同素反序词辨析

최중식 한국언어연구학회 2018 언어학연구 Vol.23 No.1

In modern Chinese vocabulary, there is a class of disyllabic compound words. Their morphemes are the same and the order is reversed. Such an alternate form of two-syllable morphemes can be called a Reverse Order Words. This kind of Reverse Order Words, which occupy a certain proportion in modern Chinese vocabulary, is one of the characteristics of Chinese vocabulary. The analysis of anti-preface words can enrich the use of vocabulary, and improve the ability to write words and sentences, help to study the structure and development of Chinese vocabulary. In fact, the Chinese Reverse Order Words are a specific Chinese cultural phenomenon. It is a grammatical rhetorical problem that should not be overlooked in the history of Chinese vocabulary and even Chinese cultural history. It is a special type of morphological lexicalization. In the oral literature. Therefore, such words really need to be analyzed. This article discusses the reverse-order words from four aspects: part of speech, meaning, pronunciation, and word formation. It proves the significant influence of word order, and the difference in the use of context is more complex. Therefore, it is related to the structure and meaning of Chinese vocabulary. As far as the standardization of vocabulary is concerned, the anti-preface word is indeed a question of caution.

漢語幷列式疊加介詞的內部語序小考

류운 ( Liu Yun ) 중국어문연구회 2018 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.85

This study focuses on the superimposed prepositions in modern Chinese, like “自從”, “自打”, “打從”, “從打”, “由打”. These prepositions is a special category of parallel superimposed prepositions in modern times Chinese. They are composed by monosyllabic prepositions with same or similar semantic meanings. These monosyllabic prepositions merge together and complement each other, so as to become a new category of disyllable prepositions with same semantic meaning. Chapter Two conducts a comparative analysis on superimposed prepositions and their superpositions on synchronic plane. Comparative analysis mainly takes three perspectives as below: first, the uses of prepositions are summarized from the perspective of semantic function. According to the semantic feature of the prepositions introducing the objects, we can categorize the prepositions into 4 types: a) time start, b) place start, c) scope start, d) origin. In each type of preposition, superimposed prepositions and monosyllabic prepositions have huge difference in the choice of object and VP. Second, the features of each preposition’s word order in sentence are analyzed, The syntactic position of preposition. The analysis focuses on the differences of before superposition and after superposition and also where these differences stem from. Finally, the topic function of superimposed prepositions is discussed. Almost all the superimposed prepositions can be place at the beginning of a sentence as a sub-clause or a preposition guide to introduce the objects followed, but they can’t be the topic in all the circumstance. Chapter Three explores the morpheme’s order within the superimposed prepositions based on the diachronic level. The morphemes’ order in a superimposed preposition are not random arrangement, but based on certain principle. Morphemes are mainly arranged in two ways: fixed order and temporary order, which is influenced by syntax, semantics, rhythm, etc. Fixed order is mainly decided by the lexicalization and part of speech. Temporary order is influenced greatly by the semantic meaning, and meeting the requirement of rhythm and avoiding repetition also influence the temporary order.

汉语并列式叠加介词的内部语序小考

LIUYUN 중국어문연구회 2018 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.85

This study focuses on the superimposed prepositions in modern Chinese, like “自从”, “自打”, “打从”, “从打”, “由打”. These prepositions is a special category of parallel superimposed prepositions in modern times Chinese. They are composed by monosyllabic prepositions with same or similar semantic meanings. These monosyllabic prepositions merge together and complement each other, so as to become a new category of disyllable prepositions with same semantic meaning. Chapter Two conducts a comparative analysis on superimposed prepositions and their superpositions on synchronic plane. Comparative analysis mainly takes three perspectives as below: first, the uses of prepositions are summarized from the perspective of semantic function. According to the semantic feature of the prepositions introducing the objects, we can categorize the prepositions into 4 types: a) time start, b) place start, c) scope start, d) origin. In each type of preposition, superimposed prepositions and monosyllabic prepositions have huge difference in the choice of object and VP. Second, the features of each preposition’s word order in sentence are analyzed, The syntactic position of preposition. The analysis focuses on the differences of before superposition and after superposition and also where these differences stem from. Finally, the topic function of superimposed prepositions is discussed. Almost all the superimposed prepositions can be place at the beginning of a sentence as a sub-clause or a preposition guide to introduce the objects followed, but they can’t be the topic in all the circumstance. Chapter Three explores the morpheme’s order within the superimposed prepositions based on the diachronic level. The morphemes’ order in a superimposed preposition are not random arrangement, but based on certain principle. Morphemes are mainly arranged in two ways: fixed order and temporary order, which is influenced by syntax, semantics, rhythm, etc. Fixed order is mainly decided by the lexicalization and part of speech. Temporary order is influenced greatly by the semantic meaning, and meeting the requirement of rhythm and avoiding repetition also influence the temporary order.

해양경찰 예산편성의 문제점 및 개선방안

박종승 ( Jong Seung Park ),최응렬 ( Eung Ryul Choi ) 한국경찰학회 2014 한국경찰학회보 Vol.16 No.3

이 연구는 해양의 안전을 담당하는 해양경찰의 예산체계에 대해 정확하게 이해하고, 예산편성 상의 문제점을 확인하여, 조직의 개편이 이루어지더라도 효과적인 예산편성이 이루어질 수 있도록 하는 데에 연구의 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2012년부터 2014년까지의 경찰의 예산편성과 관련된 국회예산정책처의 보고서와 해당 상임위원회의 보고서 내용을 분석하였으며, 관련 언론보도와 정책자료를 추가적으로 검토하였다. 분석결과 전반적으로 해양경찰의 예산편성과 관련해서는 집행실적 부진과 과소편성 등의 문제점이 나타났으며, 구체적으로는 예산편성의 우선순위에 대한 기준의 부재, 집행실적을 고려하지 않은 예산편성, 지적사항에 대한 보완 미흡 등이 주요 문제점으로 확인되었다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 예산편성 시 AHP기법 등을 활용한 해양안전과 관련된 예산의 우선순위를 정하는 작업이 선행되어야 하며, 상시적인 예산 집행 점검체계를 마련하고 정기적인 현장점검이 이루어 질 수 있도록 해야 한다. 또한 예산의 편성·집행과 관련된 지적사항에 대해 신속하게 보완이 이루어질 수 있도록 조직차원의 전략수립과 상급기관의 감시가 철저히 이루어져야 한다. This study is designed to precisely understand budgetary formation in Korea Coast Guard(KCG) that plays a crucial role in the marine security and safety, and to scrutinize its relevant problems, which can effectively promote budgetary formation even though KCG goes through reorganization. This study examines police budgetary formation from 2012 to 2014 and its relevant reports by National Assembly Budget Office, further reviews media reports as well as its relevant policy reports. Results indicate several problems; there are insufficient performance of execution and scant formation in terms of budgetary formation. Concretely, the absence of standard for priority in budgetary formation, organizing budget formation without considering performance of execution, insufficient response to matter of concern are main problems. Implementing works using AHP analysis with regard to budgetary prioritization in coast security and safety should be preceded and establishing monitoring systems on budgetary execution with regular field inspection are required to solve these problems. In addition, it is highly necessary to establish strategy and higher-level offices` supervision for swiftly responding to matter of concern in terms of budgetary formation and execution.

칼빈의 교회직분개혁을 통해 본 기독교적 형성

윤형철 ( Hyung Chul Yoon ) 한국복음주의조직신학회 2019 조직신학연구 Vol.32 No.-

이 논문의 목적은 칼빈의 교회직분개혁을 ‘기독교적 형성’(Christian formation)이란 해석학적 관점에서 재해석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 교회직분개혁에서 드러난 칼빈의 교회론적 사고를 교회의 본질, 유형적인 구조 그리고 타자지향적 섬김의 세 가지 국면으로 고찰한다. 첫째, 칼빈에게 교회는 무엇보다 ‘하나님이 자신의 백성을 위해 세우신 신적 제도’이다. 교회의 주된 목적은 한 사람의 사고와 욕망, 습관과 기질, 성품과 행동을 하나님의 말씀에 따라 참된 그리스도인으로 형성시키는, 소위 ‘기독교적 형성(Christian formation)’을 수행하는 것이다. 둘째, 칼빈의 직분개혁은 가시적이며 공적이고 인간적이면서 사회적인 구조를 지닌 교회가 믿음공동체에 체현된 하나님의 구속이야기를 그 직분과 질서에 결합시킨 ‘기독교적 형성을 위한 예전적 몸’이라는 사실을 말해준다. 교회는 개인과 사회의 변혁을 위한 매개적 기구이기 때문에 개인과 사회의 삶이 토대로 삼는 법적, 정치적, 문화적, 윤리적 구조를 유지해야 한다. 셋째, 칼빈의 직분개혁은 교회의 유일한 머리가 그리스도시기 때문에 교회의 직분과 질서는 몸의 다양한 지체처럼 성령이 주시는 은사를 받아 위계적이지 않고 평등한 기능과 직분으로 분화되어야 함을 제시한다. 개혁된 교회에서 직분은 공적으로 검증된 은사와 결합되어야 하며, 은사공동체로서 교회는 타자지향적 본질과 세상을 위한 선교적 사명을 회복해야 한다. 이와 같이 칼빈이 단행한 제네바 교회의 직분개혁은 참된 교회의 본질과 구조와 활동에 대한 신학적이고 실천적으로 균형 잡힌 접근을 통해 ‘기독교적 형성’이라는 교회의 주된 목적에 대한 깊은 이해와 도전적인 통찰을 제공해준다. The purpose of this paper is to reinterpret Calvin’s reform of church office from the hermeneutical viewpoint of ‘Christian formation’. To this end, Calvin’s ecclesiological thought revealed in church office reform is examined in three aspects of the church’s nature, tangible structure and other-oriented service. First, for Calvin, the church is, first and foremost, ‘a divine institution established by God for his people.’ The main purpose of the church is to carry out the so-called ‘Christian formation,’ in which one’s thoughts, desires, habits, temperament, character, and actions are formed into a true Christian according to God’s Word. Second, Calvin’s office reform tells us that a church with a visible, public, human, and social structure is a ‘liturgical body for Christian formation’ that combines the redemption story of God embodied in the faith community with its office and order. As the church is an intermediary institution for the transformation of individuals and societies, it is necessary to maintain the legal, political, cultural, and ethical structure upon which personal and social life is based. Third, Calvin’s reform of office suggests that the office and order of the church, like the various members of the body, receive the gift of the Holy Spirit and that it should be differentiated into non-hierarchical, equal functions and offices, since the only head of the church is Christ. In the Reformed church, offices should be combined with publicly verified gifts, and as a community of gifts, the church must restore its other-oriented nature and its mission for the world. In this way, Calvin’s reform of the office of the Geneva church might provide a profound understanding and challenging insight into the main purpose of the church as ‘Christian formation’ through a theological and practical balanced approach to the nature, structure, and activity of the true church.

셀 형성 문제의 기계배치순서 결정 알고리즘

이상운(Sang-Un Lee) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2016 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.21 No.4

Cellular formation and layout problem has been known as a NP-hard problem. Because of the algorithm that can be solved exact solution within polynomial time has been unknown yet. This paper suggests a systematic method to be obtain of 2-degree partial directed path from the frequency of consecutive forward order. We apply the modified Kruskal algorithm of minimum spanning tree to be obtain the partial directed path. the proposed reverse constructive algorithm can be solved for this problem with O(mn) time complexity. This algorithm performs same as best known result of heuristic and metaheuristic methods for 4 experimental data.

TV 프로그램 전후/중간광고 포맷과 프로그램 관여도에 따른 광고효과에 관한 연구

홍종필,이영아 한국소비자·광고심리학회 2010 한국심리학회지 소비자·광고 Vol.11 No.3

This study is conducted to investigate any differential effects of in-program advertising format and before/after-program advertising format in terms of consumer's ad memory and attitude toward advertising. Also, it attempted to find out how advertising memory and attitude toward ad are affected by the level of involvement with TV programs. The results showed that in-program advertising format demonstrated higher recall and recognition of brand name and ad message than before/after-program advertising format. The overall difference in attitude toward ad between in-program and before/after-program ad formats was not noticeable. The in-program ad format was perceived to be more “disrupting TV program watching” than before/after-program ad format. In general, however, both ad formats were linked to consumers' negative attitude toward advertising. Recall and recognition of brand name and ad message were much higher for TV programs with low involvement level. And consumers perceived advertisements in highly involvement TV program to be more bothering and useless. From the findings of the study, it can be suggested that the introduction of in-program advertising practice for network television should provide opportunity to overcome ad clutter and eventually improve consumers' memory of ads. 본 연구는 텔레비전 프로그램 전후광고와 중간광고 포맷 및 프로그램 관여도에 따른 광고효과를 소비자의 광고기억과 광고 일반에 대한 태도를 중심으로 실험연구를 통해 조사하였다. 이러한 연구목적을 위해 네 가지 유형(드라마 전후광고, 드라마 중간광고, 다큐멘터리 전후광고, 다큐멘터리 중간광고)의 광고조건에 노출된 소비자가 과연 광고 브랜드 회상/재인, 광고 메시지 회상/재인, 그리고 광고에 대한 태도와 같은 광고효과에 있어서 어떠한 차이를 보이는지를 평가하였다. 연구결과에 따르면 프로그램 중간광고가 전후광고에 비해 광고기억 효과에 있어 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 프로그램 관여도가 더 높은 다큐멘터리에 비해서 프로그램 관여도가 낮은 드라마의 경우 광고기억 효과가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 TV 광고에 대해 일반적인 태도에 있어서 프로그램 전후광고와 중간광고 간의 큰 차이는 없었으며, 단지 광고가 프로그램 시청을 방해 한다는 측면에서만 중간광고 포맷이 더 그러한 것으로 평가되었다. 또한 광고 포맷과 프로그램 관여도 두 독립변인 간의 상호작용 효과는 발견되지 않았다. 마지막으로 프로그램 전후광고와 중간광고에 삽입된 광고블록의 위치에 따른 광고기억 측면에서는 프로그램 끝부분에 위치한 광고블록의 재인율이 가장 높게 나타나는 최근효과가 발견되었다. 본 연구 결과는 현재의 공중파 TV의 전후광고 형식과 비교해볼 때 중간광고 제도 도입을 통해 새로운 광고 포맷에 대한 거부감 없이도 광고주가 목표로 하는 광고기억 효과를 제고할 수 있음을 시사한다.

시쓰기가 시가 되기: 애쉬베리의 『볼록거울에 비친 자화상』에 나타나는 거리 만들기와 소격효과

박정필 ( Jung Pil Park ) 영미문학연구회 2009 영미문학연구 Vol.16 No.-

Ekphrasising "Self-Portrait in the Convex Mirror," a prominent work of an Italian Mannerist painter Parmigianino, John Ashbery points out various modes of being and nothing or minute differential flows in the picture. Above all, the large hand in it, unfolding the intertextuality with postmodern sensibility, implies such unorthodox themes as unbalance, distortion, bizzarreness, moving out, surprise effect, otherness, etc. Ashbery exalts this postmodern rereading and misreading to his dynamic, pluralistic, and different ontology. Above all, Ashbery focuses on the increase of significant distance in the picture to the effect of the convex mirror. Not to mention anti-classic elongation the distancing generates various derivatives. First, the increase of distance is to swerve out, to be expelled far away, or to advance to the marginal or the void abandoning this saturated atmosphere for release or disturbing center, linearity, and order but risking instability. Then the distancing reaches the territory of void or the untouchable, in which language or cognizance is completely challenged and incommunicable. Second, the distance veils and obscures things for protection into haze or abstract darkness, but on the other hand can cause them to be buried in vapid equalization or generalization. Third, the distance as nullification, invisibility, or death implies that invaluable things also should accept the destiny of being discarded into vacuum. Finally distance as a mechanism of shocking effect tends to preserve its own difference as the gap between the text and the reader is seldom broken down and makes his anticipation fail. The increase of distance produces varied estrangement effects. The most distinguished one is the emergence of unexpected otherness which makes all the accustomed things uncanny and turns small warp to be firm transgression as if an artist modifies his subject into monstrous in the finish. But this difference sometimes configurates disconnected connection paradoxically as in the meeting of many scholars who have different race, nationality, and major in a particular place. Another estrangement effect is an unexpected return as a boring story completely dead revives or something reappears from such hiding places as shade, hole, irregular crystal, etc. But all these strong and weak effects of eccentricity perish into the vacant, the opaque, or the ordinary itself. Even if emerging as otherness, progressing swervingly, and vanishing suddenly, order, identity, or organization could be implied. Various kinds of forms can be constructed in incessant flux of things. That is, Ashbery does not disregard any probabilities of connection, equalization, order, and coherence which usually take shape from the accumulation of facts. But essentially regularity and unity presume instability; for their ultimate sources are chaos, oblivion, and nothing. Ashbery approves reservation, imbroglio, and ambiguity positively as the indispensable elements of inventing his poems; furthermore, they lead him up to erase any distinction between versification process and poetry itself. His unstable beings or words amount even to the forgettable, the destructible, or the unreachable but unexpectedly are reinstated as otherness, memory, or a sort of order. But again nothingness or equivocation inundates them agape letting something else be awaited.

신동엽 산문의 언어 특징

김흥수 ( Heung Soo Kim ) 국민대학교 어문학연구소 2011 語文學論叢 Vol.30 No.-

This paper aims at examining morphological, lexical, and syntactic phenomena in Shin Dong-yeop`s prose from the viewpoint of stylistics. This study will contribute to studying the contents and methods of prose style, and also to understanding the writing style of Shin Dong-yeop. In this study, a special attention is paid to linguistic characteristics effected by types of writing and contexts, marked use, and mixture of contrastive characteristics including colloquial style/literary style. Major points are as follows: The morphological characteristics in Shin`s prose are subjective specialization in the uses of suffix designating a person (e.g. ``-in(人), -ga(家)``) and marked or deviant use of ``-seureop-(-스럽-), -ha-(-하-), -jeok(-的)`` in word formation. These uses show that semantic motivation including emphasis works more strongly than grammatical rules. The lexical characteristics in Shin`s prose are new word formation, emotional or judging words, and concreteness or plainness of native Korean words vis-a-vis formality of Sino-Korean words. The syntactic characteristics in Shin`s prose are the use of long modifiers and long topics, movement of objects or adverbials, and passive constructions. The syntatic, discoursal and especially semantic factors affect these various characteristics.

다문화가정 혼입여성의 농촌 적응전략과 마을사회의 반응

이진교(Lee, Jin-Gyo) 안동대학교 민속학연구소 2016 民俗硏究 Vol.0 No.33

이 글에서는 다문화가정 혼입여성들의 농촌 적응과정과 마을 및 지역사회의 반응을 ‘나눔공부방’이라는 한 자생적 모임을 통해 탐색하고 있다. 나눔공부방은 2007년 한 농촌마을에 국제결혼을 통해 갓 혼입해 온 외국인 여성과 이웃집 장애인 여성의 우연한 만남으로부터 시작의 계기를 마련하였다. 이후 사회복지관의 협력을 통해 지속의 동력을 얻게 되었으며, 다문화가정 혼입여성의 의사소통 향상을 위한 한글교육을 표방하며 나눔공부방을 태동시켰다. 마을 내 가정집에 위치했던 나눔공부방에서 혼입여성들은 일상에서의 긴장과 억압적인 상황에서 벗어나 일시적으로나마 해방감을 느낄 수 있었던 것으로 보인다. 또한 외부적 압력에 대응하여 나눔공부방을 존속시켜 나가려 했던 혼입여성들의 모습을 통해 그들이 매우 능동적이며, 적극적인 삶의 주체임을 확인할 수 있을 것이다. 한편 나눔공부방 10년의 역사는 그들을 둘러싼 외부집단과의 사회적 갈등과 배제 그리고 편견으로 점철되어 있다. 사회적 약자의 위치에 있었던 나눔공부방이 선택했던 농촌사회 적응전략의 특징은 ‘효’나 ‘열’과 같이 기존의 농촌사회에서 널리 통용되었던 가치를 적극적으로 수용하고, 활용하는 방식이라 할 수 있다. 이와 같은 농촌사회 적응전략이 구체화된 대표적인 실천 사례가 바로 마을회관 방문 프로그램이다. 이를 통해 혼입여성들은 정기적으로 마을회관을 방문하여 노인들과 교류함으로써, 마을 및 지역사회와 정서적 유대감을 자연스럽게 형성해 나갈 수 있었다. 그리고 이와 같은 문화적 실천은 마을 및 지역사회에서 혼입여성들에 대한 유의미한 인식변화를 이끌어 내고 있다. 나아가 혼입여성들 역시 이러한 문화적 실천을 통해, 자신들 삶에 대한 긍정적인 인식과 더불어 자긍심을 되찾고 있는 것으로 보인다. ‘나눔공부방’의 문화적 실천과 그에 대한 농촌사회의 반응을 통해 마을이나 지역 수준에서 다문화 공존과 새로운 사회적 질서의 형성 가능성을 시험해 볼 수 있을 것이다. This paper explores the process of the women married into multicultural family to get adapted to rural community and the reaction of their village and local community through an autonomous group, ‘Nanum Study Room’. Nanum Study Room started in 2007 from an accidental encounter of a foreign woman who just got married into a rural village and her disabled next door neighbor. Afterwards, the group gained power to sustain through the cooperation with a social welfare center and led to the formation of Nanum Study Room that pursued education of Korean language to improve communicative skills of the women who were married into multicultural families. In Nanum Study Room, which was located inside a house of the village, those women seem to have been freed from the tense and oppressive situations of daily life and felt free temporarily while they were there. Also, through their effort to maintain Nanum Study Room against external pressure, it can be found that they are very active and aggressive agents of life. The 10-year history of Nanum Study Room is checkered with social conflict, ostracism, and prejudice of external groups that surround it. The characteristics of the strategy of Nanum Study Room, which was a socially disadvantaged group, to adjust to rural society were to actively accept and utilize the values such as ‘filial duty’ and ‘virtuousness’ that were widely spread in rural community. The representative actual case that specifies the strategy to adapt to rural community is the program to visit the community hall. Through this, foreign women in the rural community could regularly visit the community hall, communicate with elderly people, and naturally build emotional connection with the village and local community. Such cultural practice has been inducing significant changes in the awareness of village and local community about such women. Furthermore, through such cultural practice, those women themselves seem to be developing positive awareness about their lives and finding confidence. Through the cultural practice of Nanum Study Room and the reaction of village community, it will be possible to test the potential of the coexistence of multi-culture and the formation of new social order.