성별에 따른 고강도 저항훈련 시 신체조성, 호르몬 및 근력변화 비교

신윤아,김기홍,석민화,임미영 대한운동학회 2012 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.14 No.2

[INTRODUCTION] The purpose of this study was to investigate the body composition, muscle strength and hormone after 10 weeks of resistance training According to gender. [METHOD] Seventeen young men(n=9) and women(n=8) completed 10 weeks of heavy-resistance training with large muscle 4 days/week. [RESULT] After 10 weeks of resistance training, body weight, BMI, muscle mass, and body fat increased in men. However, body weight, BMI, and body fat decreased and muscle mass increased in women. Growth hormone and Insulin level significantly increased for both men and women. Absolute strength of shoulder press, lat pull down, biceps curl and strength per lean body mass showed the differences between genders before resistance training and increased in both men and women after resistance training. Absolute strength of squat, leg extension, and leg curl showed the differences between genders before resistance training and increased in both men and women after resistance training. Leg extension and leg curl per lean body mass showed the differences between genders before resistance training but squat per lean body mass didn't showed the difference between genders before resistance training. [CONCLUSION] We concluded that muscle mass, upper and lower muscle strength significantly increased and body fat decreased for both men and women after 10 weeks of resistance training. Absolute gains in muscle strength in response to heavy-resistance training typically were more in men than in women. Relative the changes of muscle strength per lean body mass increments after resistance training, however, may be more in women than in men. Therefore, no gender differences were observed in the changes of muscle strength and anabolic hormone after heavy resistance training, indicating that the differences of relative change were not found in both men and in women. [서론] 본 연구는 10주간의 고강도 저항훈련 시 성별에 따른 신체조성, 호르몬 및 근력변화를 비교하고자 하였다. [방법] 본 연구의 피험자는 D대학교 다니고 있는 20대 초반 남․여 대학생의 남성 9명, 여성은 8명을 대상으로 하였으며, 10주간 주4회의 고강도 저항훈련을 실시하였다. [결과] 10주간의 저항훈련 후 남성은 체중, 체질량지수, 제지방량이 유의하게 증가하였으며, 체지방률이 유의하게 감소하였다. 반면 여성은 체중, 체질량지수, 체지방량이 감소하고, 제지방량이 유의하게 증가하였다. 성장호르몬과 인슐린은 성별에 상관없이 모두 유의하게 증가하였다. 저항훈련 전 절대적 및 제지방량 당 shoulder press, lat pull down, biceps curl 근력은 성별에 따른 차이를 나타내었으나, 저항훈련 후 남성과 여성 모두 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 저항훈련 전 절대적 및 제지방량 당 squat, leg extension, leg curl 근력은 성별에 따른 차이를 나타내었고 저항훈련 후 남성과 여성 모두 증가한 것으로 나타났다. [결론] 저항운동은 성별에 상관없이 제지방량을 증가시키고 체지방률을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 상체와 하체의 근력을 남성과 여성 모두 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 절대적 근력으로 나타낼 경우 남성이 여성보다 높은 근력을 나타냈으나, 제지방량 당 근력은 여성이 남성보다 큰 변화량 혹은 유사한 변화량을 나타내어 저항훈련에 따른 근력변화의 성별 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 성장호르몬과 인슐린 및 코티졸 모두 성별에 따른 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다.

저강도 저항운동의 속도 차이가 비만중년여성의 신체조성, 근활성도 및 근력에 미치는 영향

이우중(LeeWoo-jung),서상원(SeoSang-won,이호성(LeeHo-seong) 한국체육학회 2017 한국체육학회지 Vol.56 No.4

이 연구에서는 비만중년여성을 대상으로 저강도 저항운동의 속도 차이가 신체조성, 근활성도 및 근력에 미치는 영향을 검토하는데그 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 비만중년여성 24명을 일반속도의 저항운동집단(normal resistance training speed group; NSG, n=12) 및느린속도의 저항운동집단(slow speed resistance training group; SSG, n=12)으로 무작위 분류하였다. NSG는 신장성 수축 1초, 등척성수축 1초 및 단축성 수축 1초의 총 3초간으로 구성하여 35회 3세트를 실시하였으며, SSG는 신장성 수축 3초, 등척성 수축 1초 및 단축성 수축 3초의 총 7초간으로 구성하여 15회 3세트를 실시하였다. 1RM 30%의 저강도 저항운동은 두 집단 모두 동일하게 세트 당105초, 세트 간 1분 및 운동 간 3분의 휴식시간, 그리고 주 2~3회의 4주간에 걸쳐서 실시하였다. 신체조성, 근활성도 및 근력은 운동전과 운동 4주후에 각각 동일한 방법으로 측정하였다. 신체조성에서 NSG는 WHR에서, SSG는 체지방률에서 운동 전과 비교하여 운동 후에 각각 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.05). 근활성도에서 NSG 및 SSG는 위팔두갈래근, 안쪽넓은근 및 가쪽넓은근에서 운동 전과 비교하여 운동 후에 각각 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.01, p<.05). 근력에서 NSG 및 SSG는 biceps curl 및 leg extension에서 운동 전과 비교하여 운동 후에 각각 유의하게 증가하였다(p<.01). 하지만 신체조성, 근활성도 및 근력은 집단 간의 비교에서 통계학적으로 유의한차이가 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 이 연구에서 신체조성, 근활성도 및 근력은 저항운동의 속도차이(반복횟수)보다는 저항운동의 수행시간(근수축 발생시간)과 밀접한 관련성이 있을 가능성이 시사되었다. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of low intensity resistance training speed on body composition, muscle activity and muscle strength in obese middle-aged women. The subjects (n = 12) were randomly assigned to normal resistance training speed group (NSG, n = 6) and slow resistance training speed group (SSG, n = 6). NSG was performed the for 3 sets × 35 times and total 3-s per repetition (eccentric: 1-s, isometric: 1-s, concentric: 1-s), and SSG performed for 3 sets × 15 times and total 7-s per repetition (eccentric: 3-s, isometric: 1-s, concentric: 3-s). Both groups performed the low intensity resistance training at 30% of 1-RM for 105-s per set, rest for 1 min between sets, rest for 3 min between exercises, and 2∼3 times per week, for 4 weeks. The body composition, muscle activity and muscle strength were measured before and 4 week after resistance training. WHR at NSG and body fat at SSG were significantly decreased after resistance training compared with before (P<.05). Muscle activity of biceps brachii, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis at both groups were significantly decreased after resistance training compared with before (P<.05, P<.01). Muscle strength of biceps curl and leg extension at both groups were significantly increased after resistance training compared with before (P<.01). However, body composition, muscle activity and muscle strength did not show statistically significant differences between the groups. Our results suggest that body composition, muscle activity and muscle strength should closely related to the performance time of resistance training (development time of muscle contraction), rather than resistance training speed (repetition frequency).

혈류제한 저항성 운동 관련 연구동향 및 현장적용 가능성 탐색

김규승(Kim, Kyu-Sung),박승한(Park, Sung-Han),허용(Huh, Yong),박미령(Park, Mi-Ryoung) 한국체육과학회 2011 한국체육과학회지 Vol.20 No.5

"Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction" means resistance training in the state of limited blood flow of the limbs like "Resistance Training with Vascular Occlusion", "Ischemic Strength Training", "加壓トレニソダ", "Kaatsu Training". Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction can be combined with low-intensity training(LIT) in a short time elicit increases in muscle hypertrophy and strength efficiently, also it is possible to apply for not only elite sports but also health promotion for elders, women, physically challenged persons, astronauts, rehabilitation for athletes and rehabilitation for patients. The objectives of this study are to summarize protocols, effects and reconsider stability regards to Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction that elicit increases in muscle hypertrophy and strength as well as the possibility of field application. One of the studies of Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction for middle aged women had the result of increases in muscle hypertrophy and strength. It suggests the possibility for elders to promote their health by LIT. Some other studies of Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction for men’s rugby players showed increases in muscle strength and endurance at the same time, while the other study showed decreases in atrophy by casting in the quadriceps muscle when pressure was applied two times a day for two weeks. Although Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction have a lot of advantages, more research should be done in order to apply to field application and understanding and techniques are needed for them to be introduced in country. Further research needs to focus on clear causes, safety and understanding the long-term effects of Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction. And especially verification of safety needs to be done beforehand so that they can be applied in various fields.

Using Visual Knowledge Graph to Explore the Research Trend of Resistance Training in China

( Mingliang Zhang ),( Bin Li ) 아시아스포츠융합과학회 2020 Asia Pacific Journal of Applied Sport Sciences Vol.1 No.1

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the development and research trends of resistance training and to study the knowledge structure of resistance training. METHOD Using the bibliometric Citespace visualization software, we analyzed the 416 articles on resistance training that include word frequency and centrality, time zone view, and keyword clustering studies in the CNKI database in the last 20 years. RESULT Over the past two decades, the number of publications on resistance training in China has shown an increasing trend. The research evolution process has gone through three stages: initial exploration, transitional development, and deepening and expansion. Research hotspots mainly focus on resistance exercise, strength training in sports and aerobic exercise, exercise Therapy, exercise prescription, skeletal muscle and muscle strength and the objects involved are concentrated on patients, diabetes and special populations. It was also found that the topics studied in the last 5 years were focused on diabetes, obesity, rehabilitation and special populations; the knowledge construction consists of 9 sub-field of resistance training, resistance Exercise, aerobic exercise, muscle strength, muscle mass, strength training, sports, athletic performance and bone density. CONCLUSION The field of resistance training research has changed dramatically over the past 20 years. It is expected that research journals will increase year by year over the next 5 years, and the focus of research will be around diabetes, obesity, and special populations. Resistance training research will slowly be integrated into medicine.

Effect of Wrist Resistance Training on Motor Control and Strength in Young Males

( You Sin Kim ),( Dae Hoon Kim ) 한국운동역학회 2014 한국운동역학회지 Vol.24 No.3

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 6-week wrist resistance training on wrist torque control. Nineteen subjects were randomly assigned to either the wrist training group (n=9) or the control group (n=10). The training group performed wrist exercises for six directions (flexion, extension, pronation, supination, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation) while the control group did not. Testing for the isometric torque control error, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) strength, and isokinetic maximum torque (angular velocity of 60º/s wrist movements) were conducted before and after six weeks of resistance training and after every two-week interval of training. The wrist training group showed significant decreases in isometric torque control error in all six directions after the 2-week resistance training, while the control group did not show significant increase or decrease. The training group showed significant increases in the maximum strength in all six directions assessed by 1-RM strength and isokinetic strength tests after the 4-week resistance training, while the control group did not show any statistically significant changes. This study shows that motor control ability significantly improves within the first two weeks of resistance training, while the wrist strength significantly improves within the first four weeks of resistance training in wrist training group compared to the control.

20주간의 운동 트레이닝이 고령 여성의 건강관련 체력 및 혈청지질에 미치는 영향

최승욱(Choi Seung-Wook) 한국체육과학회 2005 한국체육과학회지 Vol.14 No.2

We evaluated the value of aerobic and resistance training on measures of health related physical fitness in older women. Exercise program of this study were consisted of a 12 weeks of aerobic training and a 8 weeks of resistance training. A total of 35 healthy, elderly women, aged 65-75 years, were randomly assigned to either an aerobic and resistance training group(n=18), or control group(n=17). The effects of 20 weeks(three times per week) of aerobic and resistance training on body composition, muscular strength, HRmax, Vo2max and blood components were studied in pre, mid and post exercise training. During the exercise training period, the aerobic and resistance training group had a significant(p<.05) variation in muscular strength, HRmax, and Vo2max except for body composition as compared with the control group. But, during the exercise training period, had not a significant change in the blood components except for hematocrit(p<.05). Resistance exercise is the best way to increase muscular strength, and endurance exercise, which is the best exercise to increase a respiratory and circulatory system. Both resistance and endurance training resulted in markedly changes to health related physical fitness for elderly women during 20 weeks. These data suggest that greater improvements in health related physical fitness and blood components is achieved when aerobic training is added to a resistance training program in elderly women.

Development of a Mathematical Model of Muscular Strength Adaptation to Resistance Training Based on Training Volume, Frequency, and Exercise Intensity

( Seon-woong Jang ),( Dong-hee Kim ),( Dae-yeol Kim ),( Dong-soo Park ),( Hyun-gi Kim ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model of muscular strength adaptation to resistance training, based on training variables such as training volume, frequency, and exercise intensity. Method: We first studied Arandjelovi?s model of neuromuscular adaptation to resistance training and then modified and expanded it to develop a new training variables-based model of muscular strength adaptation. The effect of each training variable on muscular strength adaptation was modeled using published data. Both of bench press and squat training were simulated in C++ programs. Parameters for the model were estimated with the experimental data from two different weight training programs (78.9% and 83.3% RM) using nonlinear least squares. It was followed by verification (checking of numerical error and intermediate simulation outputs) and validation tests (the R squared measure of goodness of fit, residual plots, and sensitivity analysis) with published data and computer simulations. Predictive quality of the model was estimated with the experimental data from a periodized weight training program. Result: A mathematical model of muscular strength adaptation to resistance training based on training volume, frequency, and exercise intensity was developed. Intermediate simulation outputs showed that the simulation agrees with its requirements. The model predicted relatively well the strength development following a bench press training (R2 = 0.893) and a squat training (R2 = 0.986) with the parameters estimated at the intensity of 78.9% RM compared to 83.3% RM (R2 = 0.342 and 0.924 respectively). Residual plots indicated that the simulated models of both exercise types show a lower bias with the parameters estimated at the lower intensity of exercise. With the selection of a variety of inputs, we found the simulated model works relatively well, consistent with established knowledge of muscular strength adaptation to resistance training. Conclusion: It was possible to predict muscular strength adaptation to resistance training through the development of a new training variables-based model. On the basis of training variables widely used in academic and industrial fields utilizing resistance training, the current model would have a practical use with a further refinement.

고강도 저항운동과 단백질 보충제 섭취가 신체구성과 면역반응에 미치는 영향

석민화(Min Hwa Suk),임미영(Mi Young Leem),신윤아(Yun A Shin),김기홍(Ki Hong Kim) 한국여성체육학회 2010 한국여성체육학회지 Vol.24 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training with protein supplement on the body composition and the immune response in male college student. The subjects of this study were divided two groups: resistance exercise with protein supplement group(n=7) and resistance exercise group(n=7). The body composition, growth hormone, insulin, cortisol and the immunogloblin A, G, M were not significantly different between resistance with protein supplement group and resistance training group before training. The changes of body weight(p<.05) and muscle mass(p<.001) in resistance and protein supplement group were higher than resistance group after 12weeks program. Growth hormone(p<.05), insulin(p<.01), cortisol(p<.05) significantly increased after training, but not significantly different between groups. The change of immunogloblin A, immunogloblin G, immunogloblin M and white blood cell were not significantly different after training. However, the changes of the immune globulin G(p<.05) and M(p<.05) in resistance with protein supplement group were higher than resistance group significantly. The change of insulin hormone was positively correlated with the change of the immunogloublin G(p<.05). As the results, resistance training with protein supplement showed more effective changes on the muscle mass included weight and immune response after 12weeks resistance training.

저항운동의 속도 차이가 중년여성의 근력 불균형에 미치는 영향

서상원(Seo, Sang-Won),권정현(Kwon, Jung-Hyun),이호성(Lee, Ho-Seong) 한국체육과학회 2017 한국체육과학회지 Vol.26 No.3

This study tested the hypothesis that strength imbalance would improve at after slow-speed resistance training but would not alter at after normal-speed resistance training. Twelve middle aged women were randomly divided into slow-speed resistance training group (SSG, n=6) and normal-speed resistance training group (NSG, n=6). SSG was performed for 15 repetition × 3 sets and total 7-s per repetition (concentric: 3-s, isometric: 1-s, eccentric: 3-s), and NSG was also performed the for 35 repetition × 3 sets and total 3-s per repetition (concentric: 1-s, isometric: 1-s, eccentric: 1-s). Both groups performed the low intensity resistance training at 30% of 1-RM for 105-s per set, rest for 1 min between sets, rest for 3 min between exercises, and 2~3 times per week, for 4 weeks. All subjects were measured for body composition (weight, BMI, and %fat), muscle activity and muscle fatigue of biceps brachii, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis in dominant (DL) and non-dominant (NDL). At SSG, LSI (%) = (1-NDL/DL) × 100 of muscle activity was significantly decreased in biceps brachii, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis after 4-week resistance training compared with before (P<.05). However, LSI of muscle activity did not show statistically significant differences in NSG after 4-week resistance training compared with before. LSI of muscle fatigue did not show statistically significant differences in both groups after 4-week resistance training compared with before. Our results suggest that strength imbalance improve at after slow-speed resistance training.

Resistance Training does not Mitigate Cardiovascular Reactivity to Sympathoexcitation in Young Adults

박재호,제세영 한국운동생리학회 2019 운동과학 Vol.28 No.4

PURPOSE: Increased cardiovascular reactivity to stressors is one of the important risk factors of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. While the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise training on modulating cardiovascular reactivity have been consistently demonstrated, it remains unclear whether resistance training may also provide similar benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on cardiovascular reactivity in young adults. METHODS: Twenty-six healthy subjects (age 23.7±1.8 years) were randomly assigned to either the resistance training (n=13) or the control group (n=13). The resistance training group only underwent a resistance training program (2 sets of 9 exercises targeting all major muscle groups) 2 days per week for 8 weeks. All exercises were performed at 40-50% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) for 15-25 repetitions in the first 4 weeks (Week 1-4), and the exercise intensity increased to 60-70% of 1RM for 10-15 repetitions in the final 4 weeks (Week 5-8). The following outcomes, as indices of cardiovascular reactivity, were measured during 2-min cold pressor testing (ice water at 4°C) before and after training: heart rate, brachial and central blood pressures, rate pressure product, and augmentation index. RESULTS: The 8 weeks of resistance training did not change any of the indices of cardiovascular reactivity (p>0.05) but did significantly increased muscular strength (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Resistance training may not have a mitigating effect on cardiovascular reactivity to sympathetic activation in healthy young adults.