唐代 詩人의 物候意識과 그 詩的 表現 硏究

강희안 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2019 中國學論叢 Vol.0 No.65

This paper confirms that the Tang Dynasty poet related natural seasons to a natural system in relation to the circulation of the season, and named it “the Phenological phenomenon consciousness”(物候意識). We described the background and examined “the Phenological phenomenon consciousness” reflected in the poem. The poet’s gaze on nature is far more profound and diverse, but the Phenological phenomenon consciousness can be one viewpoint that recognizes nature in one orderly circulation. Phenological phenomenon consciousness gradually developed after the 24 solar terms(二十四節氣) and the 72 pentad(七十二候) it began to form systematically at Yueling(月令: climate and phenology in a lunar month). The poet judged the time of the year and the season through the position of the stars in the night sky, the weather such as wind, dew and lightning, the activity of animals and the current state of plants. The poet was able to express various emotions more appropriately, base on phenological phenomenon(物候). The trial Poetry(試帖詩) in the Tang dynasty imperial examination(科擧考試), related to the phenological phenomena is seen in many titles, The knowledge of Phenological phenomena seems to be universal culture of people. Wenyuan Yinghua(文苑英華) is a partial selection, and there may be more cases in which there are phenological phenomenon-related content across the existing Trial Poetry. Even as a poet, phenological phenomenon frequently appears in the poem. Speaking of the Beginning of Summer(立夏), they associate the mole cricket with a cry(螻蟈鳴), and when the mole cricket cried, they associated the Beginning of Summer. Then, earthworms came out of the ground(蚯蚓出), and it was associated with rattmelon coming out (王瓜生). Understanding these groups of phenomena into one bundle made the expression and citation smoother. The Tang Dynasty poets believed in Phenological phenomenon in response to such seasons relatively thoroughly. If “Cool winds are coming”(凉風至) in the Beginning of Autumn(立秋), they believe that the cool winds will be blowing in which the heat from the day will subside. With such “projected Phenological phenomenon consciousness” you can know how deep their Phenological phenomenon consciousness is.

Raynaud씨 증상이 식도 운동에 미치는 영향

이오영 ( Oh Young Lee ),김태환 ( Tae Hwan Kim ),고희관 ( Hee Kwan Koh ),이제경 ( Je Kyung Lee ),유태석 ( Tae Seok Yoo ),장대국 ( Dae Kook Chang ),심승철 ( Seung Cheol Shim ),전재범 ( Jae Bum Jun ),정성수 ( Sung Soo Jung ),이인홍 ( 대한류마티스학회 1998 대한류마티스학회지 Vol.5 No.1

Objectives: In the connective tissue disease patients, esophageal dysfunction is often closely associated with the presence of Raynaud`s phenomenon. But there are no previous reports concerning the values of esophageal manometry in the connective tissue disease with Raynaud`s phenomenon in Korea. Therefore, we performed this study to evaluate esophageal function in connective tissue disease with Raynaud`s phenomenon. Methods: Total 86 subjects were employed in this study including 30 normal control group, 14 mixed connective tissue disease(MCTD), 21 systemic sclerosis, 16 systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE), and 5 Raynaud`s phenomenon only. In each subject, esophageal manometric study was performed with lower compliance capillary infusion system. Results: The mean age(±SD) of patients and controls were as follows: MCTD 34.1(±8.9), systemic sclerosis 44.9(±9.3), SLE 32.1(±7.9), and normal controls 31.9(±5.3). All patients with MCTD and systemic sclerosis had Raynaud`s phenomenon. Twelve out of 14 patients with MCTD, 17 out of 21 patients with systemic sclerosis, were abnormal in esophageal manometry. Nine out of 16 SLE had Raynaud`s phenomenon. Among 9 SLE with Raynaud`s phenomenon, 5 patients(55.5%) were abnormal in esophageal manometry, and among 7 SLE without Raynaud`s phenomenon, 2 patients(28.6%) were abnormal in esophageal manometry. Among 5 patients with Raynaud`s phenomenon, 3 patients were abnormal in esophageal manometry. Abnormal esophageal manometry finding is more common in the connective tissue disease patients with Raynaud`s phenomenon compared with the patients without Raynaud`s phenomenon (P=0.0219). Conclusions: Abnormal esophageal manometry finding is more common in the connective tissue disease patients with Raynaud`s phenomenon compared with the patients without Raynaud`s phenomenon.

A Study on Zr-fire Phenomenon During Loss-of-Coolant-Accident in a Spent Fuel Pool

Sun-Ki Kim,Kwang-Soon Ha 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1

When a loss of coolant accident which causes a partial or a full drainage in the SFP would happen, Zircaloy-4 spent fuel cladding begin to react with high temperature air, and the heat generates by exothermic reaction between Zircaloy-4 cladding and surrounding air. Due to the heat, the ignition may occur in the surface of Zircaloy-4 cladding. If the Zr-fire phenomenon occurs during the accident in a SFP, the spent fuel cladding and pellets would be severely fragmented and powdered and it may bring about a massive release of radioactive source terms. Therefore, it is crucial to prevent the zirconium fire phenomenon for the spent fuel pool safety. However, a main cause to trigger the zirconium fire was not identified. In order to identify a possible mechanism of the Zr-fire phenomenon, OECD-NEA SFP Project I, II was initiated. In this paper, we reviewed the Zr-fire phenomenon which may occur in the spent fuel pool for complete loss of coolant accident scenario. The Spent Fuel Pool Project (hereinafter SFP project) is the experimental program to investigate the phenomena of spent fuel pool complete loss of coolant accident using a 17×17 PWR fuel assembly. In this section, the zirconium fire phenomenon which was observed from the SFP project is briefly investigated. This paper presented the fuel assembly temperature (i.e. zirconium alloy cladding temperature) and oxygen concentration profile of the SFP project phase-1 ignition test. At around 12.7 hour, the temperature abruptly increased and the oxygen concentration also dramatically decreased. This abrupt temperature escalation is the zirconium fire phenomenon. In order to investigate the mechanism of this zirconium fire phenomenon, behaviors of both temperature and oxygen concentration were fully compared. This paper reviewed the results of OECD-NEA SFP project experiment and then a mechanism of Zr-fire phenomenon was dscussed. It seems that the Zr-fire phenomenon might be a consequence of thermal mismatch between heat generation and dissipation. A large amount of heat might be generated by the air oxidation of Zircaloy-4 spent cladding immediately after the kinetic transition which is a breakaway phenomenon. This paper discussed the relationship between the breakaway phenomenon and the Zr-fire phenomenon in case of air oxidation of Zircaloy-4 spent cladding. This paper presents preliminary findings on the Zr-fire phenomenon from the open experiment data of the prototypic spent fuel severe accident scenario. These findings would enhance the understanding of Zircaloy-4 spent cladding air oxidation and severe accident scenario progression in a SFP.

ICNP를 적용한 학교간호현상 및 특성과 초·중·고등학교의 학교간호현상 비교

김영임,왕명자,양순옥,현혜진,박은옥 韓國學校保健學會 2004 韓國學校保健學會誌 Vol.17 No.1

Purpose : this study purposed to investigate school nursing phenomena in Korea by applying ICNP, the international standard nursing classification system developed by ICN, and to compare school nursing phenomena at elementary, middle and high schools. Method : The subjects of this study are 110 nursing teachers from 82 elementary schools, 16 middle schools, and 12 high schools. In the survey, subjects were asked to score the degree to which phenomena and characteristics of Koran school nursing, identified in previous research, on a 5 point scale. Questionnaires were distributed and recovered by mad and email. The period of data collection was 6 months from July to December 2003. The general characteristics of schools and nursing teachers were represented with frequencies and percentages, the phenomena and characteristics of school nursing with the score of the questions, and the phenomena school nursing by school grade with ANOVA and Duncan's posterior analysis. Results : 1) As for the characteristics of schools according to school nursing phenomena related to human behavior, the mean score of questions on inadequate stress management was highest at 3.24 points followed by the score on inadequate weight control (3.23), inadequate eating habits (3.22), the risk of spine disorders (2.68), inadequate emergency management (2.62), inadequate response to sex -related problems (2.19), and smoking and drug use (1.85). 2) As for the characteristics of schools according to school nursing phenomena related to human function, the mean score of questions on oral health management was highest at 3.11 points followed by the score on the risk of digestive system disorder (2.87), improper eyesight management (2.81), the risk of respiratory system disorders (2.75), lack of sexual identity (2.52), and inadequate contagious disease control (2.12). 3) As for the mean score according to school nursing phenomena related to environment, the score of the risk of accidents in classroom was highest as 2.68 points followed by the score of the risk of accidents around the school (2.66), maladjustment to school (2.62), the risk of accidents outside the classroom (2.43), inadequate learning environment (1.83), the risk of exposure to socially and physically harmful environment factors (La), and inadequate waste disposal (1.77). 4) This study tested the m n scores of questions corresponding to each school nursing phenomenon in order to see if there is a difference in the school nursing phenomenon among elementary, middle and high schools, and performed Duncan's posterior comparison for school nursing phenomena. A significant difference was found at p<.l. According to the results, school nursing phenomena found to be significantly different among elementary, middle and high schools was smoking and drug use (p<.05), which appeared more problematic in high school than in elementary school. phenomena such as inadequate eating habits, inadequate weight control, inadequate response to sex-related problems and inadequate waste disposal were also found to be statistically different at p<.l; however, according to the result of Duncan s posterior comparison, no difference was found among groups in improper eating habits and improper response to sex-related problems, and a significant difference was found between middle and high schools in inadequate weight control and inadequate waste disposal. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to plan school health projects focused on the characteristic school nursing phenomena that had high scores and to develop and execute school healthe projects in accordance with the characteristics of elementary, middle and high schools. Considering that the scores of school nursing phenomena related to human behavior are high, it is necessary to introduce school health promotion projects in a systematic way.

사명대사의 밀양 표충비 땀 흘림(汗出)현상과 과학적 분석

박종인 ( Jong In Park ) 동아시아불교문화학회 2012 동아시아불교문화 Vol.12 No.-

경남 밀양시 무안면 弘濟寺내에 있는 表忠碑에서 국가 중대사가 있는 날에 맞춰 땀(또는 눈물)을 흘린다는 현상, 다시 말해 물방울이 맺히는 凝結現象을 우리는 어떻게 수용하고 이해해야 할까? 최첨단 과학기술시대를 사는 우리 현대인에게 있어 有意味한 미션이 아닐 수 없다. 그러나 다른 한편으론 이런 미미한 과학적 문제 하나 명쾌하게 해결하지 못하고, 수백 년 세월을 지나온 걸 생각하면 참으로 안타깝다는 생각도 든다. 그러면 表忠碑의 땀 흘림현상 진위실체는 과연 무엇일까? 지극히 自然的現象일까, 아니면 超自然的現象일까의 문제가 먼저 밝혀져야 한다. 그 다음 중요한 문제는 表忠碑가 땀을 흘리되 왜 하필이면 國運慶弔의 날에 맞춰 흘리는가 하는 의문이다. 모든 게 알 듯 말 듯, 믿어야 할지 말아야 할지 曖昧模糊하다. 그런 사이 진실은 수백 년 동안 베일 속2에 가려져 왔다. 우리는 그간 간직돼 온 그 神秘의 秘密, 또는 너무도 평범할 것 같은 자연현상을 첨단과학기술의 잣대로도 그 원인을 명쾌하게 밝혀내지 못하고 있다는 점이다. The purpose lies in resolving the question of whether the sweating phenomenon of PyochungBi is a natural phenomenon or a supernatural one as claimed by the residents through the supernatural power of Samyeng Daesa. Additionally, it is also important to clarify why the incidents have only taken place around domestically significant events. It is a fool`s attempt to swiftly yet clearly disclose the secrets kept for the last 270 years. It is virtually impossible to solve the problem more wisely without scientific experiments on actual “sweating” phenomena. Nevertheless, the main purpose of the explanation is to come near to the truth by studying the perception of people and attitude of the press on practicing science journalism. At first, the examinations on circumstantial conditions were conducted to determine whether the phenomenon can be seen as a supernatural phenomenon not natural. Advanced research and theoretical research on the relationship between advanced technology and supernatural phenomena, national and international supernatural phenomena, and mysteries, occults, and supernatural powers which cannot be explained by modern science were completed. In Chapter 3, all 63 cases of the sweating phenomenon over the last 118 years the research are analyzed in depth in terms of chronology, season, quantity of perspiration, climatic conditions, and relevance with national occasions. It includes in-depth comparisons of 64 pieces of media coverage by 13 central or local presses according to the media company, chronology, the nature and format of the report, and relevance with the national events. To increase the reliability of the thesis, a survey on 500 citizens of Busan and Miryang about their perception of the phenomenon was conducted and analyzed from different angles. Accordingly, this research integrated and analyzed ① the sweating phenomenon of the stele (63 times), ② analyses of media coverage about the phenomenon (64 pieces), and ③ the results of the awareness survey, and presents curiosities concerning Pyochung Bi, nature and perspective of media coverage, and problems as well as alternatives. In sum, the sweating phenomenon of Pyochung Bi has brought upon hope and despair as well as peculiar confusion and fluster in different aspects. Though given current climatic conditions, there seems to be ample evidence to prove it a natural phenomenon, it is hard to categorically exclude the possibility as a supernatural phenomenon. It still remains limit of contemporary science, and a problem to be solved.

사잇소리 현상에 대한 비판과 대안

이동석 ( Lee¸ Dong-seok ) 청람어문교육학회 2021 청람어문교육 Vol.- No.83

1960년대까지만 하더라도 학교 문법에서는 ‘냇가’의 발음을 대개 ‘ㅅ’이 첨가된 후 경음화 현상이 일어나는 것으로 보았다. 그러나 허웅(1968:162)에서 사잇소리 첨가 이후 여러 음운 현상이 일어나는 경우들을 한데 모아 사잇소리 현상이라고 부르면서 학교 문법에 사잇소리 현상이 도입되었다. 그러나 이 현상은 단일한 현상이 아니라는 점에서 하나의 음운 현상으로 볼 수 없다. 현재의 사잇소리 현상은 첨가 현상과 교체 현상이 뒤섞여 있어서 음운 현상의 유형을 분류하는 데도 문제가 있다. 이러한 사잇소리 현상의 문제를 해결하는 유일한 방법은 사잇소리 현상을 해체하는 것이다. 구체적으로 첨가 현상과 교체 현상을 분리해야 하는데, 첨가 현상으로는 ㄷ 첨가 현상과 ㄴ 첨가 현상이 분석되고, 교체 현상으로는 비음화 현상, 유음화 현상이 분석된다. 이 중 ㄷ 첨가 현상은 그동안 학교 문법에서 다루지 않았던 현상이지만, 음운 현상의 본질을 이해하기 위해서는 ㄷ 첨가 현상에 대한 학습이 필요하다. Until the 1960s, in school grammar, it was considered that the pronunciation of 'natga' is usually derived from the tensification after 'ㅅ' is insterted. However, in Heo Woong(1968:162), the sait-sori phenomena was introduced into school grammar by collecting the cases in which various phonological phenomena occur after the addition of sait-sori and calling it the sait-sori phenomena. However, since this phenomenon is not a single phenomenon, it cannot be regarded as a single phonological phenomenon. The current interstitial phenomenon is a mixture of insertion phenomena and replacement phenomena, so there is a problem in classifying the types of phonological phenomena. The only way to solve this problem of sait-sori phenomena is to deconstruct the sait-sori phenomena. Specifically, the insertion phenomena and the replacement phenomena should be separated. As the insertion phenomena, the t insertion and n insertion are analyzed, and as the replacement phenomena, the nasalization and lateralization are analyzed. Among these, the t insertion has not been dealt with in school grammar so far, but in order to understand the essence of the phonological phenomenon, it is necessary to learn about t insertion.

唯識 四分說의 고찰

수산스님(황욱) 한국선학회 2006 한국선학 Vol.13 No.-

[식을 떠나] 따로 실재하는 것이 있거니와, 이는 능변과 소변을 여읜다는 것을 어찌하여 허용하지 않는가라는 질문은 식을 초월한 실재로서의 대상에게까지 식을 소급시키고 있다. 이 질문의 의도는 다름 아닌 식이 식 밖의 대상에 관련된 식이라면 대상은 애당초 식에서 독립된 것으로써 실재한다는 것을 반증하는 셈이 되므로 식의 외부에 실재하는 대상이 없다는 말은 오류임이 판명된다는 것이다. 따라서 여기에서 두 가지 문제를 분명히 해야 하는데, 하나는 ‘실재[實物]’에 관한 것이고 다른 하나는 ‘유식’에 관한 것이다. 위에서는 마음 밖의 실재가 망념에 의해 그릇되게 헤아리고 분별된 변계소집성에 불과한 것임을 살펴보았다. 견분․상분의 유위법은 식소변이 된다. 심소법은 심왕에 수반되며 심왕과 상응하는 법이다. 색법은 식이 변현한 것이다. 불상응행법은 색법․심법․심소법 위에 거짓으로 분별하여 세운 것이다. 진여는 식의 체가 된다. 지금까지 살펴본 것처럼 우리의 정신생활 하나하나는 사분작용이 아닌 것이 없고 심지어 최초의 번뇌까지도 사분작용에 의하여 전개되고 있음을 알 수 있으며 아울러 불교의 심식사상에 있어서 사분설이 얼마나 중요한가를 확인할 수 있었다. Buddhist Vijñapti-matra[唯識] insists, from the point of view: There are not another rules except mind in the three world.[三界唯心 心外無別法], that all of the world phenomenon is only an image appeared for us with changing from our own ālaya-vijñāna[阿賴耶識]. From the Buddhist ontological point of view, none ontic existence is recognized. But there is only creation by karma's harmony and that is adopted in the viewpoint of epistemology too and they consider the cognition's subject or its grasping have no substantiality anywhere. In that case, the answer of how can exist the recognition is the concept of ‘Vijñāna[識]’ in Vijñapti-matra. In Vijñapti-matra, the recognition process of a subjective mental process to recognize objective objects explain with four functions theory; ‘mental phenomena[相分]’, as attendant circumstances[所緣] of subjects’ side through constant reflecting, ‘discriminating such phenomena[見分]’ as a main body’s side, ‘the power that discriminates[自證分]’ as a confirmation process of recognition process of ‘discriminating such phenomena[見分]’, and ‘the proof or assurance of that power[證自證分]’ as a meditation and consciousness process in the confirmation process of ‘the power that discriminates[自證分]’. This is phenomena appeared with our mental process are just external objective objects and in this case the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity; as it is, this is an explanation about a cognized way of subject and object subjects.‘Nimitta[相]’ is a meaning of attendant circumstances[所緣, ālambana] as just ‘condition’. ‘Attendant circumstances[所緣]’ boundary in front of the mind ālamba[能緣, the conditioning power in contrast with the conditioned] as it is, an image occurred between the essence of attendant circumstances[所緣] and the cognition of ālamba[能緣] is called ‘mental phenomena[相分, nimitta-bhāga]’ and this is a denoted word for just shown subject Being opposed to ‘mental phenomena[相分]’ means shown subjects, ‘discriminating such phenomena[見分, darśana-bhāga]’ means seeing things against ‘mental phenomena[相分]’; a main body of cognition. This means seeing shining[見照] ․ ālamba[能緣] and this tells what process ālamba[能緣] for the attendant circumstances’ boundary[所緣境]. In the mean time, ‘自’ of the power that discriminates[自證分] is ‘自用’; ‘discriminating such phenomena[見分]’ and is named as confirmed cognition its ‘discriminating such phenomena[見分]’ process. This is said that in ‘consideration of discriminating such phenomena[見分了別]’ this thinks to attendant circumstances[所緣] and processes ālamba[能緣] repeatedly. Additionally ‘證’ of ‘the proof or assurance of that power[證自證分]’ means ‘confirmation of cognition[證知]’ and ‘自證’ denotes above ‘the power that discriminates[自證分]’ as it is, it is named as the meaning to recognize the process of ‘the power that discriminates[自證分]’. In other word, ‘the proof or assurance of that power[證自證分]’ is a process to intend again the process of previous ‘the power that discriminates[自證分]’. Some cognition process occur from bīja[種子] in ālaya-vijñāna[阿賴耶識]. Such an cognition process; cognition itself is changed and divided that one is the cognition of subjectivity and the other is the cognition of objectivity and occurred concrete cognition process on the dualistic opposition. Especially we have to take notice of a fact that ‘mental phenomena[相分]’ also defined as the mind part alike non existing subjects’ shapes. We think simply that ourselves or external subjects exist as substances. Itself and subjects considered to exist are called ‘Real ego - real dharma[實我實法]’. But it is not exist at all and what exist is only ‘specious ego - specious ghrma[似我似法]’ as it is, the objective mind to be resemble to subjects' shapes. Comparing with it, one’s surrounded phenomena are just several images through a projector, ālaya-vijñāna[阿賴耶識] and there isn't a substance in the opposite side of image. If we call ‘mental phenomena[相分]’ formed like subjects’ shapes to ‘an ideal’․‘a presentation’, all external subjects can be considered just only ‘an ideal being substantial’.That means Vijñapti-matra[唯識] a substance is what is changed by a cognition and what doesn't lose it too than what a substance returned to cognition. It is nothing but false, if we insist actual existence because it is not known by not only perception but also inference. A word; ‘It cannot be achieved [不可得]’ means that self and rule as an real existence is not being grasped through pratyakṣa[現量] and anumāna[比量]. As it is, external existence is not a subject of perceptive judgment nor a subject of inference.Accordingly, it is a wrong opinion to exist a existence in the external of cognition and the external existence of cognition is a riddle to the letter. An external existence of cognition is like a flower in an empty sky[空華] and rabbit’s horn[兎角] and it is not a subject as a sincere meaning. Because it is not achieved through right recognition ways. And because these are not occurred by reason of acting and are baseless false images. Actual existence is just a mirage which is erected by vain mind with wrong conjecturing and discerning[計度], and a substance is only cognition.With a study like above, we know that there isn't what is not by four functions’ process in our each sprit life, even the first agony is unfolded by four functions’ process. In addition we could confirmed how important the four functions’ theory are in Buddhist mind cognition phenomena. Because four functions[四分] are exact core of 8 cognitions[八識] and it is not able to be discussed without four functions’ process.

음운현상과 문법 정보의 관계

변용우(Byeon, Yong Woo) 동악어문학회 2016 동악어문학 Vol.66 No.-

이 글은 국어 음운현상에 관계하는 문법 정보의 역할을 파악하고 이를 토대로 음운현상과 문법 정보의 관계를 규명하는 데에 목적을 두었다. 그간 국어음운론에서는 문법 정보를 음운현상의 구조 조건의 하나로 간주하여 기술하는 방식을 취하거나, 어휘부를 포함한 문법부 안에 음운 규칙이 적용되는 기술 모형을 세워왔다. 어떤 관점에서 보더라도 음운현상에서 문법 정보의 역할이 드러나는 것은 아니어서 이를 바탕으로 개별 음운현상의 성격을 규정하는 것은 언어 현상의 본질을 담는 것이라고 보기 어려웠다. 본 연구는 음운현상과 문법 정보가 갖는 관계를 언어 형식과 의미가 갖는 관계와 같다고 보았다. 언어 형식은 독자적인 영역을 갖지만 그것이 의미와 결합되어 결속 관계를 갖게 되면 형식의 상호작용은 의미의 지배를 받게 되는 것이다. 의미가 형식에 대해 갖는 지배 관계는 문법 정보로 나타나 음운현상을 지배하게 된다. 문법 정보가 음운현상을 지배하는 방식은 음운현상의 발생을 허용하거나 억제하는 방식과 음운현상의 발생을 유인하는 방식 두 가지로 보았다. 문법 정보에 따라 음운현상을 지배하는 방식이 다르게 나타나는 것은 문법 정보가 갖는 속성의 차이에 있다. 문법 정보 속성은 형태소 속성과 문법 구성 속성으로 구분된다. 일정한 구조 조건을 갖는 음운현상이 관계하는 문법 정보에 따라 발생의 편차를 보이는 것은 음운현상이 문법 정보를 취사선택하여 생긴 것이 아니라 문법 정보의 속성에 따라 음운현상을 다르게 지배하였기 때문에 생긴 것이다. This study aimed to figure out relations between phonological phenomena and grammatical information after investigating the roles of the grammatical information relating to phonological phenomena in Korean. In Korean phonology, so far, grammatical information has been described as a part of the structural conditions of the phonological phenomena, or a descriptive model in which a phonological rule is applied to the grammatical components including lexicon has been set up. From either viewpoint, the role of grammatical information is not exposed in phonological phenomena. Therefore, it’s been hard to tell that the stipulation of the characteristics of individual phonological phenomenon is to get the essence of language phenomena. In this study, it was regarded that the relations between phonological phenomena and grammatical information were the same with the relations between language form and meaning. The language form has its own domain. However, if it is mixed with meaning and forms a binding relation, the interaction of the form is governed by meaning. The governance structure between meaning and form is expressed as grammatical information and governs phonological phenomena. In terms of the governance of grammatical information over phonological phenomena, two patterns were found: permission or blocking of phonological phenomena; attraction of phonological phenomena. The difference in the governance pattern of phonological phenomena according to grammatical information lies in difference in the properties of grammatical information. These properties of grammatical information are classified into morpheme properties and grammatical structure properties. The variation of occurrence according to the grammatical information relating to the phonological phenomena with a particular structural condition takes place because phonological phenomena are differently governed by the properties of grammatical information, not the selection of grammatical information by the phonological phenomena.

Understanding of Yon-Ko-Jeon Culture: The Phenomenon of Women`s Alienation in Yon-Ko-Jeon

( Jae Yoon Bae ) 한국체육학회 2015 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Purpose: Yon-Ko-Jeon is a major intercollegiate sports rivalry in South Korea, consisting of an annual sports competition between Yonsei University and Korea University. Taking on a feminist perspective and a cultural studies approach, this study discusses the phenomenon of women`s alienation in Yon-Ko-Jeon. Method: In-depth interviews were conducted with 27 participants who were selected through typical case sampling and snowball sampling methods. By examining the constitutive characteristics of Yon-Ko-Jeon and analyzing the lived meanings and experiencing essence of students, this study details the students` awareness, responses, and strategies with regards to the phenomenon of women`s alienation from Yon-Ko-Jeon. Result: Students from the two colleges were divided into two groups- one which was aware of women`s alienation from Yon-Ko-Jeon, and another group that was unaware of such a phenomenon. Students without awareness tended to perceive the alienation of women from Yon-Ko-Jeon as a natural phenomenon. On the other hand, the members who had awareness tended to see it as a phenomenon that was either justified, unequal, or in need of change. In the latter group, those who saw women`s alienation as a justified phenomenon responded with tolerance and adopted a bystander strategy. Conversely, those who saw it as an unequal phenomenon responded with rejection and instead chose to adopt anti-/alternative Yon-Ko-Jeon strategies. The last group, which perceived women`s alienation as a phenomenon in need of change, adopted correcting responses as well as intercollegiate solidarity and cooperation strategies. A generalization of the findings reveals that the students` experiencing essence of the phenomenon extends from critical thinking to awareness, response, and strategy in a step-by-step and sequential process. Conclusion: Through this study, it was found that the students` experiencing essence all follow a continuous thinking pattern, as illustrated in the diagram provided. Through a comprehensive discussion of the findings, it was concluded that there are various lived meanings and experiencing essence of students toward the phenomenon of women`s alienation from Yon-Ko-Jeon. As dominant perspectives and the competition format of Yon-Ko-Jeon today remain male-centric, this study contends that the phenomenon of women`s alienation is set to persist. Through illustrating the prevalence of gender inequality in sports, Yon-Ko-Jeon is also a reflection of the wider sociocultural context of South Korea, highlighting the hegemony of dichotomous gender roles inherent in South Korea`s sports culture. The absence of female participation in Yon-Ko-Jeon reflects the larger cultural context of South Korea`s male-centric sports arena. Such a gendered form of alienation results in the absence of women`s sports activities and athletes, and this is an imminent problem not only for women who find themselves marginalised, but for society as a whole. In analyzing the lived experiences of students in the alienation of women in Yon-Ko-Jeon, this study provides insight into the hidden side of one of South Korea`s largest intercollegiate sports rivalry.

사사무애(事事無礙)와 무한으로 열린 법계원융(法界圓融) - 사(事)·리(理)·법계(法界)의 개념을 중심으로 -

박수현 ( Park Su-Hyun ) 한국불교선리연구원 2021 禪文化硏究 Vol.30 No.-

본고에서는 화엄불교의 중요 이론인 사종법계설 중의 사사무애의 의미에 대해서 고찰하며, 그것이 ‘특정한 관점이나 종파’가 아니라는 것과, ‘모든 관점과 종파가 원융무애하게 활용될 수 있는 상태’라는 것을 논할 것이다. 우선 사(事)·리(理)·법계(法界)의 개념을 중관과 유식을 융합한 새로운 시각에서 분석한 후, 그것들을 사종법계의 각 단계에 적응해 본다. 구체적으로 사법계를 ‘자성(自性)을 가진 개별적인 현상들’로, 이법계를 ‘단멸공’ 혹은 ‘세속제를 배제한 승의제’로, 이사무애법계를 유식적인 입장에서 ‘일체 사법을 포괄하는 진여문 · 일심’으로, 사사무애법계를 ‘세속제의 적극적인 활용으로서의 승의제’로 해석한다. 결론적으로 사사무애는 각기 다른 관점들과 교파들을 하나의 방편으로 보고, 다시 그것들의 특유의 위치와 역할을 다할 수 있게 하는 수단임을 밝힌다. 또한 사사무애는 ‘모든 것을 설명할 수 있는 관점’과 ‘무한으로 열려 있는 다양한 관점들의 체계’임을 보이고, 그것을 일승사상과 연결하여, ‘모든 관점을 포괄하여 무한으로 연결해주는 가장 큰 관점’은 동교일승이며, ‘무한으로 열려진 관점의 실체 없음’은 별교일승임을 논한다. This paper will examine the meaning of ‘the realm of non - obstruction between phenomena’ in the core theory of Huayan Buddhist, the theory of the ‘Four realms of Reality’. And it will argue that it is not concepts as entities implying a specific point of view or sect, but merely an expression of a state in which all perspectives and sects use indefinitely. It will begin by analyzing the meanings of the concepts such as phenomena(事), principle(理), and the dharma realm(法界) from a new perspective that combines the Madhyamika and the Yogācāra, and will discusses how they can be applied to each stages of the ‘Four realms of reality’. Specifically, interpret ‘the realm of individual phenomena(事法界)’ as individual phenomena with intrinsic nature(自性), ‘the realm of the one principle(理法界)’ as ‘Annihilistic denial of emptiness(斷滅空)’ or ‘the ultimate truth(勝義諦) excludes the conventional truth(世俗諦)’, ‘the realm of non - obstruction between principle and phenomena(理事無礙法界)’ as ‘the true thusness aspect(眞如門)’ or ‘one mind(一心)’, and ‘the realm of non - obstruction between phenomena(事事無礙法界)’ as ‘the ultimate truth(勝義諦) as an active use of the conventional truth(世俗諦)’. In conclusion, ‘the realm of non - obstruction between phenomena’ is a way of recognizing different viewpoints and denominations as a comprehensive method for explaining the phenomenon, and again, as a mechanism allowing them to accurately occupy their position and play a unique role. And it will argue that this realm is 'the perspective that can explain everything' and' the system of infinitely open various perspectives'.