Using Reliability Tools to Characterize Wood Strand Thickness of Oriented Strand Board Panels

J. S. Chastain,T. M. Young,F. M. Guess,R. V. Leon 한국신뢰성학회 2009 International Journal of Reliability and Applicati Vol.10 No.2

Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is an important engineered wood product used in housing construction which has a lower environmental impact or “carbon footprint.” In this paper, reliability and statistical tools are applied to gain insights on the strand thickness of OSB panels. An OSB panel consists of several hundred wood strands that are resinated and pressed. The variability of OSB strand thickness for six manufacturers in the Eastern United States is examined as a whole, as well as individually. Little research exists on OSB strand thickness across mills even though strand thickness variability has been documented in laboratory experiments to greatly influence the dimensional stability of OSB panels. Our aims are to quantify and characterize strand thickness, plus apply reliability techniques, such as Kaplan-Meier curves, to characterize the probability of strand thickness. We further explore graphically and statistically the thickness of the strands.

On the Directionality of Movement and Its Relationship to Stranding

Sun-Woong Kim(김선웅) 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2008 영미연구 Vol.19 No.-

This paper attempts to give a new analysis of (preposition) stranding in terms of phase extension which has been originally proposed by den Dikken in his series of recent papers (2006, 2007, and 2008). In doing so, this paper tries to explore a hidden link between P(repostion) and C(omplementizer) with respect to stranding. In particular, this paper is focused on the asymmetry between leftward movement and rightward movement with respect to stranding. To be more specific, this paper attempts to answer the following questions. Why is P-stranding allowed with leftward movement but not with rightward movement in English? Why is C-stranding not allowed in both leftward and rightward movement like Extraposition in English? And why are P- and C-stranding not allowed both in rightward and leftward movement in Korean and Japanese? It is widely known that English allows P-stranding in general. In this regard, canonical sentences are out of question in allowing stranded prepositions in elliptical contexts. Discrepancy, however, arises with PPs in adjunct function. In those examples, P-stranding is salvaged by deleting the illicit part. Some English sluicing data in fact show that P-stranding is in fact forced: some examples show that pied-piping is not allowed in English ellipsis contexts. Regarding C-stranding, it looks like the complementizer that is different from prepositions with respect to stranding. That cannot be stranded by the movement of TP to either direction. In principle, the whole that-clause (CP) can move to the front by leftward movement such as passivization and topicalization. However, TP alone cannot move leaving that behind. The fact is that that cannot be stranded by rightward movement like extraposition, either. P-stranding is disallowed in Korean at all. Ungrammatical strings, however, can be repaired by ellipsis if their ungrammaticality is due to stranded Ps. In ellipsis contexts, if stranded Ps are deleted along with the containing TP, the whole derivation (or representation) is repaired and becomes a licit one. Canonically, C-stranding is disallowed, whether the stranding is due to leftward movement or rightward movement. Even if stranded Cs are deleted, however, a deviant representation (or derivation) is not repaired. For these findings, one and the same answer turns out to be possible on the basis of phase extension under the assumption that D to P incorporation or T to C raising occurs inside PP and CP, respectively. If D incorporates with P, then PP becomes a phase, the extraction of DP out of which would violate the PIC. In the same way, if T raises to C, then CP becomes a phase, then the extraction out TP over CP boundary would also result in the violation of the PIC. The present paper also deals with the reason why some instances of stranding are repaired but others cannot. In addition, a special requirement of the second wh in multiple sluicing in English that it must be a PP is explained in the same way as a result of D to P incorporation and subsequent phase extension to PP.

Ways of Deriving Bare Fragments: Case-stranding and Postposition-stranding under Ellipsis

Bum Sik Park 한국생성문법학회 2015 생성문법연구 Vol.25 No.4

This paper examines certain types of fragments that optionally allow case-drop or postposition stranding (P-stranding). While it is the standard assumption that case-marked fragments are derived by ellipsis (Morgan 1973, B.-S. Park 2005a, Ahn and Cho 2011, a.o.), there are ongoing debates on how caseless/bare fragments are derived. This paper argues that caseless fragments can be derived by stranding their case marker in the elliptical site, yielding a repair effect (Merchant 2001). Thus the term, case-drop, is understood as case-stranding. Extending the strand-under-ellipsis strategy to P-stranding, I argue that the postposition also is stranded in the elliptical site, which is not allowed otherwise. This is newly attested in Korean and thus has an interesting implication for typological perspectives.

Tensile behavior of new 2,200 MPa and 2,400 MPa strands according to various types of mono anchorage

Jin Kook Kim,Taek Ryong Seong,Kyung Pil Jang,권승희 국제구조공학회 2013 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.47 No.3

High-strength strands are widely used as a key structural element in cable-stayed bridges and prestressed concrete structures. Conventional strands for stay cable and tendons in prestressed concrete structures are ϕ15.7mm coated seven-wire strands and ϕ15.2mm uncoated seven-wire strands, respectively, but the ultimate strengths of both strands are 1860MPa. The objective of this paper is to investigate the tensile behavior of a newly developed ϕ15.7mm 2,200 MPa coated strand and a ϕ15.2mm 2,400 MPa uncoated strand according to various types of mono anchorages and to propose appropriate anchorages for both strands. Finite element analyses were initially performed to find how the geometry of the anchor head affects the interaction among the anchor head, the wedge and the strand and to find how it affects the stress distributions in both parts. Tensile tests for the new strands were carried out with seven different types of mono anchorages. The test results were compared to each other and to the results obtained from the tensile tests with a grip condition. From the analysis and the test results, desirable mono anchorages for the new strands are suggested.

Computational design of the compacted wire strand model and its behavior under axial elongation

C. Erdönmez 한국정밀공학회 2019 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.20 No.11

Compacted wire strand is produced by applying compression to the readymade classical wire strand. Therefore, parametric mathematical curves that can create geometric cross-sectional shape of the center and outer wires are not available. The center and outer wires of compacted wire strand are formed with the help of the real cross-sectional compacted wire rope by using the developed computer code. Due to the compaction process cross-sections of the core wire and the outer single helical wires of the circular wire strand becomes to hexagonal and isosceles trapezoidal shapes respectively. The amount of gap in the cross-sectional area is decreased and the contact surfaces of the wires are increased by compaction process. As a result, the diameter of the compacted wire strand is decreased at the end of this process. After the modeling process, a finite element analysis is conducted by applying strain boundary condition to the compacted wire strand. The obtained results are compared with the analytical, test and the finite element analysis results obtained for the classical wire strand model and the good agreement between them is recognized. Meanwhile the analysis results showed that the contact forces are decreased due to the increased contact area between the outer wires of the compacted wire strand. This also proves that the compaction process increases the strength and life span of wire strands.

Tensile behavior of new 2,200 MPa and 2,400 MPa strands according to various types of mono anchorage

Kim, Jin Kook,Seong, Taek Ryong,Jang, Kyung Pil,Kwon, Seung Hee Techno-Press 2013 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.47 No.3

High-strength strands are widely used as a key structural element in cable-stayed bridges and prestressed concrete structures. Conventional strands for stay cable and tendons in prestressed concrete structures are ${\phi}$15.7mm coated seven-wire strands and ${\phi}15.2mm$ uncoated seven-wire strands, respectively, but the ultimate strengths of both strands are 1860MPa. The objective of this paper is to investigate the tensile behavior of a newly developed ${\phi}15.7mm$ 2,200 MPa coated strand and a ${\phi}15.2mm$ 2,400 MPa uncoated strand according to various types of mono anchorages and to propose appropriate anchorages for both strands. Finite element analyses were initially performed to find how the geometry of the anchor head affects the interaction among the anchor head, the wedge and the strand and to find how it affects the stress distributions in both parts. Tensile tests for the new strands were carried out with seven different types of mono anchorages. The test results were compared to each other and to the results obtained from the tensile tests with a grip condition. From the analysis and the test results, desirable mono anchorages for the new strands are suggested.

Using Reliability Tools to Characterize Wood Strand Thickness of Oriented Strand Board Panels

Chastain, J.S.,Young, T.M.,Guess, F.M.,Leo, R.V. The Korean Reliability Society 2009 International Journal of Reliability and Applicati Vol.10 No.2

Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is an important engineered wood product used in housing construction which has a lower environmental impact or "carbon footprint." In this paper, reliability and statistical tools are applied to gain insights on the strand thickness of OSB panels. An OSB panel consists of several hundred wood strands that are resinated and pressed. The variability of OSB strand thickness for six manufacturers in the Eastern United States is examined as a whole, as well as individually. Little research exists on OSB strand thickness across mills even though strand thickness variability has been documented in laboratory experiments to greatly influence the dimensional stability of OSB panels. Our aims are to quantify and characterize strand thickness, plus apply reliability techniques, such as Kaplan-Meier curves, to characterize the probability of strand thickness. We further explore graphically and statistically the thickness of the strands.

Ways of Deriving Bare Fragments: Case-stranding and Postposition-stranding under Ellipsis

박범식 한국생성문법학회 2015 생성문법연구 Vol.25 No.4

This paper examines certain types of fragments that optionally allow case-drop or postposition stranding (P-stranding). While it is the standard assumption that case-marked fragments are derived by ellipsis (Morgan 1973, B.-S. Park 2005a, Ahn and Cho 2011, a.o.), there are ongoing debates on how caseless/bare fragments are derived. This paper argues that caseless fragments can be derived by stranding their case marker in the elliptical site, yielding a repair effect (Merchant 2001). Thus the term, case-drop, is understood as case-stranding. Extending the strand-under-ellipsis strategy to P-stranding, I argue that the postposition also is stranded in the elliptical site, which is not allowed otherwise. This is newly attested in Korean and thus has an interesting implication for typological perspectives.

Evaluation of Initial Prestress State in PS Strand Using the Deformation Characteristics of Multi-Strand Anchor Head

Jang Ho Park,조정래,Jinkyo F. Choo 대한토목학회 2018 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.22 No.2

Prestressed concrete (PSC) bridge resists to deflection and cracking by prestressing its concrete superstructure using steel strands. The initial prestress force introduced in the strands at the completion of the structure influences sensitively its long-term performance. Rating the health of the PSC bridge should thus start with the knowledge of this initial prestress. However, the measurements given by the hydraulic jack and load cell used during prestressing may not be absolute indicators of the effective stress introduced in the strands. Considering that the strain distribution in the anchor can be used to measure the prestress in the strands and that the anchor head is the most accessible part of the PSC member, this study presents a method using the deformation characteristics of the anchor head to evaluate the initial prestress of the strands. To that goal, experimental and numerical analyses were performed on an anchorage-strand system considering the coefficient of friction between the wedge and the anchor head. The results show that the variation of the hoop strain measured in the multi-strand anchor head can be used to evaluate effectively the initial prestress state of the strands with respect to the applied jacking force.

中國 遼寧省 朝陽市 黃河路 唐墓 출토 石俑의 머리모양에 대한 고찰

전현실(JEON, Hyun-sil) 고구려발해학회 2021 고구려발해연구 Vol.69 No.-

본 연구는 1993년 중국 요녕성 조양시 황하로에서 발견된 남녀 석용의 머리모양을 통해 민족적, 문화적 정체성을 고찰하는 것이 목적이다. 본 연구자가 관심있게 살펴본 부분은, 두 석용의 끝이 두 가닥으로 분리된 변발형 머리모양으로, 본 연구에서는 이 머리모양을 ‘가닥변발’의 한 유형으로 보고 분석하였고, 이에 따른 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 문헌에는 땋아 늘어뜨린 머리모양을 의미하는 다양한 용어들이 기록되어 있었는데, 그 내용을 통해 이러한 머리모양은 대체로 胡服을 입는 기마유목민족들이 행했을 것으로 볼 수 있었다. 그 중 『隋書』 『舊唐書』 『新唐書』에 기록된 ‘五辮髻’라는 용어는 다섯 가닥의 ‘가닥변발’의 형상을 연상시키는 것은 흥미로운 점이다. 둘째, 가닥변발은 스텝 지역 석인상, 몽골과 남러시아에서 발견된 석비에 묘사된 인물들, 아프라시압 벽화의 돌궐인, 중국 신강 키질 벽화 돌궐인, 중국 태원시 하발창묘의 기마인물용, 중국 소릉에 배치된 돌궐 석인에게서도 나타났다. 변발의 가닥 수와 형식은 다소 차이가 있었으나 공통적으로 가닥변발을 한 인물들 중 대부분이 돌궐계라는 점 또는 돌궐 문화의 영향을 받았던 범주에 해당되었다. 셋째, 발견된 가닥변발은 세 가지 형태로 분류되었다(편의상 A형, B형, C형으로 언급). A형은 여러 가닥으로 나눈 머리카락을 각각 땋아 늘이고 가닥마다 묶어 마무리한 형태, B형은 여러 가닥으로 땋아 늘어뜨린 변발을 하단에서 하나로 모아 묶은 형태, C형은 일반 변발형으로 땋아 늘인 후 가닥으로 나누어 마무리한 형태이다. 이 중 황하로 석용의 머리모양은 C형에 해당되는데, 다른 지역에서 현재까지 나타나지 않는 혼합형 가닥변발로, 지역적 요인에 의해 발현된 것으로 보았다. The purpose of this study is to examine ethnic and cultural identity through the hair style of a male and female stone statues discovered in Huang-He road, Chaoyang city, Liaoning Province, China in 1993. The part of this researcher"s interest was a two stone statues’ peculiar hair style in which the bottoms of the hair were separated into two strands. In this study, this hair style was viewed and analyzed as a ‘strand-pigtail’. It reaches the following three conclusions. First, according to the Chinese historical documents, various terms that mean braided hair style were recorded, and these hair styles were presumed to have been generally practiced by the horse-riding and nomad peoples who wore 胡服, which was comprised of the upper garment, narrow trousers and belt. Among them, the term “五辮髻” which was recorded in historical books is interesting to remind us of ‘the strand-pigtail of five strands’. Second, The strand-pigtail could be seen in a stone statue at the steppe area, figures depicted on stone monuments found in Mongolia and South Russia, Turks portrayed in the wall mural at Afrasiab in Samarkand, Uzbekistan and Kizil Cave in Xinjiang, China, the horse-riding figure at He Bachang tomb in Taiyuan City, China and Turkic stone figure placed at Zhaoling(known as Zhao Mausolem) in Shaanxi, China. Although the strand number and form of braided hair style were somewhat different, most of the characters who had pigtails in common were in the category that had been influenced by the Turkic culture. Third, the discovered strand-pigtails were classified into three types (referred to as type A, type B, and type C for convenience). A type is a form of tying a braided hairs that were divided into several strands separately, B type is a form of tying the bottom of a braided hairs that were divided into several strands together, and C type is a form of dividing the bottom of a general pigtail into two strands. Among them, the hair style of Huang-He road’s stone statues belong in type C. Type C is a mixed-type that have never seen in other regions until now, and considered to be was emerged by local factors.w