패션이 창의성에 미치는 행동점화효과를 조절하는 심리적 반발심과 사적 자의식의 영향

황산영 ( Hwang San Young ),윤나라 ( Youn Nara ) 한국소비자학회 2016 소비자학연구 Vol.27 No.4

최근 개인의 ‘창의성’ 증진이 모든 영역에 화두로 떠오르면서 창의성의 향상 방안이 다양하게 연구되고 있다. 본 연구는 개인이 착용한 패션에 의해서 창의성이 어떻게 영향을 받으며, 그 과정에서 개인의 성향이 패션과 창의성간에 어떤 조절역할을 하는지 살펴보았다. 패션은 ‘제 2의 피부’(The Second skin)’라고 불리 울 정도로 착용자와 매우 밀접하며, 개인은 패션과 상호적으로 영향을 주고받는다. 개인은 자신의 정체성이나 사상 등을 표현하는 도구로서 패션을 사용하기도 하고, 역으로 착용하는 패션이 착용자 개인의 성향(characteristics & tendency), 인지(cognition), 행동(behavior), 능력(abilities) 등에 영향을 미치기도 한다(Adam & Galinsky 2012; Frank & Gilovich 1988; Fredrickson et al. 1998; Gino et al. 2010; Hebl et al. 2004; Kouchaki et al. 2014; Martins et al. 2007; Johnson & Downing 1979). 그러나 패션과 착용자에 대한 대다수의 연구들이 내제된 기제 보다는 주 효과에 대한 결과적인 측면을 주로 다루었다. 따라서 본 연구는 2개의 실험을 통하여 독특성(Uniqueness)이 높은 패션과 착용자의 창의성과의 관계를 실증적으로 분석했다. 먼저 패션의 독특성이 착용자의 창의성에 긍정적인 효과를 가질 것으로 예상하고, 이를 ‘행동에 대한 점화효과(prime-to-behavior effect)’로 설명하였다. 또한 20세기 패션 분야 문헌에서 패션의 독특성에 대한 욕구와 관련이 높은 것으로 밝혀진 개인의 ‘심리적 반발심(Psychological Reactance)’이 패션의 독특성이 착용자의 창의성에 미치는 효과를 조절할 것으로 보고 이를 연구 1을 통해 검증하였다. 연구 2에서는 기존 심리학 문헌에서 또한 ‘행동에 대한 점화효과’의 조절변수로 검증된 ‘사적 자의식(private self-consciousnes)’이 연구 1에서 확인된 패션의 독특성과 심리적 반발심과의 상호작용과 착용자의 창의성간의 관계를 조절하는지 검증하였다. 연구 2의 결과, 사적 자의식의 두 가지 차원 중 ‘자기 성찰’은, 정(+)의 조절효과를, ‘내적 상태 인식’은 부(-)의 조절효과를 나타내, 패션의 영향이 ‘행동에 대한 점화효과’로 설명될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 패션의 독특성이 갖는 효과에 관한 학문적, 마케팅적 시사점을 제시하였다. In this article, we reported results from two studies demonstrating that wearing highly unique fashion can enhances an individual`s creativity and this relationship between uniqueness of fashion and creativity is moderated by psychological-Reactance and private self-consciousness. We also showed that ‘prime-to-behavior’ effect explains the effect uniqueness of fashion on wearers` creativity. When individuals wear unique fashion, their creativity increases because of priming of the associated symbolic meaning of ‘unique.’ First. study 1 was set up to show that psychological-Reactance moderates the relationship between uniqueness of fashion and wearer`s creativity. we used 2(uniqueness of fashion: high vs. low) × a continuous measure of psychological-Reactance between-subjects design to test our prediction. Seventy-six undergraduates (44 male) were first asked to respond to Psychological-Reactance scale items (Hong 1994). Then, they were randomly assigned to view either high- or low-uniqueness fashion stimuli chosen through a pretest. After visualizing themselves wearing the fashion items, they were asked to write down their thoughts and feelings about themselves in the clothing. Finally, to measure creativity, we asked participants to engage in a creative- idea generation task and a free-drawing task (the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production; TCT-DP; Jellen & Urban, 1986). A one-way ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of uniqueness of fashion on wearers` creativity. Participants in the high-uniqueness condition received higher creativity scores than did those in the low-uniqueness condition (fluency: M_high=6.63, M_low=5.09, F(1,71)=7.53, p<.05, originality: M_high=4.79, M_low=2.91, F(1,71)=18.68, p<.001, appropriateness: M_high=4.63, M_low=2.68, F(1,71)=17.25, p<.001, TCT-DP: M_high=42.89, M_low=30.76, F(1,71)=23. 74, p<.001). In order to investigate the moderating effect of Psychological-Reactance, we performed regression analysis. As expected, we found a significant interaction effect of uniqueness of fashion × Psychological-Reactance on wearer`s creativity (fluency: β=1.51, p<.01, originality: β=1.20, p<.05, appropriateness: β=1.49, p<.01, TCT-DP: β=7.16, p<.05)(see Table 1). For participants in the high uniqueness condition, Psychological-Reactance increased wearer`s creativity (fluency: β=1.30, p<.01, originality: β=.82, p<.05, appropriateness: β=.97, p<.05, TCT-DP: β=3.70, p<.05). In contrast, for participants in the low uniqueness condition, Psychological-Reactance made no difference on wearer`s creativity (fluency: β=-.21, p>.05, originality: β=-.38, p>.05, appropriateness:β=-.52, p>.05, TCT-DP: β=-3.46, p>.05). Study 2 unveiled the moderation effect of private self-consciousness through analyzing a 3 way interaction effect. Private self-consciousness has been shown to both increase and decrease the magnitude of prime-to-behavior effects (Wheeler et al. 2008). We used 2(uniqueness of fashion: high vs. low) × a continuous measure of Psychological-Reactance × a continuous measure of private self-consciousness between-subjects design. Eighty-five undergraduates (58 male) were first asked to respond to Psychological-Reactance items (Hong 1994) and private self-consciousness scale (Fenigstein et al. 1975). Experimental procedure was similar to Study 1. except that we used full fashion images to manipulate uniqueness of fashion and the RAT(Remote Associate Test) items to measure creativity (Mednick 1962). A one-way ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of the uniqueness of fashion on wearer`s creativity (RAT). Participants in the high uniqueness condition scored higher on RAT than those in the low uniqueness condition M_high=4.92, M_low=3.54, F(1,77)=23.74, p<.001). We found a significant interaction effect of uniqueness of fashion X Psychological-Reactance on RAT score (β=.72, p<.05). For participants in the high uniqueness condition, Psychological-Reactance increased wearer`s creativity (β=.54, p<.05), whereas for participants in the low uniqueness condition, Psychological-Reactance made no difference on wearer`s creativity (β=-.19, p>.05). To investigate a three-way (uniqueness of fashion × Psychological-Reactance X private self-consciousness) interaction effect, we conducted regression analysis using PROCESS Model 3 (Hayes, 2013). We examined each 2 facets (self reflectiveness or internal state awareness) of private self-consciousness for the moderation effect. The results revealed significant effects of the three-way interaction of uniqueness of fashion, Psychological-Reactance, and self-reflectiveness (β=0.36, p<.05) on wearers` creativity. Next, we median-splitted self-reflectiveness scores. For high self-reflectiveness group (median above 3.75), increased Psychological-Reactance amplified the prime-to-behavior effect of high uniqueness of fashion on wearers` creativity, and increased Psychological-Reactance decreased the prime-to-behavior effect of uniqueness of fashion on wearers` creativity. Whereas, for low self- reflectiveness group (median below 3.75), the moderation effect was not significant. And then, the results revealed a significant effect of the three-way interaction of uniqueness of fashion, Psychological-Reactance, and internal state awareness (β=-0.77, p<.01) on wearers` creativity. In contrast with self-reflectiveness, when internal state awareness was low (median below 4.00), increased Psychological-Reactance lowered the prime-to-behavior effect of high uniqueness of fashion on wearers` creativity, and increased Psychological-Reactance amplified the prime-to-behavior effect of low uniqueness of fashion on wearers` creativity. Whereas, when internal state awareness was high (median above 4.00), the moderation effect on wearers` creativity was not significant.

미적 형식주의와 심리적 내재론

신현주 ( Hyun Joo Shin ) 한국미학회 2013 美學 Vol.75 No.-

심리철학에서 섬리적 내재론은 한 심적 상태의 내용이 전직으로 그 심적 상태의 소유자가 지닌 본래적 속성이나 그의 내부에서 발생한 사건 및 상태에 의해 결정된다고 본다. 심리적 내재론의 등장과 함께 그것이 데카르트 이후의 지식, 언어, 심성에 관한 주요 이론들을 어떻게 지지해 왔으며 또 심리적 내재론에 바탕을 둔 이론들이 어떤 특징 및 장단점을 지니는가를 고찰하는 비판적 재구성 작업이 전개되었는데, 필자는 그러한 작업이 미학 분야에서도 의미 있는 결과를 낼 수 있다고 생각한다. 이에 필자는 미학 이론들 중 미적 형식주의에 초점을 맞추어, 미적 형식주의는 ‘이차적 미적 지각(판단)’과 ‘일차적 미적 지각’이라는 두 종류의 심적 상태들 사이의 의존 관계에 대해 심리적 내재론의 전제를 가정하고 있음을 보이고, 더 나아가 형식주의의 규범적 주장은 문제 의 심리적 내재론걱 전제에 의해 잘 설명될 수 있음을 지적한다. 형식주의가 미적 지각(판단)에 대한 내재론적 견해라면 그에 대비되는 외재론적 견해가 있을 것이다. 이에 필자는 그 견해의 모습을 간략히 설명한 후 미적 지각(판단)을 더 잘 설명하는 이론이 내재론인가 외재론인가에 대한 연구는 심리철학에서 활발히 진행 중인 심리적 외재론의 적용 범위에 대한 논쟁에 중용한 통찰력을 제공한다고 주장한다. The goal of this paper is to show that one of the assumptions crucially operative ill aesthetic formalism is psychologically internalistic in character. Psychological internalism views that the content of an individual``s mental state is determined entirely by the intrinsic or internal properties of the individual. The debate between psychological internalism and externalism since the 1970s helps many philosophers realize that psychological intemalism is the basis of major theories of knowledge, language, and mind etc., and also that it shapes their characrensrics, merits and demerits. 1 believe that this project of ``critical reconsrtuction`` of past theories can be productively pursued in aesthetics as well, and rhus focus on aesthetic formalism with the intention of showing rhar it is based on psychological inrernalisrn. Aesthetic formalism argue.<; that what are aesthetically relevant in judging a work of an aesthetically are formal qualities of the work, and the assumption 1 find in the rheory holds that an individual``s ``aesthetic judgmem`` is the kind of judgement which is entirely dependent upon the phenomenal properties of the individual``s perceptual experience of formal qualities. 1 argue that this is an assumption regarding the relationship between two sorts of mental states, and since it claims that the content of an aesthetic judgment is entirely determined by the inrrinsic property of rhe individual. to be precise, the so-called qualia of the individual`s perceptual experience of formal qualities, it is committed to psychological internalism.

화장품 소비자의 심리적 브랜드 커뮤니티 내재화 연구

김은영,나윤규 한국니트디자인학회 2021 패션과 니트 Vol.19 No.2

As the number of participants in the cosmetics brand community increases, it is necessary for members to identify the differentiated cognitive and affective reaction in the brand community and the impact of individual psychologies on the behavioral reaction of organizational members. In this study, focusing on the internalization of the psychological brand community to identify the stages of cognitive, affective, and behavioral reactions, it apply them as concrete variables such as shared value creation, emotional intelligence, servent leadership, and organizational validity and identify the structural impact relationship leading to each stage. To this study, the questionnaire method was applied to community activity experienced people, and the total 711 samples were collected through preliminary surveys and mainl survey. Furthermore, frequency analysis, reliability verification, validity verification, measurement model analysis and path analysis conducted using SPSS and AMOS statistical tools. The results of the above path analysis are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing path relationships between shared value creation factors and emotional intelligence(self-awareness, social awareness) in psychological brand communities, growth, uniqueness, and continuity had a significant impact on self-awareness, but solidarity did not have a significant impact on self-awareness. And growth, solidarity, uniqueness and continuity all had a significant impact on social consciousness. Second, as a result of analyzing the path relationship between emotional intelligence and Servant leadership of participants in the psychological brand community, self-awareness and social consciousness all had a significant impact on Servant leadership. Third, as a result of analyzing the path relationship between the service leadership and the organization's internalization in the psychological brand community, the servant leadership had a significant impact on the organization's internalization.

조직지원인식과 사회적 편견이 중국 호텔 인턴의 지속여부에 미치는 영향 연구

조려려 ( Zhao Lili-hwi ),황태규 ( Hwang Tae-kyu ),강순화 ( Kang Soon-hwa ) 한국자치행정학회 2021 한국자치행정학보 Vol.35 No.2

This study studies the extent of the impact of organizational support awareness and social prejudice on intern continuity, whether job engagement and psychological capital can mediate the relationship between organizational support awareness and social prejudice and substantiality. To achieve research objectives, first, understand job loyalty of hotel interns through internal and external analysis and empirical research, and explore the impact structure of internal factors (organizational support recognition), organizational external factors (social prejudice), intern's job fever, psychological capital mediating role. Second, we explore the concept of social prejudice felt by hotel interns and develop and validate measures of social prejudice felt by hotel interns. Third, through literature examination, conceptual definition, conceptual relationship model building and organizational support recognition, social prejudice, job engagement, psychological capital, and substantiality, we define each concept and provide a frame for positivism studies. Through these research purposes, we would like to provide a theoretical basis for building structural relationships of influences on whether hotel interns are sustainable or not, and to present revelations in establishing improvement measures in hotels.

在韩中国留学生的成就动机、 教育消费满意度和主观幸福感关系的研究

代黎明,金正昊 부산대학교 중국연구소 2022 Journal of China Studies Vol.25 No.3

This research analyses the relationship between achievement motivation, educational consumption satisfaction, and subjective well-being of Chinese students studying in South Korea. Students exchange their original support system and growth environment for an unfamiliar cultural environment, and must adapt to the new milieu and language, as well as learn a new way of life. Therefore, the problems they face are diversified, and they are more likely to experience more problems than local students. In the process of studying abroad, the most common difficulties faced by international students are academic issues, career development, and stress. In addition, studies have shown that these factors may also affect the physical and mental adaptation of international students. Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, international students were detrimentally affected by the prevention and control of the pandemic in various countries, their original lifestyles have been seriously impacted, their anxiety levels have risen, and the degree of subjective wellbeing has declined. Subjective well-being has remained an important research field in positive psychology. Positive psychology discusses subjective well-being from three perspectives: emotional experience, personality traits, and environment. It holds that positive experience, traits and environment can help improve one’s quality of life, enabling people to persist in the face of difficulty, relieve psychological pressure, and reduce the occurrence of psychological disease. Achievement motivation is the intrinsic motivation for individual success. It is the motivation for individuals to pursue what they consider important, to perform valuable work, and to achieve success through the pursuit of high standards. Consumption satisfaction of university education service refers to students’ comprehensive evaluation of school education after reaching psychological or expected goals. The logical relationship between the three is consistent with the research framework of positive psychology. This research yielded the following results following hypothesis testing on sample data of 425 Chinese students studying in South Korea: (1) Achievement motivation has a significantly positive (+) effect on subjective well-being. (2) Achievement motivation has a significantly positive (+) effect on educational consumption satisfaction. (3) Educational consumption satisfaction has a significantly positive (+) influence on subjective well-being. (4) Educational consumption satisfaction has a partial mediating effect on the influence of achievement motivation on subjective well-being. The results show that, firstly, achievement motivation, as the need or trend of pursuing success, represents the desire or tendency to solve and do things as well as possible, and has the directional significance of emotion, cognition and behavior. As an internal driving force, achievement motivation plays an important role in the process of studying abroad. Secondly, in the few studies done on education consumption satisfaction, we found that some foreign scholars and educators have realized the importance of education consumption satisfaction, and gradually carried out research on the concept, measurement, and influencing factors. Our research provides an empirical supplement for this.

<열녀함양박씨전>의 박씨와 『삼강행실도: 열녀편』의 관계를 통해 본 열녀제작의 심리적 요인

서은아 ( Seo Eun-a ) 한국고전문학교육학회 2008 고전문학과 교육 Vol.16 No.-

The author analyzed the psychological factors which affected on the way of Mrs. Park in the < Yeleohamyangparksigeon > became a virtuous woman and compared these psychological factors with a virtuous women in Samganghaengsildo based on the relationship between Mrs. Park in < Yeleohamyangparksigeon > and Samganghaengsildo's the virtuous women volume. First of all, it’s about the power of authority on women. The volume of Samganghaengsildo’s virtuous women was about the group of women who were recognized as virtuous women by the king who had absolute power at the time period. The volume of Samganghaengsildo’s virtuous women was very well known for women. This book had a huge impact on women since the government authority educated the women using this book. In addition, the incredible events which were written in Samganghaengsildo indicated that the behavior of virtue was the right thing to follow since even super power recognized it as a good thing to do and the woman might be punished when she didn’t follow the behavior of virtue. Second, it was based on the similarity of circumstance and uncertainty for the future. Mrs. Park in < Yeleohamyangparksigeon > showed similar behavioral patterns with a virtuous woman in Samganghaengsildo since she took her role model from the virtuous woman. When Mrs. Park lost her husband, she was not sure about her future and the volume of Samganghaengsildo pointed out that there was another world after the death and she would meet her husband again after the death. In addition, the incorrect information that she would feel better psychologically when she followed her dead husband instead of living herself. Third, it is about the resemblance of obsessive mind and self internalization. The examination of the record of Mrs. Park showed that Mrs. Park tried to internalize integrity, loyalty, and virtue of virtuous women in Samganghaengsildo and became herself like virtuous women. In addition, the woman’s obsessive mindset remarkly reflected in Samganghaengsildo. For instance, Mrs. Park in < Yeleohamyangparksigeon > held to the time of death of her husband and the writer who wrote about the behavior of Mrs. Park also emphasized that the time of death of Mrs. Park was closed to the time of the death of her husband. This explained that the obsessive mindset of women in the epic of virtue women could have influence on the women’s mind who tried to show the similar behavior with a virtue woman and internalize it. Finally, the people of the day also were not free from it.

현대윤리학에서 심리주의와 반심리주의 논쟁

김남준(Kim, Nam-Joon) 새한철학회 2013 哲學論叢 Vol.73 No.3

본고는 현대윤리학에서 도덕 심리주의와 반심리주의 논쟁의 이론적 지형도를 분석하고, 이를 토대로 도덕 반심리주의가 그 이론적 정당성을 확보할 수 있는 방안을 논구하고자 한다. 도덕 심리주의는 도덕적 행위 동기화의 근거가 신념과 욕구와 같은 행위 주체의 심리적 상태에 의해 구성된다고 주장하는 반면, 도덕 반심리주의는 이를 부정한다. 도덕 심리주의의 전거로 여겨지는 흄의 동기화 이론은 “(ⅰ) 행위 동기화의 근거는 욕구와 신념으로 구성되며, (ⅱ) 이 두 가지 요소는 욕구에 우선성이 주어지는 비대칭적 구조를 이룬다.”라고 요약된다. 그런데 지난 3∼40여 년간 이루어진 도덕적 행위 동기화 논쟁에서 흄의 신념-욕구-모델은 여러 관점에서 비판을 받게 된다. 우선, 도덕 심리주의는 흄의 동기화 이론에 대한 비판을 통해 도덕적 행위 동기화의 지배적인 근거를 욕구가 아닌 신념에서 찾게 된다. 네이글은 ‘동기화된 욕구’ 개념을 통해 흄의 비대칭성 테제를 비판하면서 도덕적 행위 동기화의 근거로서 신념을 강조한다. 그리고 댄시, 스캔런, 라즈 등은 행위 주체의 신념을 도덕적행위 동기화의 지배적이고 유일한 요소라고 주장함으로써 순수인지주의로 나아간다. 이와 달리, 도덕 반심리주의는 “행위 주체의 신념과 욕구와 같은 심리적 상태에 의존적이지 않은 도덕의 규범적 근거가 도덕적 행위 동기화 근거를 구성한다.”라고 주장한다. 그런데 도덕 반심리주의는 행위 주체의 신념과 욕구로부터 독립적인 도덕의 규범적 근거가 도덕적 행위를 동기 유발한다고 주장하기 때문에, 도덕의 규범성과 실천성의 관계를 해명해야 하고 강한 의미의 내재주의와의 연관에 대한 의혹을 풀어야 하는 과제를 지니게 된다. 그래서 도덕 반심리주의는 ‘약한 의미의 도덕실재론’과 ‘온건한 내재주의’와 연계를 맺음으로써 그 이론적 정당성을 확보하고자 한다. This paper aims to analyze the topography of a debate on moral motivation between moral psychologism and moral antipsychologism in the contemporary ethics. Based on this analysis, this paper aims to find the way to justify moral antipsychologism. Moral psychologism insists that moral motives are composed of the psychological state, namely agent’s belief and desire. Moral antipsychologism denies this supposition. Hume’s motivation theory, which is regarded as locus classicus of moral psychologism, is as follows: (i) a motive is composed of belief and desire, (ii) belief and desire are in an asymmetrical relationship in favor of desire. However, Hume’s belief-desire-model is criticized over the last three or four decades from the diverse viewpoints. Moral psychologism in the contemporary ethics criticizes Hume’s motivation theory and suggests that the main component of moral motivation is not desire but belief. First of all, Nagel criticizes Hume’s asymmetry-these based on the concept ‘motivated desire’. And that, Dancy, Scanlon, Raz etc suggest that belief is the only component of moral motivation, so namely pure-cognitivism. Unlike moral psychologism, moral antipsychologism insists that normative reasons or justifying reasons, which are independent of the psychological state(agent’s belief and desire), play a role ipso facto as moral motives. Moral antipsychologism should explain the relationship between normativity and practicality, and clarify doubt about a theoretical linkage with a extreme version of internalism, because it supposes that moral motives are independent of agent’s belief and desire. Moral antipsychologism can defend its theoretical validity by linking a weak version of moral realism and a mild form of internalism.

애착이론과 자기심리학을 통한 애도의 이해와 기독교상담적 적용

조난숙 ( Cho Nhansook ),장동진 ( Jang Dongjin ) 한국정신분석심리상담학회 2022 정신분석심리상담(구 정신역동치료) Vol.7 No.-

본 연구는 애착이론과 자기심리학을 통합하여 코로나19 이후 많은 이들이 겪고 있는 상실을 이해하고, 애도와 관련된 기독교상담의 적용점을 찾는 연구다. 두 이론은 초기 주요 양육자와의 관계 경험이 발달과 성격 형성에 중요하다는 공통점이 있다. 발달과정에서 자신의 과대적 욕구를 반영해주고, 이상적 대상과의 융합을 통해 완벽하고자 하는 욕구를 충족시켜 주는 적절한 자기대상 경험을 통하여 응집적 자기 형성을 중요하게 여기는 자기심리학은 자기대상의 상실 이후 자기대상의 기능을 변형적으로 내재화 하는 과정을 애도로 보았다. 대상과의 물리적 근접성을 추구하고자 하는 애착을 제1 동기로 여기는 애착이론에서는 상실의 고통을 애착추구 행동으로 이해하고, 이별이 영속적이라는 사실을 수용하여 상실한 대상과의 관계가 현실적으로 재정립되는 과정을 애도로 이해하였다. 내담자의 상실을 발달적 관점에서 이해하고, 상실을 호소하는 내담자를 상담함에 있어서 발달적 조율과 애착유형, 자기구조에서의 문제점을 탐색함이 요구된다. 기독교상담자는 변형적 내면화 과정이 일어날 수 있는 지지적이고 안아주는 환경을 제공하며, 안전기지 역할을 해줌으로써 내담자의 언어화되지 않았던 고통을 공감하고 성찰해주어, 내담자의 정신화 능력을 증진시키는 것이 필요하다. This study aims to search for the clinical implications of mourning with the integrative perspective of self psychology and attachment theory, and to apply its understandings to Christian counseling for helping those who suffer from the loss especially under the COVID-19 situation. Self psychology and attachment theory have common grounds that early relationship with caregivers is so important for infants to develop health personality, and that they are offsprings of psychoanalysis. Self psychology which emphasizes to develop cohesive self through a proper experience of mirroring selfobject and idealized selfobject, considers mourning as a process of transmuting internalization. On the other hand, attachment theory regards attachment which is a tendency of seeking physical proximity to attachment figure, as the most important human motivation. It suggests that pain of the loss is an attachment seeking behavior and mourning is the process of reorganization which accepts reality that the loss of attachment figure is eternal. With these understandings, this study suggests that counselors have to understand client’s developmental tuning, attachment types, and problems of self-structure, while counseling with the clients who have the problems of mourning. Moreover it is important for Christian counselors to provide them with supportive and holding milieu for transmuting internalization, be a secure base in order to empathize and reflect on unrealized psychological suffering, and help to develop their mentalizing ability.

응집적 자기를 위한 자기 심리학의 교육적 고찰 - 공감적 반응과 변형적 내면화를 중심으로 -

양성진 한국실천신학회 2017 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.56

본 연구는 응집적 자기 형성과 유지를 위한 자기 심리학을 연구하면서 실천 동력이 되는 공감적 반응과 변형적 내면화에 대한 교육적 고찰을 목표로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 본 연구자는 하인즈 코헛(Heinz Kohut)의 자기 심리학을 근거로 응집적 자기 형성과 유지를 위한 교육적 함의와 방향성을 제언하였다. 이 같은 문제의식 하에 본 연구는 코헛의 자기 심리학에 입각하여 자기의 개념을 고찰하였다. 자기의 언어적 개념을 통해 자기의 ‘주체적 속성’을 확인하였고, 프로이드, 하트만, 코헛에 이르는 자기 개념 이론의 발달 과정을 정리하였다. 또한 건강한 자기 구축의 핵심 원리인 자기애(narcissims)와 자기 대상(selfobject)의 의미를 분석하였고, 자기에 대한 기본적 이해를 바탕으로 ‘응집적 자기 형성’의 중요한 요소인 ‘공감적 반응’과 ‘변형적 내면화’를 교육적 관점에서 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 공감적 반응에서 인간의 평생의 핵심 과제라고 할 만한 응집적 자기 형성과 유지를 위해서는 자기 대상의 공감적 반응에 대한 경험이 항상적, 지속적, 안정적으로 제공되어야 하며, 이러한 공감적 반응은 피양육자나 학습자의 주체성을 인지하고 존중하는 전제 위에서 전인적, 종합적으로 수행되어야 함을 강조하였다. 더욱이 자기 대상자인 양육자나 교사는 피양육자나 학습자의 감정과 경험을 ‘진정으로’ 자기의 것처럼 공감하면서 받아들여야 함을 제언하였다. 변형적 내면화에서 자기는 수동적 수용자가 아닌 능동적 주체자라는 인식의 변화와 공감적 반응의 경험을 선별하고, 자기 대상의 심리적 기능을 대행하는 주체적 자기 인식을 위한 교육의 필요성을 제안하였다. 또한 응집적 자기 형성과 유지를 위한 자기 인식은 자기에 대한 ‘공감적 이해’가 전제됨을 강조하였다. 이를 통해 파편화된 자기를 재생산하는 기계적, 비인간적 교육이 아닌 자기가 주체가 되며, 자신과 타인을 이해하는 공감적 이해가 길러지는 교육의 방향성으로 제시하였다. Grounded in the self psychology theory of Heinz Kohut and his understanding of the self, this article reflects on educational issues for restoring a cohesive self from a defective and fragmented self. First of all, it deals with understanding concepts of the self based on the self psychology of Kohut. It discovers a concept of the self as a subjective being in the linguistic definition of self, and it describes the development of the self-concept from Sigmund Freud to Heinz Hartmann to Heinz Kohut. It then explores empathic responses and transmuting internalization as principal factors for building up a structure for the cohesive or defective self, explaining theoretical principles of narcissism and the self-object in the formation of the self-structure. Based on the theoretical and conceptional understandings of self psychology, the article reflects on some implications of empathic responses and transmuting internalization for the cohesive self from an educational perspective. Experiences of empathic responses are important foundations and should be designed into the field of lifelong eduction for the formation and balance of the self. In addition, empathic response is considered in its holistic dimensions, not just the emotional one. Also, the article emphasizes the self-object as agents of empathic responses should accept the emotions, thoughts, motivations, experiences, wills of others as his or her own. In terms of transmuting internalization, the article suggests a change in recognizing that the self is not a passive receiver but a subjective being of empathic responses. In addition, It emphasizes the necessity of education for self-awareness of his or her own experiences based on the empathic responses of self-objects. Self-awareness is grounded in empathic understanding of self in the processes of transmuting internalization.

국제정치학 감정연구의 쟁점, 함의, 그리고 향배

은용수 ( Eun Yong-soo ),용채영 ( Yong Chaeyoung ) 서울대학교 국제문제연구소 2018 세계정치 Vol.29 No.-

In recent years, there has been growing interest in emotion in the field of International Relations (IR). This article intends to carry out a critical review of the recent IR literature on emotion from theoretical and methodological perspectives and discuss what implications an ‘emotional turn’ has for theorization about the international. To this end, the article first ponders the issues associated with the conceptual and ontological foundation of emotion. Although the extant studies tend to conceptualize emotions at a micro vs. macro level or at an individual vs. group level, we argue that emotion has both individual and group (micro and macro) ontological natures in which neither of them is given an ontological and thus conceptual and analytical priority. Based on this discussion, the article identifies how individual emotions lead to a collective and political emotion. Given such a paucity of work on ‘affective politics,’ we lay out a set of research agendas and related concepts that can help us have a better understanding of the relationship between emotion and power politics. This article concludes with critical implications of the developments in the recent studies on emotion for theorizing international relations. We suggest that IR should take the study of emotion and its normative appeal seriously. Through reflectivism, emotion studies can offer significant practical values in terms of generating empathy, a necessary foundation for reconciliation and peace building among states and ethnicities.