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최예린,주재홍,송지훈 사회혁신기업연구원 2024 혁신기업연구 Vol.9 No.2
본 연구의 목적은 국내외 기업에 종사하는 리더를 대상으로 이들의 외로움에 대한 문헌을 검토하여 그간의 논의를 종합적으로 분석함으로써 이들의 외로움을 해소할 수 있는 방안을 도출하고 본 논의를 학술적으로 확장시키기 위한 후속 연구의 방향성을 제시하는 것이다. 본 연구는 기업 내 리더의 외로움에 대한 체계적 문헌 고찰을 실시하였으며, 총 18편의 문헌을 분석하였다. 주요 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 리더의 외로움에 대한 인식과 관점은 학자마다 상이하였으나 조직 내에서 권한과 업무에 대한 책임감 인식으로 인해 업무적 및 사회적 고립을 인식함으로써 정서적 및 사회적 욕구의 불충분으로 발현되는 불안한 정서를 뜻한다. 둘째, 리더의 외로움에 대한 영향 요인으로 사회적 지원 부족, 업무 부담감, 그리고 구성원의 외로움 발현 등과의 관계를 가지며, 특히, 리더의 외로움은 리더 개인의 문제를 넘어 팀 풍토 및 조직 문화에도 영향을 미칠 여지가 있기에 선제적 관리가 필요하다. 셋째, 리더의 외로움에 대한 측정은 직장 내 외로움 측정도구를 활용하나 리더의 외로움을 자체를 측정하는 도구는 개발되지 않아 후속 연구가 필요하다. 마지막으로, 리더의 외로움을 설명하는 이론 및 모형으로 사회적 자본 이론, 역할 일치 이론, 정서적 사회 교환 이론, 그리고 규제 루프 및 진화론적 모형 등 학자들마다의 다양한 이론적 접근이 존재하였다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 리더의 외로움 현상에 대한 이해와 리더 개인이 짊어졌던 외로움을 개인 및 조직 차원에서 해소하기 위한 학문적 및 실천적 시사점을 도출하였다. The purpose of this study is to provide an intervention to alleviate leader loneliness and to offer further direction for research on leader loneliness, thereby expanding the academic discussion through a systematic analysis of the literature. This study conducted a systematic literature review, analyzing 18 papers to examine research trends concerning leader loneliness. The main results are as follows. First, although the approaches and conceptualizations of previous scholars vary, leader loneliness is characterized as an emotional experience felt by leaders endowed with power and responsibilities, arising from social anxiety related to guiding the direction of work. Second, leader loneliness is influenced by various factors, including a lack of social support, job-related stress, and the manifestation of loneliness in team members. Therefore, proactive management is necessary, as these issues are not merely individual leaders’ problems but can impact the team climate and organizational culture. Third, leader loneliness was measured using the measurements of workplace loneliness, with no specific measurement developed exclusively for leader loneliness. Finally, substantial theoretical approaches were employed to conceptualize and explain the phenomena of leader loneliness, including social capital theory, role congruity theory, affective social exchange theory, regulatory loop model, and the evolutionary loop model of loneliness. Based on the results, this study derived academic and practical implications for understanding leader loneliness and addressing it at both the individual and organizational levels.
Yuta Suzuki,Tomoto Suzuki,Michiaki Takagi,Masayasu Murakami,Takaaki Ikeda 대한노인병학회 2024 Annals of geriatric medicine and research Vol.28 No.1
Background: This study examined the bidirectional and temporal-ordinal relationship between loneliness and back pain. Methods: Data from 7,730 participants in waves 6 (2012–2013), 7 (2014–2015), and 8 (2016–2017) of the national English Longitudinal Study of Ageing were analyzed. Back pain was graded on a scale of 0–10 (0, no discomfort; 10, unbearable pain). Loneliness was measured using the Revised University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale. A targeted minimum loss-based estimator was used to examine the bidirectional longitudinal associations between back pain and loneliness. Results: No loneliness in waves 6 and 7 (relative risk [RR]=0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61–0.94), no loneliness in wave 6 but loneliness in wave 7 (RR=0.58; 95% CI, 0.50–0.68), and loneliness in wave 6 but not in wave 7 (RR=0.69; 95% CI, 0.57–0.86) were associated with significant risk reductions of back pain in wave 8 compared with the scenario of loneliness in waves 6 and 7. Mild back pain in wave 6 but moderate back pain (RR=0.55; 95% CI, 0.35–0.86) or severe back pain in wave 7 (RR=0.49; 95% CI, 0.34–0.72) showed a significant risk reduction of loneliness in wave 8 compared with severe back pain in waves 6 and 7. Conclusion: Loneliness may be a risk factor for back pain, and back pain may be a risk factor for loneliness. The results of this study will inform the development of more effective interventions for loneliness and back pain.
이진희 ( Jin Hee Lee ),이기숙 ( Ki Sook Lee ) 한국유아교육학회 2012 유아교육연구 Vol.32 No.5
The purpose this study is to investigate the extent to which young children perceive and understand feelings of loneliness; and identify the degree of loneliness each child perceives. In addition, this research explores whether socio-demographic factors can potentially influence a child`s loneliness. Additionally, this study explores the potential influence of socio-economic status (SES) and demographic factors on a child`s loneliness. The factors in this study include, gender, number of siblings, mother`s employment status, family income (SES) and family type. Subjects are 240 five-year-olds from seven kindergartens in Seoul. Cassidy and Asher`s (1992) survey questionnaire and Asher and Wheeler`s (1985) Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction Questionnaire (LSDQ) were used to collect data. Statistical frequency analysis was performed in order to examine the extent to which children perceive and understand feelings of loneliness while t-test and F-test were used to verify differences in degree of loneliness associated with SES and demographic factors. The results of this study are as follow: 1) young children do have some understanding of loneliness, generally describing it as ``being alone`` or ``being sad.`` 2) Children largely link either a deficiency in social relationships or negative sentiments to feelings of loneliness. Slightly, more children link loneliness to a deficiency in social relationships rather than negative sentiments while some link loneliness to both factors. 3) The causes of loneliness originate from social relationships, primarily relations with friends, parents and siblings and/or emotional factors. A fraction of subjects simply stated, when I am alone, or because I am a loner, indicating a combination of poor social relations and a negative emotional state. 4) With respect to overcoming loneliness, most children responded that they seek out peer relations while some replied that they ``need to be with their mom and dad,`` or ``play with their siblings.`` A small number of subjects stated that they try to overcome loneliness through hobbies and other activities they enjoy. 5) In conclusion, it is of primary importance that a statistically significant number of children taking part in this study reported experiencing loneliness. Specifically, more than 10% of the children studied said that they suffer from it. Boys reported feeling loneliness more than girls. Household income, family type, number of siblings and mother`s employment status did not prove a statistically significant correlation with loneliness.
장휘숙,김나연 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 2011 한국심리학회지 발달 Vol.24 No.2
With the proportion of social, romantic and family loneliness, this study examined if there’s differences in three types of loneliness according to sex and age, what relationship was there between loneliness and persoanlity variables, that is exteroversion, neurotocism and self-esteem. As results, old adults had the highest proportion in romantic loneliness and the lowest proportion in family loneliness and the experience of loneliness was increased with age. Women experienced more romantic loneliness than men and the men of 76-80 age group experienced more family loneliness than women. Old adults of 76-80 age group experienced more social, romantic and family loneliness than the other two age groups. Except men of 71-75 age group, social and family lonelines negatively correlated with exteraversion and self-exteem and positively with neuroticism. Although similar correlation pattern was found in romantic loneliness, some variation appeared according to age group. It was confirmed three personality variables influenced three types of loneliness. 이 연구는 남녀 노인들(66-80세)을 대상으로 노년기 고독을 연구하고 성격변인들과의 관계를 규명하려고 하였다. 이를 위해 성인용 고독척도(SELSA)를 사용하여 사회적, 낭만적, 가족고독의 비율을 확인하고 성별과 연령에 따라 세 가지 고독에서 차이가 있는지 그리고 세 가지 고독과 외향성, 정서적 불안정성 및 자기존중감 간에는 어떤 관계가 있는지를 검토하였다. 연구결과 낭만적 고독의 경험비율이 가장 높고 가족고독의 경험비율이 가장 낮았으며 세 가지 고독의 경험비율은 연령과 함께 증가하는 양상을 나타내었다. 또한 여성노인들은 남성노인들보다 더 큰 낭만적 고독을 그리고 76-80세의 남성노인들은 여성노인들보다 더 큰 가족고독을 경험하였고, 76-80세의 남녀 노인들은 연령이 적은 두 집단보다 더 큰 사회적, 낭만적, 가족고독을 경험하였다. 71-75세 남성노인들을 제외하고 사회적 고독과 가족고독은 외향성과 자기존중감이 낮을수록, 정서적 불안정성은 높을수록 더 컸으며 낭만적 고독에서도 동일한 패턴이 나타났으나 연령집단에 따라 약간의 변이를 나타내었다. 중다회귀분석 결과 외향성과 정서적 불안정성도 세 가지 고독에 영향을 주지만, 자기존중감은 세 가지 고독 모두에 영향을 주는 변인이었다.
사회적 자본의 매개효과를 중심으로 한 농촌노인의 고독감 관련 변인연구
오영은,이정화 한국노년학회 2015 한국노년학 Vol.35 No.4
The rural elderly have accumulated social capital based on kinship ties and long-lasting relationships. Thus, this social capital acts as a positive function in terms of the loneliness of the rural elderly. This study aims to explore how the rural elderly perceive loneliness and social capital as well as the variables that affect their loneliness. Social capital consists of 4 aspects; trust, norm, network and participation. The results of this study were as follows. First, the effects of subjective economic level, subjective health status, and support from adult children on the loneliness of the rural elderly were considered. Second, looking at the variables affecting social capital, it can be seen that subjective economic level and support from adult children had an effect on the trust aspect. It can also be seen that subjective health status and the network of adult children had an effect on the norm aspect. In addition, subjective health status had an effect on the network aspect. Furthermore, family type, age, subjective economic level, subjective health status and the network of adult children had an effect on the participation aspect. Third, according to an analysis of the structure equation modeling effect, the direct effect of subjective health status on loneliness was not significant. However, the indirect effect of the parameters of the network aspect, the participation aspect, and the total effect were all statistically significant. This means that the network and participation aspects completely mediate the subjective health status and loneliness of the rural elderly. The direct effect of support from adult children on loneliness, the indirect effect of the parameters of the network aspect, the participation aspect and total effect were all statistically significant. This means that the network and participation aspects played a partial mediating role in the relationship between subjective health status and loneliness, and that the subjective health status of the rural elderly had an influence on loneliness directly or through the mediation of the network and participation aspects. This study confirmed that social capital had a mediated effect on the relationship between the health status of the rural elderly, support from adult children and loneliness. Furthermore, social capital had a positive impact on the loneliness of the rural elderly. Based on these results, a policy for utilizing the social capital of the rural elderly should be developed. 농촌노인은 오랜 기간 동안 혈연 및 지연관계를 바탕으로 소속감과 유대감을 공유하여 왔다. 특히 신뢰, 규범, 네트워크, 참여로 구성된 농촌의 사회적 자본은 이들의 고독감을 해소하는 데 긍정적인 기능을 할 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 농촌노인의 주관적 경제수준, 주관적 건강수준, 자녀지지가 고독감에 미치는 영향에서 사회적 자본이 매개효과를 가지는지를 밝히는 데 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 위해 2014년 7월부터 8월까지 구례, 곡성, 담양, 순창에 거주하는 노인을 대상으로 1:1 면접조사를 하였으며, 조사된 설문지 총 344부를 SPSS 18.0프로그램을 사용하여 기술통계분석과 신뢰도 분석을 하였고 AMOS 18.0 프로그램을 사용하여 구조방정식 모델을 분석하였고, 구조모형의 매개효과를 알아보기 위해 Sobel검정을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 농촌노인의 고독감에 영향을 미치는 변수는 주관적 경제수준, 참여, 네트워크, 자녀지지로 나타났다. 둘째, 사회적 자본 중 신뢰에는 자녀지지가, 규범에는 주관적 건강수준, 자녀지지가, 네트워크에는 주관적 건강수준과자녀지지가, 참여에는 주관적 건강수준과 자녀지지가 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 주관적 건강수준이 고독감에 미치는 영향에서 네트워크와 참여의 사회적 자본이 완전매개 하였고, 자녀지지가 고독감에 미치는 영향에서 네트워크와 참여의 사회적 자본이 부분매개 하였다. 본 연구결과, 주관적 경제 수준, 주관적 건강수준, 자녀지지가 농촌노인의 고독감에 영향을 미치는데, 이때 사회적 자본은 이 변인들 간의 관계에서 매개효과를 가지며 고독감 해소에 긍정적으로 기여한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 사회적 자본이 농촌노인의 고독감을 낮추는데 기여한다는 사실을 밝혔고, 이는 사회적 자본을 활용한 농촌노인 정책에 대한 필요로 연결된다.
김숙자(Kim, Sook-ja),유연옥(Yu, Younoak) 계명대학교 사회과학연구소 2015 한국사회과학연구 Vol.34 No.2
본 연구의 목적은 아동의 연령과 성별에 따른 외로움의 차이와 외로움, 자아존중감과 어머니의 양육태도의 관계를 알아보는 것이다. 연구대상은 D시에 소재한 유치원과 어린이집 4개소, 초등학교 1개소 만 6세 123명(남 59명, 여 64명)과 만 8세 117명(남 57명, 여 60명)과 그들의 어머니이다. 아동의 외로움, 자아존중감과 어머니의 양육태도 검사를 활용하여 자료를 수집하고, 이원변량분석, Pearson의 적률상관분석, 단계적 중다회귀분석을 적용하여 결과를 산출하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연령과 성별의 주효과와 상호작용효과가 유의미하게 나타났다. 즉, 만6세가 만 8세보다, 여아가 남아보다 외로움 점수가 높았다. 그리고 만 6세에서는 성별 간의 유의미한 차이가 없었으나, 만 8세에서는 여아가 남아보다 더 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 아동의 외로움과 자아존중감의 하위요인과 상관관계는 각 연령과 성별에서 모두 유의미한 부적 상관이 나타났다. 셋째, 아동의 외로움과 어머니의 양육태도의 하위요인과의 상관관계는 만 6세 남아의 경우에는 외로움과 애정적 태도와, 여아의 경우에는 외로움과 자율적 태도와 유의미한 부적 상관이 나타났다. 그리고 남아와 여아 모두에서 거부적 태도와는 유의미한 정적 상관이 나타났다. 만 8세의 경우에는 외로움과 어머니의 양육태도의 하위요인과의 유의미한 상관이 나타나지 않았다. 넷째, 아동의 외로움을 설명하는 변인으로 만 6세와 8세의 경우에는 자아존중감의 하위요인이 모두 포함되며 그중 동료 수용의 설명력이 가장 높았다. 추가적으로 만 6세에 있어 어머니의 양육태도 중 거부적 태도만이, 만 8세 있어 성별만이 설명력이 있었다. 이러한 연구결과는 연령, 성별, 자아존중감, 어머니의 양육태도가 아동의 외로움에 영향을 미치는 주요한 변인임을 시사한다. The purposes of this study were to examine the differences of children’s loneliness and relations among children’s loneliness, self-esteem, and mothers’ child-rearing attitude. The subjects were 123 six-year-olds 4 different kindergartens and child care center, and 117 eight-year-olds from 1 elementary school. The loneliness and social dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and mother’s child-rearing attitude questionnaire were used. For data analysis, a two-way ANOVA, Pearson’s product-moment correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression were applied. The results of this study were as follows. First, there showed the significant differences in loneliness according to age and gender. The 6-year-olds had higher scores of loneliness than the 8-year-olds and female had higher scores of loneliness than male. There were no significant difference in scores of loneliness between boys and girls for the 6-year-olds, whereas girls had higher scores of loneliness than boys for the 8-year-olds. Second, the children’s loneliness and sub-areas of self-esteem showed significantly negative correlations. Third, on the 6-year- olds, there showed significantly negative correlations between loneliness and affectional attitude for male and between loneliness and autonomous attitude for female, and positive correlation between loneliness and rejecting attitude for male and female. And on the 8-year-olds, the children’s loneliness and sub-areas of mother’s child-rearing attitudes showed significantly negative correlations. Fourth, the peer acceptance, a subfactor of self-esteem, had the highest explanatory power for both the 6-year-olds and 8-year-olds, additionally, rejecting attitude for the 6-year-olds, gender for and 8-year-olds for explaining children’s loneliness. Results of this study indicate that age, gender, children’s self-esteem and mothers’ child-rearing attitude may function as critical variables affecting children’s loneliness.
청년 1인 가구의 외로움에 영향을 미치는 변인에 관한 연구
최진환,박정윤 한국가족관계학회 2024 한국가족관계학회지 Vol.29 No.1
Objectives: This study aims to suggest the rationale for intervention to alleviate loneliness among young-adult single-person households in the counseling field by examining the effects of SNS overuse, the motivation of SNS usage, and self-differentiation from parents level among young-adult single-person household on loneliness. Method: To achieve this goal, single-person households with young adults aged 20 to 34 who currently live alone took part in this study. The study used a self-report questionnaire, and the collected data were analyzed with SPSS 23.0. Results: First, the overall tendency of the loneliness, SNS overuse, and the motivation of SNS usage, and the family differentiation level was examined. In general, loneliness was lower that the average level, and SNS overuse was also lower than the average level. The level of the motivation of SNS usage was higher than the average level, and the level of the self-differentiation from parents was also higher than the average level. Second, the study examined the relationship between related variables, there are positive correlation between the loneliness and the sub-variables of SNS overuse. Of the sub-variables, addiction and withdrawal symptoms, excessive communication and immersion, and excessive time consumption were positively correlated with the loneliness. Among the sub-variables of the motivation of SNS usage, the status pursuit showed a positive correlation, and the entertainment pursuit showed a negative correlation with loneliness. The self- differentiation level showed negative correlation with loneliness. Among demographic factors, the higher the income and the more regular workers were, the lower the perception of the loneliness was. Third, the study found that the addiction and withdrawal level had the greatest influence among young-adult single-person household on loneliness, and the self- differentiation level with parents, pursuit of interpersonal relationships, entertainment pursuit of the motivation of SNS usage followed. Conclusions: In this study, it was examined that the SNS overuse, the motivation of SNS usage, and the family differentiation level have a relationship with the loneliness level of young-adult single-person households. To reduce loneliness, they need to regulate their SNS usage in order not to be addicted, and they need to increase the level of the family differentiation.
COVID-19 팬데믹 시기 간호대학생의 사회접촉과 자살사고: 우울, 외로움의 매개효과
김남이,김지은 한국학교보건학회 2023 韓國學校保健學會誌 Vol.36 No.2
Purpose: Over the past two years, most Korean nursing students had to go through distance learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, amental health crisis has emerged among nursing students in South Korea. The study aimed to examine the relationships among social contact, depression, loneliness, and suicidal ideation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from nursing students. The survey was conducted onlinein South Korea. A total of 184 nursing students were recruited from December 2021 to April 2022. For data analysis,the frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation of the general characteristics of the subjects were calculated using IBM/SPSS Statistics 25.0. To examine the mediating effect of depression and loneliness on the relationship between social contact and suicidal ideation, multiple linear regression was used to analyze associations among social contact, depression, loneliness, and suicidal ideation. Results: The average age was 22.69±5.66 years (range=18~54), and the sex distribution was 155 females among 184 nursing students. Lower social contact among nursing students was significantly associated with higher depression and loneliness. Loneliness significantly mediated the relationship between social contact and suicidal ideation innursing students. Conclusion: The findings suggest that strategies for enhancing social contact and reducing depression and loneliness should be considered to improve suicidal ideation among nursing students. Purpose: Over the past two years, most Korean nursing students had to go through distance learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, amental health crisis has emerged among nursing students in South Korea. The study aimed to examine the relationships among social contact, depression, loneliness, and suicidal ideation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from nursing students. The survey was conducted onlinein South Korea. A total of 184 nursing students were recruited from December 2021 to April 2022. For data analysis,the frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation of the general characteristics of the subjects were calculated using IBM/SPSS Statistics 25.0. To examine the mediating effect of depression and loneliness on the relationship between social contact and suicidal ideation, multiple linear regression was used to analyze associations among social contact, depression, loneliness, and suicidal ideation. Results: The average age was 22.69±5.66 years (range=18~54), and the sex distribution was 155 females among 184 nursing students. Lower social contact among nursing students was significantly associated with higher depression and loneliness. Loneliness significantly mediated the relationship between social contact and suicidal ideation innursing students. Conclusion: The findings suggest that strategies for enhancing social contact and reducing depression and loneliness should be considered to improve suicidal ideation among nursing students.
이운영(Un-Yeong Lee),민윤기(Yoon-Ki Min) 충남대학교 사회과학연구소 2018 사회과학연구 Vol.29 No.1
In this study, we investigated the patterns of general loneliness among Korean adults. We also examined the differences in their social, familial, and romantic loneliness, and determined the proportions of these three types of loneliness. The results indicated that the patterns of social, familial and romantic loneliness were different from each other. The level of social loneliness experienced in late adolescence was less than that in early and middle adulthood. However, the (levels of social loneliness?) in early and late adulthood were not significantly different, while that in late adulthood was higher. There were no significant differences in the levels of familial loneliness among the age or gender groups. Women experienced more romantic loneliness than men in late adolescence and late adulthood. Futhermore, we found that the ratio of people who felt loneliness differed between those participants who have a spouse and those who dont in all of the groups of participants. Especially, in the case of the participants with spouses, the ratio of romantic loneliness tended to increase as their age increased from early adulthood to late adulthood.
Lee Jimin,Man Chang Sung,Hahm Bong-Jin,Park Jee Eun,Seong Su Jeong,Hong Jin Pyo,Jeon Hong Jin,An Hyonggin,Kim Byung-Soo 대한의학회 2023 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.38 No.36
Background: Although it is known that a substantial proportion of the population experience loneliness, the consequence of loneliness remains unclear by countries and ages. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the association between loneliness and suicidality in the general population of Korea. Method: A total of 5,511 Koreans aged 18–79 completed a tablet-assisted personal interview using the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and responded to questions about loneliness and lifetime suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts. A logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between loneliness and suicidality. Results: Approximately one-third of the Korean general population reported loneliness. Being older, never married, widowed, separated, or divorced, unemployed, and having a parttime job were all significantly related to loneliness. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, individuals with loneliness were significantly associated with increased suicidal ideation (adjusted odd ratio [aOR], 4.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.36–4.88), suicidal plans (aOR, 4.91; 95% CI, 3.34–7.21), and suicidal attempts (aOR, 4.82; 95% CI, 3.03–7.66). Even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors and mental disorders, suicidality remained statistically significant. Moreover, frequent, moderate-to-severe, and long-term loneliness were all associated with increased ORs for suicidality, regardless of sociodemographic factors and mental disorders. Conclusion: Loneliness was associated with suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts. This study lays the foundation for public health policymakers to establish early intervention and mental health care support for lonely people.