한우 암소의 산차가 설렁탕의 이화학적, 관능적 및 영양적 특성에 미치는 영향

김진형,박범영,조수현,유영모,채현석,이종문,안종남,김학균,김용곤 한국축산식품학회 2000 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.20 No.2

This study was performed to provide scientific information for consumers and to increase the quality and consumption of Sullungtang prepared with bone from Hanwoo. The physico-chemical, sensory, nutritional properties of Sullungtang by different parity were investigated. The extracting extents of blood were significantly higher for heifer among Hanwoo cows with different parity(none, the second or the fourth) and for back bones among different bone portions (round, hind shank, arm, fore shank or back bone) (p〈0.05). For Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer was higher in collagen contents than those extracted from cows with the second or the fourth parity. Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer and cows with the second parity had significantly higher contents of condroitin and viscosity than those of cows with the fourth parity, however there was no significant difference between heifer and cows with the second parity. In color, L values were significantly high, and a and b values were significantly low for Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer when compared to those extracted from the other cows with the second parity. The contents of total nitrogen, sodium, or calcium were higher for Sullungtang extracted from heifer than those from the cows with the second or the fourth parity. In amino acid compositions, the percentages of glycine were highest and proline and glutamic acid were followed fro all Sullungtang samples from Hanwoo. The results showed that the overall quality of Sullungtang significantly decreased as the parity increased for Hanwoo cows. The Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer had the best sensory scores as well as nutritional quality when compared to those extracted from the cows with parity. Therefore, the labeling and price for cow bones should be differently evaluated by their parity and age in marketing system. 본 연구는 한우뼈로 만든 탕의 품질에 대한 소비자의 요구에 부응하고 한우뼈의 부가가치 향상 및 소비 확대를 위하여 산차별에 따른 이화학적, 관능적 및 영양적 특성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 산차별에 따른 혈액추출정도는 한우 미경산이 유의적으로 높았으며 (p〈0.05), 부위간 비교에서는 잡뼈가 유의적으로 가장 높았다(p〈0.05). 점도는 미경산과 2산차 간에는 유의성이 없었지만 미경산이 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 콜라겐 함량은 미경산이 유의적으로 높았고(p〈0.05), 콘드로이친황산 함량에서는 미경산이 유의적으로 높았으나(p〈0.05), 2산 차이와 유의성이 인정되지 않았지만 높은 경향을 보였다. 명도에서 미경산 추출물이 높은 경향을 보였고 적색도와 황색도는 미경산이 유의적으로 낮았다(p〈0.05). 관능평가는 미경산이 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다(p〈0.05). 총질소, 나트륨 및 칼슘 함량은 미경산 추출물이 유의적으로 가장 높았다(p〈0.05). 한우암소 추출물의 아미노산 조성중 Glycine이 가장 높았고 다음은 Proline, Glutamic acid 순이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 전체적으로 한우 미경산우가 우수하였고 산차가 증가할수록 품질이 떨어지는 것으로 나타나 한우암소뼈를 판매시 산차 및 나이에 따라 가격을 차별화 시키는 것이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다. This study was performed to provide scientific information for consumers and to increase the quality and consumption of Sullungtang prepared with bone from Hanwoo. The physico-chemical, sensory, nutritional properties of Sullungtang by different parity were investigated. The extracting extents of blood were significantly higher for heifer among Hanwoo cows with different parity(none, the second or the fourth) and for back bones among different bone portions (round, hind shank, arm, fore shank or back bone) (p〈0.05). For Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer was higher in collagen contents than those extracted from cows with the second or the fourth parity. Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer and cows with the second parity had significantly higher contents of condroitin and viscosity than those of cows with the fourth parity, however there was no significant difference between heifer and cows with the second parity. In color, L values were significantly high, and a and b values were significantly low for Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer when compared to those extracted from the other cows with the second parity. The contents of total nitrogen, sodium, or calcium were higher for Sullungtang extracted from heifer than those from the cows with the second or the fourth parity. In amino acid compositions, the percentages of glycine were highest and proline and glutamic acid were followed fro all Sullungtang samples from Hanwoo. The results showed that the overall quality of Sullungtang significantly decreased as the parity increased for Hanwoo cows. The Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer had the best sensory scores as well as nutritional quality when compared to those extracted from the cows with parity. Therefore, the labeling and price for cow bones should be differently evaluated by their parity and age in marketing system.

Assessing reproductive performance and predictive models for litter size in Landrace sows under tropical conditions

Thiengpimol Praew,Koonawootrittriron Skorn,Suwanasopee Thanathip 아세아·태평양축산학회 2024 Animal Bioscience Vol.37 No.8

Objective: Litter size and piglet loss at birth significantly impact piglet production and are closely associated with sow parity. Understanding how these traits vary across different parities is crucial for effective herd management. This study investigates the patterns of the number of born alive piglets (NBA), number of piglet losses (NPL), and the proportion of piglet losses (PPL) at birth in Landrace sows under tropical conditions. Additionally, it aims to identify the most suitable model for describing these patterns.Methods: A dataset comprising 2,322 consecutive reproductive records from 258 Landrace sows, spanning parities from 1 to 9, was analyzed. Modeling approaches including 2nd and 3rd degree polynomial models, the Wood gamma function, and a longitudinal model were applied at the individual level to predict NBA, NPL, and PPL. The choice of the best-fitting model was determined based on the lowest mean and standard deviation of the difference between predicted and actual values, Akaike information criterion (AIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC).Results: Sow parity significantly influenced NBA, NPL, and PPL (p<0.0001). NBA increased until the 4th parity and then declined. In contrast, NPL and PPL decreased until the 2nd parity and then steadily increased until the 8th parity. The 2nd and 3rd degree polynomials, and longitudinal models showed no significant differences in predicting NBA, NPL, and PPL (p>0.05). The 3rd degree polynomial model had the lowest prediction standard deviation and yielded the smallest AIC and BIC.Conclusion: The 3rd degree polynomial model offers the most suitable description of NBA, NPL, and PPL patterns. It holds promise for applications in genetic evaluations to enhance litter size and reduce piglet loss at birth in sows. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for sow parity effects in swine breeding programs, particularly in tropical conditions, to optimize piglet production and sow performance. Objective: Litter size and piglet loss at birth significantly impact piglet production and are closely associated with sow parity. Understanding how these traits vary across different parities is crucial for effective herd management. This study investigates the patterns of the number of born alive piglets (NBA), number of piglet losses (NPL), and the proportion of piglet losses (PPL) at birth in Landrace sows under tropical conditions. Additionally, it aims to identify the most suitable model for describing these patterns. Methods: A dataset comprising 2,322 consecutive reproductive records from 258 Landrace sows, spanning parities from 1 to 9, was analyzed. Modeling approaches including 2nd and 3rd degree polynomial models, the Wood gamma function, and a longitudinal model were applied at the individual level to predict NBA, NPL, and PPL. The choice of the best-fitting model was determined based on the lowest mean and standard deviation of the difference between predicted and actual values, Akaike information criterion (AIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Results: Sow parity significantly influenced NBA, NPL, and PPL (p<0.0001). NBA increased until the 4th parity and then declined. In contrast, NPL and PPL decreased until the 2nd parity and then steadily increased until the 8th parity. The 2nd and 3rd degree polynomials, and longitudinal models showed no significant differences in predicting NBA, NPL, and PPL (p>0.05). The 3rd degree polynomial model had the lowest prediction standard deviation and yielded the smallest AIC and BIC. Conclusion: The 3rd degree polynomial model offers the most suitable description of NBA, NPL, and PPL patterns. It holds promise for applications in genetic evaluations to enhance litter size and reduce piglet loss at birth in sows. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for sow parity effects in swine breeding programs, particularly in tropical conditions, to optimize piglet production and sow performance.

산차와 분만일령이 비유모돈과 포유자돈의 행동에 미치는 영향

박종우,한정철,김두환,Park, J.W.,Han, C.C.,Kim, D.H. 한국축산환경학회 2007 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.13 No.2

모돈의 산차와 분만후 일령이 비유모돈과 그 자돈들의 행동에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 산차는 $1{\sim}2$ 산차, $3{\sim}4$ 산차, 5 산차 이상으로 나누고 각각의 산차에 해당하는 모돈이 분만 후 1일, 7일, 14일, 21일이 경과하였을 때 비유모돈과 포유자돈의 행동을 조사하였다. $1{\sim}8$산차 범위의 총 36두의 Landrace 혹은 Yorkshire 순종모돈과 복당 자돈수가 $11{\sim}13$두인 $Landrace\;{\times}\;Yorkshire\;F_1$ 자돈 439두를 공시하여 각 산차와 분만일령에 해당하는 비유 모돈과 그 자돈을 대상으로 24시간 동안의 행동을 각 처리당 3반복으로 비유모돈은 옆으로 누워있는 자세, 엎드린 자세, 앉은 자세, 서 있는 자세, 먹는 동작, 마시는 동작으로 보낸 시간비율을, 포유자돈은 누워 있는 자세, 걸어 다니는 동작, 포유성공, 포유실패로 보낸 시간비율을 분석하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 분만 후 비유기간동안 모돈은 거의 대부분의 시간을 누워서 보내는 것으로 나타났으며, 앉아 있거나 서 있거나 먹고 마시는 동작으로 보내는 시간은 많게는 15%에서 적게는 5% 정도를 차지하는 것으로 조사되었다. 비유기간 동안 모돈의 행동 빈도는 누워있는 자세, 엎드린 자세, 서 있는 자세, 앉아있는 자세, 먹는 동작, 마시는 동작 순으로 많았다. 2. 산차에 따른 비유기간 동안 모돈의 행동은 누워있는 자세와 앉아 있는 자세는 모돈의 산차 간에 차이가 없었으나, 엎드린 자세는 $1{\sim}2$산차 모돈이 가장 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 서있는 자세, 먹는 동작, 마시는 동작은 일정한 경향을 나타내지 않았다. 3. 모돈의 비유기간 동안 그 자돈들의 행동은 분만 직후에 누워 있는 비율이 낮고 걷는 동작의 비율이 낮은 반면 포유 성공과 포유 실패가 동시에 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 분만 7일 이후에는 비유기간의 진행에 따른 차이가 없었다. 4. 모돈의 산차에 따른 그 자돈들의 행동은 $1{\sim}2$ 산차 모돈의 자돈들이 누워 있는 시간 비율과 포유 실패가 낮은 경향을 나타내었으나, 3산 이상 모돈의 자돈들은 어떤 행동의 차이도 찾을 수 없었다. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of parity and postpartum day on the behavior of nursing sows and their suckling piglets. Total 36 Landrace or Yorkshire sows(range of parity: 1 to 8) and their litters(range of litter size: 11 to 13 piglets) were assigned with sow's parity($1{\sim}2,\;3{\sim}4$ and 5 or more) and sow's postpartum days(day 1, 7, 14 and 21). The sows were housed in farrowing crates($0.6{\times}2.1m$) located in pens($2.4{\times}1.8m$) with totally perforated flooring. The sows and piglets were conventionally managed. The sows and their piglets behaviors were recorded during the 24 hour period at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days of postpartum. The obtained results from this study were as follows; 1. All the nursing sows in both group made attempts for lateral tying more than for other behaviors for whole days. The order of behavioral frequency at 1 and 3 weeks postpartum according the days of postpartum of sows was lateral tying, ventral lying, standing, sitting, feeding and drinking. The nursing sows at day 1 postpartum spent more time on sitting and standing than the sows at day 7 or more postpartum. 2. The parity of sows did not affected the lateral tying and sitting behavior of nursing sows, however the ventral tying are lowed in $1{\sim}2$ parity of sow group than the other parity group. Standing, feeding and drinking behavior of sows was not showed at any trends according to the sow's parity. 3. In the behaviors of suckling piglets, lying was increased and unsuccessful suckling was decreased until 21 days postpartum. Compared to the 7, 14 and 21 day postpartum, piglets at the 1 day postpartum spent less time for lying and walking, whereas they spent much more time for unsuccessful suckling. 4. According th the sow's parity, their piglets tying and unsuccessful suckling was lowed in $1{\sim}2$ parity sow group, however more than 3 parity sow's piglets behavior are not affected.

Marine-derived Ca-Mg complex influences lipid and glucose metabolism, serum metabolites, colostrum profile, and stress hormone in sows over four-parity periods

조성보,Santi Devi Upadhaya,Woo Jeong Seok,Seyoung Mun,Haeun Lee,Rudolf H. van der Veen,한규동,김인호 한국축산학회 2023 한국축산학회지 Vol.65 No.6

Minerals is required small amounts among various nutrients, but it has a significant impact on sow longevity and reproduction performance. This study was carried out to see the beneficial effects of marine-derived Ca-Mg complex on the reproductive performance of sows during four-parity periods. Seventy-two gilts ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc), with an average body weight of 181 kg, were randomly allocated to three groups; CON (basal diet), 0.3LC (CON - MgO - 0.3% limestone + 0.4% Ca-Mg complex), and 0.7LC (CON - MgO - 0.7% limestone + 0.4% Ca-Mg complex). During parity 3 and 4, the expression level of SCD gene was lower in the umbilical cord of piglets born to 0.3LC and 0.7LC sows compared with the CON sows. During parity 2, 3 and 4, SLC2A2 and FABP4 gene expressions were higher in the umbilical cord of piglets born to 0.7LC sows and the placenta of sows from 0.3LC groups, respectively. Ca-Mg complex increased (p < 0.05) Ca and Mg concentrations in sows and their piglets’ serum as well as in colostrum regardless of parities. The serum vitamin D concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in their first parity, whereas serum prolactin and estrogen concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) during the fourth and third parity, respectively. The growth hormone concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in the piglets born to sows during the first and second parity. The fat and immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations in colostrum were higher (p < 0.05) during the third and fourth parity, respectively. A reduction (p < 0.05) in salivary cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine concentrations was observed in 0.3LC and 0.7LC sow groups compared with CON after farrowing regardless of parity, however before farrowing, a reduction in norepinephrine was observed. Before farrowing, the epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) during the first and second parity. After farrowing, the concentration of these hormones was higher during the second parity. Taken together, sows’ parity and dietary Ca-Mg complex supplementation influenced serum metabolites, colostrum nutrients, stress hormones as well as the gene expressions related to lipid and glucose metabolism.

산차와 포유기가 모돈과 자돈의 행동에 미치는 영향

박태환,하덕민,김두환 강원대학교 동물자원공동연구소 2019 동물자원연구 Vol.30 No.4

This study was designed to investigate the effect of parity and lactation stage of sows on the behavior of nursing sows and their suckling piglets. In total 18 Yorkshire × Landrace F1 sows (range of parity: 1 to 6) and their litters (range of litter size: 10 to 14 piglets) were assigned according to the sow's parity (1-2, 3-4 and 5-6) and lactation stage (early, middle, and late). The sows were housed in farrowing crates (0.8 × 2.1 m) located in pens (2.1 × 1.75 m) with totally perforated flooring. The behaviors of the sows and their piglets were recorded over a 72-h period for each parity and lactation stage. The sows and piglets were conventionally managed. All nursing sows in both group showed lying behavior for more than 80% of the experimental period, regardless of parity and lactation stage. The behavioral frequency of sows was, in descending order, as follows: lateral lying, ventral lying, eating, standing, and sitting. The parity of sows did not affect their behavior, but the lactation stage did. Ventral lying showed decreased frequency in late stage compare to that in the early or middle stage. The lying, standing, sitting, and eating behavior of sows were not affected by their parity. Sow parity did not affect the behavior of suckling piglets, but the lactation stage did. The behavioral frequency of piglets for the whole lactation period was, in descending order, as follows: lying, suckling, and walking. The lying frequency of piglets was higher in the sow's middle lactation stage than in the early or late lactation stage. It is concluded that the sow parity did not affect the behavior of nursing sows and suckling piglets, but the lactation stage did. 모돈의 산차와 포유기가 모돈과 자돈의 행동에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 모돈의 산차를 1~2산차, 3~4산차 및 5~6산차로 구분하고 모돈의 분만 후 포유기를 전기(1~9일), 중기(11~18일) 및 후기(19~27일)로 나누어 각각의 산차와 포유기에 해당하는 모돈이 나타내는 세부 행동형의 발현빈도를 분석하였다. 모돈의 분만 후 포유기간 동안 나타내는 행동 발현빈도의 80% 이상이 누워 있는 행동이었으며, 산차와 포유기에 관계없이 옆으로 눕기가 가장 많았으며 엎드려 눕기, 섭취, 서기 및 앉기의 순으로 나타났다. 모돈의 행동 발현빈도에 대한 산차의 영향은 인정되지 않았으나 포유기의 영향은 인정되어 포유 후기에 전기나 중기에 비하여 옆으로 누운 행동 발현빈도가 낮게 나타났다. 포유 중 자돈의 행동 발현빈도는 산차에 따른 차이는 인정되지 않았으나 포유기에 의한 차이는 인정되었다. 자돈의 행동 발현빈도는 모든 산차와 포유기에 누워 있는 비율이 가장 높았으며, 포유, 걷기의 순으로 나타났다. 모돈의 산차는 자돈의 행동 발현빈도에 영향을 미치지 않았으나 포유기에 따라서는 차이가 인정되어 포유 중기에 전기나 후기에 비하여 누워 있는 자돈들이 더 많았다. 결론적으로 모돈의 산차는 분만 후 모돈과 자돈의 행동에 영향을 미치지 않았으나 포유기는 모돈과 자돈의 행동에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

Effect of different parities on reproductive performance, birth intervals, and tail behavior in sows

( Ka Young Yang ),( Jung Hwan Jeon ),( Kyeong Seok Kwon ),( Hee Chul Choi ),( Jong Bok Kim ),( Jun Yeob Lee ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2019 한국축산학회지 Vol.61 No.3

A goal for swine farming is the improvement in the number of live-born and weaned piglets per sow. Hence, the effect of parities should consider the correlation between the component traits of reproductive performance, weaning, and duration. Sows were housed in farrowing pens (W 2.2 × D 1.8 × H 1.2 m) on a partially slatted plastic floor. Twenty sows used in this study were between the first and sixth parity in gilts (P1), parity 2-5 (P3), and parity 6-9 (P6). Data collection by parity was classified into three categories: (1) reproduction performance (gestation length, total number of piglets born, number of piglets live born, number of piglets stillborn, total piglet birth weight; (2) weaning traits (weaning period, number of piglets weaning, total piglets weaning weight); (3) duration traits (farrowing duration, placenta expulsion duration, time from last piglet to first placenta, average birth interval, and tail wagging behavior). Gestation length was higher in P6 than P1 and P3 of different parity sows. The maximum value in P1 and P3 was 117 days, but the median value in P6 was 117 days (p < 0.05). The total number of piglets born (p = 0.113), number of piglets live born (p = 0.118), number of still piglets born (p = 0.151), and total piglet birth weight (p = 0.117) were not affected by parity. The number of live piglets was higher than the other parities by an average of 15.6 ± 2.1 in P1. The duration of farrowing was the lowest at 22.2 min in P6, but the maximum value was 42.2 min more than other parities (p = 0.355). Weaning traits of sows also did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), but the weaning period from P1 was lower than that of the other parities (p = 0.170). The number of piglets weaned was 10 heads on average in P1, P3, and P6 (p < 0.05). However, the mean values of the total piglet weaning weight (p = 0.377) of P6 (62.0 10.4 kg) were higher than those of P1 (54.9 10.2 kg) and P3 (58.4 13.6 kg). The placenta expulsion duration was higher in P6 than that in P1 and P3 (p = 0.447). The time from the last piglet to first placenta was be lower in P3 than that of the other parities (p = 0.206). The average birth interval was higher in P3 than that of the other parities (p = 0.156). Tail wagging (count) behavior was higher in P6 than in the other parities (p = 0.065). The data showed that the reproduction performance, total piglets born, and weight were higher in the gilts group, and higher in the weaning trait than that in the P6 group. This study examined the relationship between reproductive performance, birth interval and tail motion according to sow parity. Regarding duration, farrowing duration was lower in P6 than that in the other parities, but placenta expulsion and tail wagging were higher in P6 than in the other parities. Therefore, it is possible that the results from these sows could be used as basic data for effective farm management.

Marine derived Ca-Mg complex supplementation basal diet during four subsequent parities improved longevity and performance of sows and their litters

Santi Devi Upadhaya,Woo Jeong Seok,Shanmugam Suresh kumar,Rudolf H. van der Veen,김인호 한국축산학회 2023 한국축산학회지 Vol.65 No.3

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Ca-Mg complex on the longevity and reproductive performance of sows. In total, seventy-two gilts ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc, average body weight 181 kg) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments during 4 successive parity in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of CON (basal diet), CM1 (basal diet -MgO - 0.3% limestone + 0.4% Ca-Mg complex), and CM2 (basal diet - MgO - 0.7% limestone + 0.4% Ca-Mg complex). A higher (p < 0.05) number of totals born and live piglets, and sows increased feed intake during gestation and lactation, increased backfat thickness, and increased estrus interval were observed (p < 0.05) during their third and fourth parity than during their first and second parity. Ca-Mg complex supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the number of total piglets during the first and second parity as well as live-born piglets during the first to third parity, reduction (p < 0.05) in backfat thickness during the third and fourth parity, a higher (p < 0.05) initial and final number of suckling piglets as well as higher weaning weight compared with sows fed CON diet during the first, second, and third parity. The average daily gain (ADG) was higher (p < 0.05) in piglets born to CM1 and CM2 sows regardless of parity. The treatment diets fed to sows lowered (p < 0.05) the duration of first to last piglet birth and placenta expulsion time compared with CON sows. A significant interactive effect (p = 0.042) between parities and treatment diets was observed for the first to last piglet birth. Thus, Ca-Mg complex supplementation by partially replacing limestone in the basal diet enhanced sow performance, specifically during their third and fourth parity, thereby improving sow longevity.

여성의 생애주기에 따른 자녀 수, 수면시간, 비만 간의 관계

안효정 ( Hyojeong Ahn ),박상신 ( Sangshin Park ) 한국보건정보통계학회 2021 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.46 No.2

Objectives: Physiological changes can be the result of various health problems in postpartum women. The aim of the present study is to address the relationships among parity, sleep duration, and obesity across the lifecycle of adult Korean women. Methods: Our study analyzed data from 10,081 participants who provided responses to the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2010 to 2012. We divided the data into subgroups according to age (Group 1 [20-39 years], Group 2 [40-64 years], and Group 3 [≥65 years]), and parity (0, 1, 2, 3, and ≥4). We defined sleep duration as the average time spent sleeping per day. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25.0 kg/m2. The relationships among parity, sleep duration, and obesity were investigated using logistic and linear regression analyses. Results: Sleep duration in women younger than 65 years decreased with increased parity (Group 1 [β]: -0.170±0.050, p<0.001; Group 2 [β]: -0.093±0.027, p<0.001). The risk of obesity increased in women aged 40 years of age and older (Group 2 [odds ratio, OR]: 1.18 [95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.28], p<0.001; Group 3 [OR]: 1.09 (1.02-1.16), p=0.010). Obesity among women with parity ≥4 was 1.89-fold higher than that of nulliparous women in Group 2 (OR: 1.89 [1.16-3.06], p for trend <0.001). However, sleep duration and obesity demonstrated no significant relationship in any age group. Conclusions: Korean women were found to manifest a significant negative association between parity and sleep duration. Also, an increased risk of obesity was observed in women had more parity.

새로운 패리티 보존형 가역 논리게이트

김성경(Sung-Kyoung Kim),김태현(Tae Hyun Kim),한동국(Dong-Guk Han),홍석희(SeokHie Hong) 大韓電子工學會 2010 電子工學會論文誌-SC (System and control) Vol.47 No.1

본 논문에서는 새로운 패리티 보존형 가역 논리게이트를 제안한다. 패리티 보존형 가역 논리게이트는 입력 값과 출력 값의 패리티가 같은 가역 논리게이트를 의미한다. 최근 가역 논리 게이트가 저전력 CMOS 디자인, 양자 컴퓨팅 그리고 나노 테크놀로지와 같은 분야에서 전력을 효율적으로 사용하는 방법임을 알려졌다. 그리고 패리티 체크(parity-checking)는 디지털 시스템에서 오류 주입을 확인 하는 대표적인 방법 중 하나이다. 제안하는 새로운 패리티 보존형 가역 논리게이트는 모든 boolean 함수를 구성할 수 있고, 기존의 오류 확인 boolean 함수보다 가역 논리게이트 수, garbage-output의 수 그리고 하드웨어 연산량에서 효율적으로 구성할 수 있다. This paper proposes a new parity-preserving reversible logic gate. It is a parity-preserving reversible logic gate, that is, the party of the outputs matches that of the inputs. In recent year, reversible logic gate has emerged as one of the important approaches for power optimization with its application in low CMOS design, quantum computing and nono-technology. We show that our proposed parity-preserving reversible logic gate is much better in terms of number of reversible logic gates, number of garbage-outputs and hardware complexity with compared ti the exiting counterpart.

국내 사육중인 젖소에서 발생하는 재발성 유열의 특징 분석

전령훈,노규진 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2019 Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Vol.34 No.1

Milk fever is a metabolic disease with manifestation of clinical signs due to hypocalcemia, which usually occurs within 48-72 h after delivery. However, even after a successful treatment of milk fever, recurrence of milk fever may occur, and studies on recurrent milk fever are still lacking. Accordingly, the present study was conducted for the purpose of identifying the characteristics of recurrent milk fever according to farm, season, parity, and dystocia that can cause physiological changes in the mother during peri- and postpartum periods. The analysis results showed that the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever according to breeding farm was 5.7%-14.1% and 3.1%-7.2%, respectively, demonstrating a positive correlation between the initial and recurrent milk fever (r = 0.613, p < 0.01). With respect to season, the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever during summer was 12.3% and 7.5%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of other seasons (p < 0.05). In addition, the recurrence rate, the ratio of recurrence relative to initial milk fever, was highest during summer with 62.7%. Regarding parity, the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever in 3rd parity was 11.1% and 5.8%, respectively, which was significantly higher than in 1st and 2nd parity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the recurrence rate in 4th parity was 64.1%, showing a pattern of increase in incidence rate with increase in parity. Finally, there were no differences in the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever according to eutocia and dystocia. The findings indicated that the incidence rate of initial milk fever should be reduced to effectively prevent the recurrent milk fever, while animals with 3rd parity or higher should be expected to occur high rate of recurrent milk fever, especially during summer, and the necessary preparations should be made for intensive treatment of such individuals.