging gaps between foregut surgery practice and academia

Ye-lim Shin,박신후,권영근,이창민,박성수 대한내시경복강경외과학회 2021 Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery Vol.24 No.4

Foregut surgery largely involves benign diseases, and not only malignant diseases. However, for foregut surgeons in Asia, this fact has not been extensively utilized in their clinical practice due to the high burden of gastric cancer surgery. Although the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Eastern Asia, including Korea, is increasing, antireflux surgery (ARS) is still a fairly rare procedure in Korea. ARS is effective as proton pump inhibitors and is cost-effective compared to continuous double-dose proton pump inhibitors in patients with severe GERD. Therefore, we should focus on ARS as a treatment option for GERD also in Asian population. Similarly, although bariatric/metabolic surgery is effective in weight reduction and diabetes mellitus (DM) remission in patients with morbid obesity or DM, bariatric/metabolic surgery is only performed in a limited number of patients. Given that the prevalence of obesity and DM is continuously increasing in Korea, bariatric/metabolic surgery should become an interest among Korean foregut surgeons and should be considered a treatment for obesity and DM. Furthermore, there are new surgical fields that can control both benign and malignant diseases. Oncometabolic surgery is a field under foregut surgery that treats both malignant and benign components of a condition, an example being the control of metabolic syndrome while performing gastric cancer surgery. Therefore, in future gastric cancer treatment, oncometabolic surgery can be applied to patients with gastric cancer accompanied by obesity or metabolic syndrome.

여성들의 미용성형에 대한 실태와 만족도에 관한 연구

이지미 ( Ji-mi Lee ),김주덕 ( Ju-duck Kim ) 한국미용학회 2016 한국미용학회지 Vol.22 No.6

Concern for beauty is an aesthetic instinct, and beauty is what everybody seeks after. The standard of beauty varies from generation to generation, and it is a basic human desire to change one`s own image to meet the standard. Nowadays there is a gradual increase in the number of women who make a further attempt to play up their own beauty by undergoing cosmetic surgery. The purpose of this study is to examine the plastic surgery expriences, satisfaction level and side-effects of the female residents in and around Seoul. This study is in an effort to suggest how to resolve problems caused by indiscreet cosmetic surgery. It is also meant to provide the right knowledge and information on cosmetic surgery in order to raise the right awareness for it. This research surveyed 402 females residing in Seoul and the provinces, who were aged 20 and up. Data was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) WIN 21.0 program. Frequency and percentage were used to calculate the general characteristics of participants. χ<sup>2</sup>-test and Analysis of Frequency were used to answer satisfaction level, status of plastic surgery and side-effetcs. In the survey, most of the women answered that they were not satisfied with their appearances. The women who were in their 30s and over thought that it would be possible to change one`s personality by undergoing cosmetic surgery. The main reason for undergoing cosmetic surgery was because they were unsatisfied with their out appearances. Double eye-lid surgery was the most popular, and nose surgery followed. Many women thought that their image became better after having cosmetic surgery and they were satisfied with the results. Some women answered that they experienced side-effects after plastic surgery; mostly bruise and swelling. As the above, the plastic surgery is now very popular in the broad range of generations, and it should be carefully considered before making decisions. Therefore the ideal environment that can further the acquisition of the right information, right type of cosmetic surgery and hospital, should be created.

Medical Students Understanding of The Scope of Plastic Surgery

Mohammad K.H.B. Abdulaziz,Mohammad Al-Jamali,Sundus Al-Mazidi,Sarah Albuloushi,Ahmad B. Al-Ali Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2024 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.51 No.2

Background Plastic surgery has developed to benefit in a variety of challenging areas formerly handled by other disciplines. Medical students do not have a clear picture of plastic surgery as a career due to lacking scope, clinical practice, and understanding of plastic surgery as a clinical area of expertise, including general practitioners, nursing staff, medical trainees, and the general public, and misconceptions about the extent of reconstructive and plastic surgery. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on Kuwait University Medical students (2nd-7th Years) over a period of 1 month. A questionnaire and a consent form were provided to eligible students. The inclusion criteria were Kuwait University Medical students from 2nd to 7th Years with signed consent form. The response was collected via email sent in coordination with the Vice Dean of Student Affairs in the Faculty of Medicine. Using statistical package for the social sciences, responses were statistically analyzed. Pearson's chi-square test was used to calculate p-values, where p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 244 eligible medical students, 121 males and 123 females, were included in the study, with a mean age of 21 (±2) years. Similarly, 126 (51.6%) were preclinical students (2nd-4th-year students), while 118 (48.4%) were clinical students (5th-7th-year students). About 79.8% of medical students believed that plastic surgery plays an essential role in trauma management, whereas 9.2% did not consider plastic surgery significant for trauma management. This study found that only 15.5% of medical students were interested in enrolling in plastic surgery residency after graduation, while 47.1% of students did not consider plastic surgery residency after graduation. However, 37.4% were uncertain. The two most driving factors in deciding on plastic surgery residency were expected income (61.8%) and lifestyle (14.3%). Conclusion Improving medical students' education quality can enhance their perception and awareness of plastic surgery. Students should be taught the broader scope of plastic surgery. The inclusion of formal training during undergraduation is the essence of time and should be added to or improved during plastic surgery rotations with more emphasis on reconstructive and hand/peripheral nerve surgery. Student-led interest groups can be a useful tool for educating students about their specialty.

백내장 수술 전후 0.05% 사이클로스포린 점안이 눈물막 및 각막수차에 미치는 영향

전제훈,김홍석,정지원,윤상철,서경률,이형근,김응권,김태임,Jei Hun Jeon,Hong Seok Kim,Ji Won Jung,Sang Chul Yoon,Kyoung Yul Seo,Hyung Keun Lee,Eung Kweon Kim,Tae Im Kim 대한안과학회 2014 대한안과학회지 Vol.55 No.7

<b>Purpose:</b> To evaluate the efficacy of 0.05% cyclosporine A on tear film parameters and corneal aberration after cataract surgery. <b>Methods:</b> Patients who underwent cataract surgery were divided into 2 groups. Patients in Group I (23 eyes) were treated with cyclosporine A from 1 week before surgery to 3 months after surgery. Patients in Group II (24 eyes) underwent surgery without cyclosporine treatment. Tear film break-up time (BUT), Schirmer’s test I, Oxford scheme, Ocular surface disease index (OSDI), and corneal aberrations were evaluated before surgery and at 1 and 3 months after surgery. <b>Results:</b> In Group I, BUT was significantly improved at 3 months (<em>p</em> = 0.026) after surgery compared with the preoperative value. OSDI decreased significantly at 1 (<em>p</em> = 0.033) and 3 months (<em>p</em> = 0.003) after surgery compared with the preoperative value. However, there were no significant differences between preoperative and postoperative values of BUT and OSDI in Group II. Schirmer’s test results and the Oxford scheme were not significantly changed in either group. Preoperative root mean square (RMS) total values were not different between the 2 groups, but was different at postoperative 3 months (<em>p</em> = 0.015). Group I had a significantly lower value for total RMS than Group II. In Group I, Coma 7 (Z3-1) (<em>p</em> = 0.018) and spherical aberration (Z4 0) (<em>p</em> =0.031) were significantly decreased after surgery. In Group II, Trefoil 6 (Z3-3) (<em>p</em> = 0.033) was significantly increased after surgery. <b>Conclusions:</b> 0.05% cyclosporine A may be effective for improving dry eye syndrome and corneal aberration after cataract surgery. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2014;55(7):978-983

하악골 전돌증 환자에서 양악 수술과 하악 단독 수술의 술 후 안정성에 관한 연구 : Jaw Surgery And Single Mandibular Surgery in Mandibular Prognathism

박재완,이동근 원광대학교 치의학연구소 2002 圓光齒醫學 Vol.11 No.3

Le-Fort Ⅰ Osteotomy is considered by many surgeons to be a safe and predictable method for correcting various dentofacial deformities. However, there are controversial options concerning the stability of two-jaw surgery (Le-Fort Ⅰ osteotomy and sagittal split ramus osteotomy) compared to single mandibular surgery (sagittal split ramus osteotomy). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the post-operative stability of mandible in two-jaw surgery and single mandibular surgery, to help the establishment of accurate treatment planning in patients with a skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion. There were 15 patients who had been undergone two-jaw surgery and 20 patients who had been undergone single mandibular surgery. Lateral cephalograms of these 2groups ; Preoperation and immediate postoperation, postoperatively 1month, postoperatively 3months, at the latest follow up(>6months) ; were analyzed by linear measurement to evaluate changes in position (hard tissue B, Pogonion point) and compare relapse both group. The results obtained were as follows ; In view of B-point, the horizontal relapse rate of single mandibular surgery was 10.17% at post-op 1months, 12.52% at post-op 3months, 13.01% at post-op 6months and two-jaw surgery was 10.23% at post-op 1month, 11.84% at post-op 3months, 12.97% at post-op 6months. the horizontal relapse rates of Pogonion point were 10.78 at post-op 1month, 12.21% at post-op 3months, 12.98% at post-op 6months in single mandibular surgery and those were 10.27% at post-op 1month, 11.33% at post-op 3months, 12.01% at post-op 6months in two-jaw surgery. In terms of vertical relapse rate, rates of B point were 22.96% at post-op 1month, 28.30% at post-op 3months, 29.56% at post-op 6months in single mandibular surgery and 21.14% at post-op 1month, 25.45% at post-op 3months, 28.86% at post-op 6months in two-jaw surgery. Those of Pogonion point were 26.63% at post-op 1month, 28.40% at post-op 3months, 29.29% at post-op 6months in single mandibular surgery and 20.20% at post-op 1month, 25.44 at post-op 3months, 27.68% at post-op 6months in two-jaw surgery. There were no statistical difference between single mandibular surgery and two-jaw surgery in mandibular stability.