복합서술어 구문과 피동

김경열 ( Kim Gyeong-yeol ) 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2016 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.29 No.-

Passiveness can be divided into two types: passive sentence which has passive rule in terms of Korean grammar and passive expression which has passive character semantically even if it doesn`t have any passive rule. However there are constructions for the character of passive sentence to be realized similarly among complex predicate constructions which have passive meanings. Thus I classified complex predicate constructions which have passive meanings into passive expression and pseudo passiveness. The complex predicate constructions, `되다, 받다, 당하다`, which have passive meanings are represented as pseudo passiveness in case their preceding constituents have negative meanings regarding subjects. The complex predicate constructions, `맞다, 입다, 나 다`, are represented as pseudo passiveness in case their preceding constituents have negative meanings regarding subjects. In contrast, The complex predicate construc-tion, `어지다`, which has passive meaning must not have passive verb correspond-ing to the preceding predicate and have a concrete noun or an abstract noun as the argument. Also it is valid when it has a concrete noun as the argument in case the preceding predicate has passive verb corresponding to itself.

화용 전략에 따른 태국인 한국어 학습자의 한국어 피동 표현 이해 연구

김성은,사마와디 강해 이중언어학회 2016 이중언어학 Vol.63 No.-

Korean passive has more pragmatic strategies than that of the Thai language. function of passive expressions, thus, have the effect of politeness since the speaker delivers his/her opinion indirectly. In this paper, I introduce how differently Thai-speaking Korean learners and native Korean speakers perceive pragmatic strategies in Korean passive. In order to do so, I compare the shares of passive and non-passive expressions in the language use of the two groups and analyze the difference in each pragmatic strategy. According to the study, Thai-speaking Korean learners used much fewer passive expressions, which means they are not aware of politeness that Korean passive carries. Also, among Thai-speaking Korean learners, even those who used passive expressions as well did not fully understand pragmatic strategies. In other words, most Thai-speaking Korean learners recognized passive expressions merely as situational description, not as a politeness mark, and attempted to replace passive expressions with other grammatical devices or to translate them into their first language. In many occasions, Thai-speaking Korean learners show the tendency of heavily depending on specific sentence patterns or merely choosing the honorific pre-final ending, ‘-si-.’ This tendency is highly likely to be influenced by their first language of the learners, which does not have pragmatic strategies in its passive expressions and conveys formality by adjusting tones or attitude, and by many Korean language textbooks which do not fully explain the pragmatic strategies of passive expressions.

러시아의 한국어 피동 연구 고찰 -한국어 문법서와 한국어 교재의 피동 기술에 관하여-

최지영 한국어문학회 2024 어문학 Vol.- No.165

본고는 한국과 러시아의 한국어 문법서와 러시아어 화자를 대상으로 하는 한국어 교재에서 제시하는 피동 기술에 대하여 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 한국어교육 문법서와 러시아 한국어 학자들의 한국어 문법서를 비교하여 살펴보고 러시아에서 발간한 교육 목적 한국어 교재의 피동에 관한 기술을 분석하였다. 국립국어원에서 발간한 『(외국인을 위한) 한국어 문법1』에서는 피동 파생 접미사 피동법과 ‘-아/어지다’ 피동법을 제시하였다. 반면 러시아의 한국어 문법서 『한국어 문법 개요』에서는 사동와 피동을 태의 범주로 보고 피동과 사동을 만드는 접미사를 동형으로 보았다. 그리고 『한국어 문법 개요』와 『한국어 문법』에서는 피동의 접미사가 결합한 문장과 ‘–아/어지다’ 가 결합한 문장 중 자연성(비의지성), 잠재성, 자발성 등의 의미를 내포하는 경우 중동태로 분류하였다. 러시아에서 발간한 교육 목적 한국어 교재에서는 주로 접미사 피동법을 설명하며 ‘–아/어지다’ 피동법은 상황에 의해 행하게 되는 행동이나 상태를 나타내는 문장으로 설명한다. 본 연구는 러시아의 한국어 피동 범주와 실현 방법에 대한 인식과 교육 범주 및 기술에 대한 이해를 도모했다는데 의의가 있다. This study aims to examine the description of passive voice in Korean grammar books from both Korea and Russia, as well as in Korean language textbooks targeting Russian speakers. To achieve this, the study compares Korean language education grammar books with Korean grammar books written by Russian Korean language scholars, and analyzes the description of passive voice in Korean language textbooks published in Russia for educational purposes. The "Korean Grammar 1 (for Foreigners)" published by the National Institute of Korean Language presents passive derivational suffix passive and '-a/eojida' passive. In contrast, the Russian Korean grammar book "Outline of Korean Grammar" categorizes causative and passive under the voice category and considers the suffixes that form passive and causative as homomorphic. Both "Outline of Korean Grammar" and "Korean Grammar" classify sentences with passive suffixes and those with '-a/eojida' as middle voice when they imply meanings such as naturalness (non-volitionality), potentiality, and spontaneity. Korean language textbooks published in Russia mainly explain suffix passive and describe the '-a/eojida' passive as sentences expressing actions or states that occur due to circumstances. This study is significant in that it promotes understanding of the perception of Korean passive voice categories and realization methods in Russia, as well as the educational categories and descriptions.

아랍어의 수동태 -유형론적 고찰

정규영 ( Kyu Young Jung ) 한국아랍어·아랍문학회 2009 아랍어와 아랍문학 Vol.13 No.2

All the verbs of Arabic can be divided into 2 categories namely, primitive and derivative and the active and the passive. This study aims to discuss the passive of Arabic with an emphasis on the Typological approach. The passive in Arabic is especially used in the following 4 cases; When God is an actor, when the actor is unknown, when the author or speaker does not want to name the actor, and when mentioning the actor is not so important as mentioning the patient. Generally speaking, Arabic passive is characterized by the change of word order, the change of case marking, and the change of the verbal forms compared to the active voice. It can be safely said that Arabic passive is mostly a personal passive which uses a personal subject. But in the recent studies an impersonal passive which does not use the personal subject were also found especially in Classical Arabic and Lebanese Arabic. Arabic passive is not an analytic passive but a synthetic passive because Arabic passives are generally made by using prefix, suffix and vowel changes. And Arabic actors are not shown in the passive differently from the most European languages.

남북한 언어의 사 · 피동사 비교 연구

강명순(Myoung-sun Kang) 어문연구학회 2006 어문연구 Vol.51 No.-

In preparation for reunification age, various studies in the area of Korean linguistics are recently being conducted by many Korean scholars, ranging from the introduction of North Korean, Munhwa-o, and its grammatical rules, differences in pronunciation of South and North Korean, differences in orthography, and comparative analysis on South and North Korean grammatic description further to linguistic theory and philosophy of North Korean and its language policy. All these are the efforts to minimize differentiation occurring between South and North Korean in order to prepare for the reunification age. This study, part of this efforts, examined on the homogeneity and the degree of heterogeneity of South and North Korean words within the category of the "voice". For this examination, the researcher extracted the list of causatives and passives from the North Korean, Munhwa-o, and Standard South Korean , and then analyzed the patterns that causatives and passives are derived from the basic verbs and the affix forms comparatively. As a result, Standard South Korean and North Korean, Munhwa-o are homogeneous in that they change argument by attaching the derivational affixes to verbs or adjectives, which involves the replacement of the subject and rearrangement of the nouns in the process of the realization of causative and passive voice. The result shows, however, that while the affix -우- is used only for causatives in the case of Standard South Korean voice affixes of the list, it appears even in passives in the case of North Korean. It seems that whereas there remains a difference in the lists of causative and passive affixes for South Korean, the difference for North Korean has disappeared. The patterns that causatives and passives of South and North Korean are derived are as follows: ⑴ South Korean : transitive→ passive (287) > intransitive → causative (152) > transitive → the same form of causative and passive (67) > transitive → causative (57) > adjective → causative (44) > transitive → different form of causative and passive (4) ⑵ North Korean : transitive → passive (423) >intransitive → causative (143) > transitive → the same form of causative and passive (71) > transitive → causative (62) > adjective → causative (46) > transitive → different form of causative and passive (15) These patterns show that both South and North Korean prefer deriving passive from transitive and deriving causative from intransitive when deriving causative and passive. On the other hand, both Koreans are turned out to avoid deriving the same form of causative and passive from transitive. While the causative and passive of two Koreans show homogeneity in their avoiding as well as preferring derivational types, they show considerable difference in detailed derivational patterns. There are 322 verbs that show the same causative and passive derivational patterns among South and North Korean verbs, but there are as many as 78 verbs that derive causative and passive and have different derivational affixes at the same time. In addition, there are 47 verbs that undergo different voice transfer. And there are quite a few verbs that undergo voice transfer in either South or North Korean. The result of the survey shows that there are 171 verbs that undergo voice transfer only in South Korean, and 305 verbs only in North Korean.

한⋅일 방송콘텐츠에 나타난 피동표현 연구: 비피동표현을 중심으로

박현경 학습자중심교과교육학회 2024 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.24 No.11

Objectives The purpose of this study is to compare the usage patterns of passive expressions in Korean and Japanese, Although passive expressions are frequently used in both Korea and Japan, there is limited data comparing and analyzing passive expressions through corpora, and research on non-passive expressions is rare, hence the need for further investigation. Methods First, we collected and analyzed passive expressions from approximately 600,000 words of Korean and Japanese broadcast content. Second, we extracted and compared non-passive expressions in Korean and Japanese. Third, we elucidated differences and commonalities through the usage patterns and examples of passive and non-passive expressions in Korean and Japanese. Results Passive expressions found only in Korean total 424, with suffix passives being 254 or 60%, lexical passives 131 or 31%, and syntactic passives 39 or 9%. Next, passive expressions found only in Japanese consist of -れる form with 219 or 89%, and -られる form with 26 or 11%. Finally, passive expressions in both Korean and Japanese total 101, with suffix passives being 29 or 29%, lexical passives 68 or 67%, and syntactic passives 4 or 4%. Conclusions This study examined the usage patterns of passive expressions in Korean and Japanese using broadcast content from a Korean-Japanese parallel corpus. The reason why non-passive expressions in Japanese were frequently used when Korean was in passive form was because they were often substituted with intransitive verbs, particularly in suffix and syntactic passives. However, in mutual passive expressions, two-syllable Chinese characters were frequently observed in lexical passive expressions, which can be effectively utilized in passive education due to the characteristics of Chinese character usage. This study holds significance not only as foundational material for Japanese learners of Korean but also for Korean learners of Japanese

중국어권 한국어 학습자의 형태적 피동 표현 사용 양상 분석-한국어 학습자 말뭉치를 중심으로-

장레이 한국언어문화교육학회 2025 언어와 문화 Vol.21 No.1

. The ‘-i/hi/ri/gi-’ passive expressions, which are also called Korean morphological passive expressions, are acknowledged challenges for Chinese-speaking learners to master due to their extensive number as well as complex morphological and syntactic features, which surpass those of Chinese passive expressions. This paper aims to analyze the usage patterns of morphological passive expressions among Chinese-speaking learners by using the Korean learners corpus and to present implications for passive-related education based on theses findings. Firstly, the research on morphological passive expressions in the field of Korean language education and studies using Korean learners corpus is reviewed. Secondly, we explain the research materials and presents analysis procedures employed in this paper. Subsequently, the frequency analysis and error analysis are conducted to examine the usage patterns of Chinese-speaking Korean learners. The frequency analysis count a total of 86 passive verbs in the written data of Chinese-speaking learners, along with statistics on the usage frequency of each passive verb and number of samples based on learner's Korean language level. The error analysis part categorizes errors occurring in the passive verb, particle, and sentence form into eight types: passive verb form errors, verb selection errors Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, agent particle errors, patient particle errors, inappropriate use of negative expressions, and inappropriate use of passive expressions. On this basis, a more detailed discussion is developed by taking representative verbs as examples. Using the analysis, we present implications for passive education by dividing it into form, syntax, meaning & discourse. This paper is significant in that it analyzes the morphological passive expressions directly produced by Chinese-speaking learners in a more natural language-use environment rather than in a controlled situation. Furthermore, this paper represents an advancement over previous studies to show the overall usage pattern of morphological passive expressions by conducting research with all ‘-i/hi/ri/ki-’ passive verbs as the subject of analysis, rather than being limited to a small number of passive verbs.

중세한국어 피동 표지의 다의성과 그 변화

백채원 ( Baek Chae-won ) 국어학회 2016 국어학 Vol.78 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to present functions of the passive marker based on passive sentence derived from the labile verb among various types of passive sentences and investigate the relationship between the function. In the Middle Korean period, the labile verb itself could convey anticausative and passive meaning. Accordingly, the derived word which is formed by combining a suffix, ‘-i-’ could also carry the same meaning as a base. In particular, the semantic function of anticausative is expressed the labile verb or in the form of the combining suffix ‘-i-’ into the labile verb. It gradually influenced the change in the tendency by expressing itself through an overt maker. It could be reflect the process of Korean that selects the most proper way from various different means of linguistic expression in reversal of a hierarchy. Futhermore, the passive marker could express the meaning of passive and anticausative in Middle Korean. After the 17th century, it is confirmed to have shown an example of expressing the meaning of potential. Additionally, it is assumed that the concept has expanded in order of ‘passive-anticausative-potential passive’ which is based on the fact that passive can include anticausative, and the fact that the meaning of passive was comparatively confirmed in the future generation than the meaning of passive and anticausative in the history of Korean language data. This study has significance in proposing the polysemy of the Korean passive maker by actively utilizing the research achievement of typology, and suggesting the historical development in several categories connected to the passive.

한국어 피동 표지의 다의성과 습득 양상 - 피동과 가능 기능의 구별 -

정해권 이중언어학회 2016 이중언어학 Vol.63 No.-

The prototypical characteristics of the passive construction are following; i) the subject is a direct object in the corresponding active, ii) the subject of the active is indicated by an agentive adjunct or is deleted, and iii) the verb is marked passive (Siewierska 1984). Korean passive markers have not only passive function but also other functions such as potential, spontaneous, and causative. However, in many Korean textbooks, these polysemous functions are presented in mixed types making second language learners confused. To find effective teaching method alternatives to these matters, this study investigated acquisition of the polysemous functions of Korean passive markers. As a result of experimental tasks, second language learners of Korean acquired the passive and the spontaneous in similar patterns. However accuracies of the potential and the causative were significantly different from those of the passive. These result can be interpreted that learners recognized the difference of the passive and the potential and they acquired the potential more slowly than the passive. So teachers must recognize the polysemous characteristics of Korean passive markers. And it is suggested that learners distinguish the passive and the potential using the syntactic structures and contexts rather than the morphological specificities. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

한국어 피동표현의 기능과 사용 양상 변화

서민정(Seo, Min-Jeong) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2018 한국민족문화 Vol.69 No.-

한국어 피동(표현)에 대해서는 19세기 말부터 지금까지 다양한 논의들이 이루어져 왔다. 그러한 논의들 속에는 한국어 피동표현이 한국어의 문법범주가 맞는가에 대한 근본적인 질문에서부터 구조주의 및 기술언어학, 변형생성문법, HPSG 등 다양한 이론에 바탕을 둔 논의들까지 한국어의 다른 어떤 문법 현상보다 많은 논의가 있었다. 최근에는 기존에 한국어학적 관점의 피동 연구를 바탕으로 외국인을 위한 한국어 교육에서 활용하기 위한 논의들이 많아졌고, 한국어 화자들의 언어 표현에서 피동표현의 증가에 대한 여러 관점의 입장들이 피력되기도 했다. 그러나 이러한 많은 연구가 있었음에도 피동표현 특히 피동문의 정의와 범위와 같은 가장 기본적인 문제에 대해서도 아직 의견의 일치를 보지 못했다는 점에서, 한국어 피동표현 고찰에서 접근 방식의 변화가 필요하다. 그래서 이 연구에서는 특정한 유형의 피동표현의 옳고 그름에 대해 당위적 판단을 하려고 하는 것이 아니라, ‘말할이’의 관점에서 피동표현을 왜 사용하는가에 주목하여 피동표현의 기능을 고찰하고자 한다. 그리고 이러한 고찰을 바탕으로 ‘되다, 받다, 당하다’ 등과의 합성을 통한 피동표현이 많아지는 것 등 최근 피동표현 사용 양상이 변화하는 현상에 대해서 설명하고자 한다. 또한 이 연구는 ‘피동주’가 주어가 된다는 점에 주목하여 피동표현은 행동주를 모르거나 혹은 행동주를 드러낼 필요가 없거나, 드러내지 않으려는 의도가 있을 때 사용한다는 점 등 피동표현을 선택하는 말할이의 입장에 대해 고찰하고 이 현상을 현대사회의 변화와 관련하여 설명하고자 하였다. 이러한 고찰은 한국어 피동표현에 대한 정의와 범위 규정에 새로운 기준을 찾을 수 있을 것이라 기대한다. This article focuses on the fact that the use of Korean passive has been increasing recently, and I would like to consider the characteristics of passive from the point of view of using this passive. From the end of the 19th century on Korean passive, various discussions have been made from the morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic viewpoints. There were more discussions in the discussion than any other grammatical phenomenon in Korean, from fundamental questions about whether Korean grammatical categories are correct to Korean grammatical categories to discussions based on various theories such as structuralism and technical linguistics, transformational grammar, and HPSG. In recent years, there have been many discussions to be used in Korean language education for foreigners based on the passive research of Korean language perspective, and various viewpoints about the increase of passive expression in the language expression of Korean speakers have been expressed. Even though there have been many studies, there are still many opinions on matters such as the definition and scope of the passive, which may be a characteristic of the Korean passive itself, but I think it is necessary to change the approach. So, in this study. ‘passive’, which is confirmed in the 15th century literature, may be changed in recent years, but it is used more and more, so we basically discussed it in terms of meaningful expression to Korean language. Therefore, although the definition and scope of the passive is the beginning of the discussion, we will postpone this part to the next study and first examine why the passive is used from the point of view of the speaker and examine it in Korean. I hope that the review of the use of this passive will be the basis for identifying the grammatical character of the passive.