從連謂結構的存在條件看其來源與發展

사위국 한국중국언어학회 2016 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.67

As the direct source of today`s Verb-Complement Structure, the Serial Verb Structure has unique conditions itself in syntax structure, semantic relation and pragmatic function. In syntax structure, according to the different semantic features from internal constituent parts V₁,V₂,O₁,O₂, the Serial Verb Structure has four kinds of structures, V₁V₂O,V₁OV₂,V₁O₁V₂O₂ and V₁V₂.In semantic relation, V₁ should show the “action”, V₂ should supplement and explain the result which is caused by the V₁, and there is a “action-result” semantic relationship between V₁ and V₂. In Pragmatic Function, the V₁ showing the “action” takes charge of the center of the structure, and the V₂ complementing and explaining the result takes charge of the core of the expression. Through the analysis of the conditions in syntax structure, semantic relation and pragmatic function, we can find the Descriptive Structure which has direct historical development relation with the Serial Verb Structure. Not only the semantic relation, but also the syntax structure, pragmatic function of this structure are fit for the demands from the Serial Verb Structure. And, as a dynamic developing syntactic structure, the Serial Verb Structure serves as a link between the past - the Descriptive Structure, and the future - the Verb-Complement Structure.

프랑스어 대칭적 이항속담의 통사·의미적 특성

강성영 ( Kang Seong-yeong ) 한국프랑스어문교육학회 2015 프랑스어문교육 Vol.49 No.-

Nous nous sommes proposé dans cet article de classer les types de structure syntaxique combinatoire des proverbes binaires symétriques du français, sur la base de la définition de ceux-ci, d'analyser plusieurs relations sémantiques internes des mots symétriques en contraste, ainsi que les aspects répétitifs des mots identiques et enfin d'en distinguer les caractères sémantiques par rapport à la structure globale. D'abord, nous avons défini le « proverbe binaire symétrique » en intégrant le parallélisme et le chiasme dans la « symétrie » et de là nous avons relevé les quatre structures binaires : < a... b... ∥ a'... b'... >, < a... b... ∥ a... b'... > ou < a... b... ∥ a'... b... >, < a... b... ∥ b... a... >. En second lieu, nous avons classé les types de structure syntaxique combinatoire, c'est-à-dire ‘proposition + proposition’, ‘syntagme nominal + syntagme nominal’, ‘syntagme adjectival + syntagme adjectival’, ‘syntagme adverbal + syntagme adverbal’, ‘syntagme quantificateur + syntagme quantificateur’, ‘syntagme participial’ + syntagme participial’, ‘syntagme prépositionnel + syntagme prépositionnel’, le plus fréquent étant le deuxième type. En troisième lieu, nous y avons distingué, comme relations sémantiques internes des mots symétriques en contraste, la relation d'opposition, la relation de métaphore, la relation de métonymie, la relation de croissance, la relation de causalité, la relation de culture, la relation d'association, et décrit les caractères sémantiques de ces relations. Nous avons ensuite analysé, dans le cadre de la structure interne de ces proverbes, les quatre aspects répétitifs des mots identiques : anaphore, épiphore, répétition au milieu, chiasme, l'anaphore étant la plus fréquente. En dernier lieu, nous avons distingué les structures sémantiques globales et explicité leurs caractères sémantiques : structure conditionnelle, structure causale, structure comparative, structure coordonnée et structure paradoxale. Nous pourrons en conclure que tous ces caractères syntaxico-sémantiques contribuent à activer la vivacité rhétorique, le sentiment esthétique de ces proverbes, à en augmenter les fonctions argumentatives et finalement à en renforcer les valeurs persuasive et didactique.

≪左傳≫敍述型結構硏究

사위국 영남중국어문학회 2016 중국어문학 Vol.0 No.71

In the ShangGu Chinese Age the Serial Verb Construction with the “action-effect” semantic relation is the direct source of the Verbcomplement Structure, just the “action-effect” semantic relation let us find the fact that there is a close relation between the Serial Verb Construction and the Descriptive Structure. The Serial Verb Construction with the “action-effect” semantic relation is a result of the development of the Descriptive Structure with “action-effect” semantic relation. So just the internal semantic relation provides the meaning condition when the Descriptive Structure changes to the Serial Verb Construction. The internal semantic relation contained in the two simple sentences of the Descriptive Structure is different, the syntax structure is different too. These different syntax structure provides the syntax condition when the Descriptive Structure changes to the Serial Verb Construction. Even if the semantic relation is the same, but the syntax construction is different, so the pragmatic function of the Descriptive Structure and the Serial Verb Construction is different. So the syntax construction has no influence on the “action-effect” semantic relation, as a semantic clue the internal semantic relation penetrates the whole development process of the Verb-complement Structure constantly.

정보구조 관점에서 본 중국어 관계절 구조의 특징

백은희 ( Paek Eunhee ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.92

The relative structure is the one in which the relative clause is backgrounded and the head noun is foregrounded to be promoted to the matrix sentence. Therefore, the relative structure in which the relative clause includes the subject - old information, and the head noun is relativised object - new information is the unmarked information structure of the Chinese sentence. On the other hand, the relative structure in which the relative clause includes the object - new information, and the head noun is relativised subject - old information is the marked information structure. This explains why the frequency of emergence of relative structures with relativised objects is much higher than that of relative structures with relativised subjects. The relative structure is rarely used as the subject of a transitive verb, and is mainly used as the object of a transitive verb or the subject of an intransitive verb. This can be explained in that the object of the transitive verb and the subject of the intransitive verb are generally new information, and the subject of the transitive verb is mainly old information. While old information is mainly expressed by pronouns, new information is introduced by lexical nouns, so the relative structure that adds lexical information about head nouns is suitable for delivering new information. Therefore, it appears mainly in locations that require new information, such as the object of a transitive verb or the subject of the intransitive verb, and is rarely used as the subject of the transitive verb.

관계에 관하여

이향천(Hyangcheon Lee) 사단법인 한국언어학회 2011 언어학 Vol.0 No.61

Relation, as one of Aristotelian categories, is different from substance. "Father" is not an expression referring to a thing(a substance), but it is a relational term, derived from a state-of-affairs "A begets B (or, A gives birth to B)", from which we call A B"s father. It takes two to have a relation, and the relation is defined or stipulated on the two. In this respect, relation is different from the other Aristotelian categories in that it takes 2 substances or two properties or others to form a relation. For the sake of conceptual clarity, we need a terminological refinement, or redefinition. For example: A is the modifier(modificans) of B and B is the modified(modificatum) of A when A modifies(modificare) B. A is the predicator(praedicans) of B, and B is the predicated(praedicatum) of A when A predicates(praedicare) B. A is the sign(significans) of B and B is the meaning(significatum) of A when A means (signifies, significare) B. The ‘subject-predicate’ opposition is to be rendered as ‘praedicatum-praedicans’ opposition, which will make it clear what matters with respect to the relation and where the terms came from. In relation to linguistic signs there are various relations involved: 1) the sign-meaning relation; 2) the sign-sign relation; 3) the meaning-meaning relation; 4) the sign-(meaning-meaning) relation; 5) the (sign-sign)-(meaning-meaning) relation. The syntactic relations as spoken by Chomskians are usually intended to be that of 2), the sign-sign relation, but we can see many times they involve 3), the meaning-meaning relation. There are three meaning-meaning relations: modification(A modifies B), predication(A predicates B), and conjunction(A and B are conjoined with each other). These are the core relations which describe the structure of the meanings of language. And if we can say language constructs the world as it is, the 3 are the central ways of how it constructs the world. By predication a state of affairs comes to have its shape; by modification a thing comes to have its shape. Without such languaging the state of affairs has no structure, no shape, so it cannot exist as such. The languaging(modifying, predicating, conjoining) is the principle of structuring the world. It takes two to tango. It takes two to relate. The study of relation is the study of two-ness.

從“V₁不V₂”連謂結構的存在特征看其來源與發展

사위국 한국중국언어학회 2017 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.69

As a normal syntax format in Ancient Chinese Period, the Serial Verb Structure “V₁不V₂” is different from the modern Chinese Predicate- Complement-Object Structure. The “V₁不V₂” structure has the distinct semantic feature, syntax feature and pragmatic feature. Each of the “V₁不V₂” structure has a semantic relation of “action-result”, and through different syntax structures this “action-result” semantic relation can be realized. In the dynamic environment where the “action-result” semantic relation realized the pragmatic function of “Structure Center - Descriptive Center” between V₁ and V₂ can be formed. Just because of the special semantic feature, the syntax feature and the pragmatic feature, we can find that there are two sources of the “V₁不V₂” structure. One is from the Descriptive Structure “V₁,不V₂”, another is from the Serial Verb Structure “V₁V₂”. Generally “V₁不V₂” has an important role in the process of development and evolution from the Descriptive Structure “V₁,不V₂” to the Verb-Complement-Structure “V不C(O)”.

Change of Cadastral Policy-Making Structure and Its Perspective in Korea

Lee Dong Hyun,Kim Young Hag 한국지적정보학회 2008 한국지적정보학회지 Vol.10 No.2

The new government reformed its organization and replaced it with a small government and the entrepreneurial government mind. Especially, the general directions of the government organization reform include a competent government, a pragmatic government, an attentive government and a small government. According to these general directions, they will be overseen by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MOLTMA) instead of existing Minister of Government Administration and Home Affairs (MOGAHA). In the reform process of central organization, the important issue is as follows; What is cadastral policy-making structure? What is the relationship between cadastral related system and cadastral policy-making structure? What is the condition and limitation before and after the reform of cadastral policy-making structure? What is ideally suited for cadastral policy-making structure which is being able to overcome the limitation? The purpose of this study is to set the desirable directions of cadastral policy-making structure in future by examining it on the basis of the cadastral related system and deriving its limitation in accordance with government organization reform. To achieve the research objective, the research range was limited to the cadastral related system and cadastral policy-making structure, a theoretical and policy research through the reference of literature was selected as the research method, and a descriptive access method and a comparative access method was applied. The research findings are as follows; First, the change environment of cadastral policy-making structure is reviewed in terms of the definition of change environment, the linking system of change object, and the major determinants of organization structure. Second, the change and limits of cadastral policy-making structure is reviewed from a viewpoint ofthe change framework, the cadastral policy-making structure before and after, and the change limits. Third, the ideal direction of cadastral policy-making structure refers to the flexible and creative decision-making system, the harmony of technical and managerial tendency, the management of future-oriented marine cadastre, and the establishment of ideal direction.

연구문헌의 지식구조를 반영하는 의미기반의 지식조직체계에 관한 연구

고영만,송인석 한국정보관리학회 2011 정보관리학회지 Vol.28 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a pilot model of knowledge organizing system which reflects the knowledge structure of research papers, using a case analysis on the “Korean Research Memory” of the National Research Foundation of Korea. In this paper, knowledge structure of the research papers in humanities and social science is described and the function of the “Korean Research Memory” for scholarly sense-making is analysed. In order to suggest the pilot model of the knowledge organizing system, the study also analysed the relation between indexed keyword and knowledge structure of research papers in the Korean Research Memory. As a result, this paper suggests 24 axioms and 11 inference rules for an ontology based on semantic relation of the knowledge structure. 본 연구는 연구문헌의 지식구조를 반영하는 의미기반 지식조직체계의 실험적 모형을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 한국연구재단의 기초학문자료센터에 대한 사례분석을 하였다. 기초학문자료센터 연구성과물 DB와 학술용어 DR의 개념클래스 및 인스턴스를 대상으로 연구문헌의 지식구조를 파악하였으며, 기초학문자료센터 시스템의 학술적 이해형성 기능을 분석하였다. 또한 연구문헌의 지식구조와 색인어의 관계를 분석하였다. 이러한 분석을 통해 지식구조와 색인어의 관계구조, 26개의 연구문헌 지식구조 공리 및 11개의 의미관계 추론규칙으로 구성되는 온톨로지 모형, 즉 연구문헌의 지식구조와 그 의미관계에 의한 실험적 지식조직체계 모형을 제시하였다.

从信息结构的观点看汉语关系从句结构的特征

白恩姬(백은희) 한국중어중문학회 2022 한국중어중문학회 우수논문집 Vol.- No.-

The relative structure is the one in which the relative clause is backgrounded and the head noun is foregrounded to be promoted to the matrix sentence. Therefore, the relative structure in which the relative clause includes the subject - old information, and the head noun is relativised object - new information is the unmarked information structure of the Chinese sentence. On the other hand, the relative structure in which the relative clause includes the object - new information, and the head noun is relativised subject - old information is the marked information structure. This explains why the frequency of emergence of relative structures with relativised objects is much higher than that of relative structures with relativised subjects. The relative structure is rarely used as the subject of a transitive verb, and is mainly used as the object of a transitive verb or the subject of an intransitive verb. This can be explained in that the object of the transitive verb and the subject of the intransitive verb are generally new information, and the subject of the transitive verb is mainly old information. While old information is mainly expressed by pronouns, new information is introduced by lexical nouns, so the relative structure that adds lexical information about head nouns is suitable for delivering new information. Therefore, it appears mainly in locations that require new information, such as the object of a transitive verb or the subject of the intransitive verb, and is rarely used as the subject of the transitive verb.

독서 과목의 구조

이성영 ( Seong Young Lee ) 한국어교육학회 2010 국어교육 Vol.0 No.131

We can divide structures of `Reading` course to three parts: relation, contents and performance structure. Relation structure is concern to relations with other courses and specificity. The `reading` course is not the synthesized-or-repeated deepening but transition course of `reading` area in basic-common curriculum. Contents structure is concern to goals and contents of `reading` course. We can see the specific shape of `reading` course through contents structure. Knowledge and skill are not goals because they are contents. The goals of `reading` course should be `good reading`, `happy reading`, and `learning by reading`. The contents of `reading` course should be consist of knowledges for understanding reading phenomena, skills for growth and problem-solving and cooperative reading and independent reading, experience for meaning and activity and emotion. Performance structure is concern to unfolding methods in order to realize educational intent. we can see the specific modes of educational activities. Performance structure is consist of contents, materials, teachers and students. These three structures of `reading` course should have inner-rationality and outer-co-relationship.