A New Concept on Resources Circulation Policy for Electric Vehicles in Korea (Republic of)

( Yong Choi ),( Hyeong-jin Choi ),( Sueng-whee Rhee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

Globally, advanced countries will be prohibiting the sale of vehicles using internal combustion engine and promoting the supply of electric vehicles in order to reduce fine dust, air pollutants and carbon dioxide from vehicles. In Korea, 430,000 electric vehicles will be supplied by 2022 according to the atmospheric environmental policy. As the market for electric vehicles may be expanding at home and abroad, lithium ion secondary batteries from electric vehicles will be expected to be generated as wastes gradually. The lithium ion secondary batteries contain various valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron, etc. According to Korea Mineral Resource Information Service (KOMIS), the price of lithium increased 2.1 times from 7,576 U$/ton in 2015 to 15,534 U$/ton in 2018. The price of cobalt increased 2.5 times from 28,613 U$/ton to 72,824 U$/ton during the same period. Therefore, it is industrially very economical that valuable materials are recovered from the lithium ion secondary battery. In advanced countries, various resources circulation policies are being used to recover and recycle lithium ion secondary batteries in electric vehicles. In the European Union and Japan, the lithium ion secondary batteries are managed by the Expanded Producer Responsibility (EPR) system and a recycling council was established to recycle the lithium ion secondary batteries continuously. Also, China announced regulations on the recycling of lithium ion secondary batteries for vehicles in 2015, strengthening resources circulation capacity for lithium ion secondary batteries. Electric vehicles are being promoted in Korea but the resources circulation policy for lithium ion secondary batteries is insufficient. In this study, the current status of resources circulation policy for lithium ion secondary batteries from electric vehicles in advanced countries is reviewed. In Korea, a new concept on the policy for the activation of resources circulation for lithium ion secondary battery should be introduced step by step including production, consumption, collection and recycling stage. The new concept of resources circulation policy can be applied in many fileds, including the securing of recycling technology, the construction of capacity build, and the establishment of management system such as EPR system.

리튬 이온 전지용 리튬 코발트 산화물 양극에서의 삽입 전압과 리튬 이온 전도

김대현,김대희,서화일,김영철,Kim, Dae-Hyun,Kim, Dae-Hee,Seo, Hwa-Il,Kim, Yeong-Cheol 한국전기화학회 2010 한국전기화학회지 Vol.13 No.4

본 연구는 밀도 범함수 이론을 이용하여 Li이온전지에 사용되는 Li코발트 산화물에서의 Li이온 삽입 전압과 전도에 관한 것이다. Li이온은 Li코발트 산화물 원자구조의 각 층을 1개씩 채우거나 한 층을 다 채우고 다음 층을 채울 수 있다. 평균 삽입 전압은 3.48V로 동일하나, 전자가 후자보다 더 유리하였다. 격자상수 c는 Li농도가 0.25보다 작을 때는 증가하였으나, 0.25보다 클 때는 감소하였다. Li농도가 증가하면, Li코발트 산화물에서의 Li이온 전도를 위한 에너지 장벽은 증가하였다. Li이온전지가 방전 중 출력 전압이 낮아지는 현상은 Li농도 증가에 따른 삽입 전압의 감소와 전도 에너지 장벽의 증가로 설명할 수 있었다. We performed a density functional theory study to investigate the intercalation voltage and lithium ion conduction in lithium cobalt oxide for lithium ion battery as a function of the lithium concentration. There were two methods for the intercalation of lithium ions; the intercalation of a lithium ion at a time in the individual layer and the intercalation of lithium ions in all the sites of one layer after all the sites of another layer. The average intercalation voltage was the same value, 3.48 V. However, we found the former method was more favorable than the latter method. The lattice parameter c was increased as the increase of the lithium concentration in the range of x < 0.25 while it was decreased as increase of the lithium concentration in the range of x > 0.25. The energy barrier for the conduction of lithium ion in lithium cobalt oxide was increased as the lithium concentration was increased. We demonstrated that the decrease of the intercalation voltage and increase of the energy barrier as the increase of the lithium concentration caused lower output voltage during the discharge of the lithium ion battery.

패턴전사 프린팅을 활용한 리튬이온 배터리 양극 기초소재 Li₂CO₃의 나노스케일 패턴화 방법

강영림,박태완,박은수,이정훈,왕제필,박운익,Kang, Young Lim,Park, Tae Wan,Park, Eun-Soo,Lee, Junghoon,Wang, Jei-Pil,Park, Woon Ik 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2020 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.27 No.4

지난 수십년간 인류에게 핵심적인 에너지 자원이었던 화석연료가 갈수록 고갈되고 있고, 산업발전에 따른 오염이 심해지고 있는 환경을 보호하기 위한 노력의 일환으로, 친환경 이차전지, 수소발생 에너지 장치, 에너지 저장 시스템 등과 관련한 새로운 에너지 기술들이 개발되고 있다. 그 중에서도 리튬이온 배터리 (Lithium ion battery, LIB)는 높은 에너지 밀도와 긴 수명으로 인해, 대용량 배터리로 응용하기에 적합하고 산업적 응용이 가능한 차세대 에너지 장치로 여겨진다. 하지만, 친환경 전기 자동차, 드론 등 증가하는 배터리 시장을 고려할 때, 수명이 다한 이유로 어느 순간부터 많은 양의 배터리 폐기물이 쏟아져 나올 것으로 예상된다. 이를 대비하기 위해, 폐전지에서 리튬 및 각종 유가금속을 회수하는 공정개발이 요구되는 동시에, 이를 재활용할 수 있는 방안이 사회적으로 요구된다. 본 연구에서는, 폐전지의 재활용 전략소재 중 하나인, 리튬이온 배터리의 대표적 양극 소재 Li2CO3의 나노스케일 패턴 제조 방법을 소개하고자 한다. 우선, Li2CO3 분말을 진공 내 가압하여 성형하고, 고온 소결을 통하여 매우 순수한 Li2CO3 박막 증착용 3인치 스퍼터 타겟을 성공적으로 제작하였다. 해당 타겟을 스퍼터 장비에 장착하여, 나노 패턴전사 프린팅 공정을 이용하여 250 nm 선 폭을 갖는, 매우 잘 정렬된 Li2CO3 라인 패턴을 SiO2/Si 기판 위에 성공적으로 형성할 수 있었다. 뿐만 아니라, 패턴전사 프린팅 공정을 기반으로, 금속, 유리, 유연 고분자 기판, 그리고 굴곡진 고글의 표면에까지 Li2CO3 라인 패턴을 성공적으로 형성하였다. 해당 결과물은 향후, 배터리 소자에 사용되는 다양한 기능성 소재의 박막화에 응용될 것으로 기대되고, 특히 다양한 기판 위에서의 리튬이온 배터리 소자의 성능 향상에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다. For the past few decades, as part of efforts to protect the environment where fossil fuels, which have been a key energy resource for mankind, are becoming increasingly depleted and pollution due to industrial development, ecofriendly secondary batteries, hydrogen generating energy devices, energy storage systems, and many other new energy technologies are being developed. Among them, the lithium-ion battery (LIB) is considered to be a next-generation energy device suitable for application as a large-capacity battery and capable of industrial application due to its high energy density and long lifespan. However, considering the growing battery market such as eco-friendly electric vehicles and drones, it is expected that a large amount of battery waste will spill out from some point due to the end of life. In order to prepare for this situation, development of a process for recovering lithium and various valuable metals from waste batteries is required, and at the same time, a plan to recycle them is socially required. In this study, we introduce a nanoscale pattern transfer printing (NTP) process of Li2CO3, a representative anode material for lithium ion batteries, one of the strategic materials for recycling waste batteries. First, Li2CO3 powder was formed by pressing in a vacuum, and a 3-inch sputter target for very pure Li2CO3 thin film deposition was successfully produced through high-temperature sintering. The target was mounted on a sputtering device, and a well-ordered Li2CO3 line pattern with a width of 250 nm was successfully obtained on the Si substrate using the NTP process. In addition, based on the nTP method, the periodic Li2CO3 line patterns were formed on the surfaces of metal, glass, flexible polymer substrates, and even curved goggles. These results are expected to be applied to the thin films of various functional materials used in battery devices in the future, and is also expected to be particularly helpful in improving the performance of lithium-ion battery devices on various substrates.

The utilization of porous carbon material for lithium sulfur and lithium ion batteries

김정준,김희수,안지훈,이경재,유원철,이대혁,성영은 한국공업화학회 2015 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2015 No.1

Lithium sulfur and lithium ion batteries are regarded as promising future generation energy storage devices due to their high specific capacity and high voltage. Such devices could be commercialized to power the electric vehicles of future, reducing toxic emission and insuring energy independence. Many research works have been previously published on lithium ion batteries and lithium sulfur batteries, but in this work, the importance of carbon material, especially porous structure is highlighted again to emphasize its flexbiility as an active material in both lithium sulfur and lithium ion battery.

Lithium-ion Stationary Battery Capacity Sizing Formula for the Establishment of Industrial Design Standard

Chang, Choong-koo,Sulley, Mumuni The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2018 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.13 No.6

The extension of DC battery backup time in the DC power supply system of nuclear power plants (NPPs) remains a challenge. The lead-acid battery is the most popular at present. And it is generally the most popular energy storage device. However, extension of backup time requires too much space. The lithium-ion battery has high energy density and advanced gravimetric and volumetric properties. The aim of this paper is development of the sizing formula of stationary lithium-ion batteries. The ongoing research activities and related industrial standards for stationary lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. Then, the lithium-ion battery sizing calculation formular is proposed for the establishment of industrial design standard which is essential for the design of stationary batteries of nuclear power plants. An example of calculating the lithium-ion battery capacity for a medium voltage UPS is presented.

증분 용량 분석법과 딥러닝을 이용한 리튬 이온 배터리의 SOH 추정 방안 연구

박민식,김정수,김병우 대한전기학회 2024 전기학회논문지 Vol.73 No.2

Lithium-ion batteries are being utilized as energy sources for electric vehicles due to their advantages such as high energy density, long life, and high efficiency. In order to ensure the safe condition of lithium-ion batteries under various driving conditions of electric vehicles, it is necessary to analyze the degradation status and causes of lithium-ion batteries and accurately estimate their state of health (SOH). Therefore, this paper proposes a method for estimating the SOH of lithium-ion batteries using incremental capacity analysis and deep learning. Incremental capacity analysis is a technique that analyzes the electrochemical state inside a lithium-ion battery and can identify the degradation state of the battery. Through this method, parameters related to degradation were extracted, and their usefulness as characteristic parameters for SOH estimation was verified by correlation analysis. The characteristic parameters validated through correlation analysis were used as inputs to deep learning algorithms for SOH estimation to compare the accuracy of SOH estimation by different estimation algorithms.

리튬이온 배터리 동특성 및 안전성 평가를 위한 배터리 시뮬레이터 시험설비

정성인,윤용호,Sungin Jeong,Yongho Yoon 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2024 한국인터넷방송통신학회 논문지 Vol.24 No.2

Lithium-ion batteries are used in many fields due to their high energy density, fast charging conditions, and long cycle life. However, overcharging, over-discharging, physical damage, and use of lithium-ion batteries at high temperatures can reduce battery life and cause damage to people due to fire or explosion due to damage to the protection circuit. In order to reduce the risk of these batteries and improve battery performance, the characteristics of the charging and discharging process must be analyzed and understood. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze the charging and discharging characteristics of lithium-ion batteries using a battery charger and discharger and simulator to reduce the risk of loss of life due to overcharge and overdischarge, as well as casualties from fire and explosion due to damage to the protection circuit.

Novel reduced-order modeling method combined with three-particle nonlinear transform unscented Kalman filtering for the battery state-of-charge estimation

Xu, Wenhua,Wang, Shunli,Fernandez, Carlos,Yu, Chunmei,Fan, Yongcun,Cao, Wen The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2020 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.20 No.6

Accurate estimation of the lithium-ion battery state of charge plays an important role in the real-time monitoring and safety control of batteries. In order to solve the problems that the real-time estimation of the lithium-ion battery is difficult and the estimation accuracy is not high under various working conditions, a lithium-ion battery is taken as a research object, and the working characteristics of the lithium-ion battery are studied under various working conditions. In order to reduce the computational complexity of the traditional unscented Kalman algorithm, an improved unscented Kalman algorithm is proposed. Considering the importance of accurately estimating the initial state of charge for later estimation, the initial estimation value is calibrated by using the open-circuit voltage method. Then, the improved unscented Kalman filter algorithm based on a reduced-order model is used for assessing and tracking to realize real-time high-precision estimation of the state of charge of the lithium-ion battery. A simulation model is built and combined with a variety of working conditions data for performance analysis. The experimental results show that the convergence speed and tracking effect are good and that the estimation error control is within 0.8%. It is verified that the reduced order of the three-particle nonlinear transform unscented Kalman results in higher accuracy in the state-of-charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries.

리튬이차전지 양극 소재 성능 향상을 위한 최신 기술 동향 및 연구 전망

박서현 ( Seohyeon Park ),오필건 ( Pilgun Oh ) 한국화상학회 2021 한국화상학회지 Vol.27 No.2

This study presents the development trends of cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries and the future research direction of cathode materials. Currently, lithium-ion batteries have been focused on improving the global environment, and research of lithium-ion batteries continues to concentrate on increasing the capacity and stability as lithium-ion battery application focus moves towards electric vehicles and energy storage systems. The study of cathode materials is considered important in determining the property and cost of lithium-ion batteries. Among such studies, researchers have concentrated on layered structure cathode materials with a high theoretical capacity. However, applying Ni-rich cathodes as a means to achieve high capacity has limited utilization because the high Ni composition in cathode materials causes increasing electrochemical instability during the charge process. In order to solve this problem, this study presents the ideas about the research method of surface modification and atomic substitution, suggesting a novel future research direction for cathode materials to ensure the price competitiveness of lithium-ion batteries.

Sn/SnO_x-loaded uniform-sized hollow carbon spheres on graphene nanosheets as an anode for lithium-ion batteries

Lee, Jeongyeon,Hwang, Taejin,Oh, Jiseop,Kim, Jong Min,Jeon, Youngmoo,Piao, Yuanzhe Elsevier 2018 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.736 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To meet the increasing demands for large-scalable application required high capacity and energy density, Sn-based materials as a promising anode for lithium-ion batteries have been widely studied. In this work, a carbon nanostructure of uniform-sized hollow carbon spheres on a graphene nanosheet was prepared by a facile synthesis process. The obtained nanostructure has numerous uniform-sized hollow carbon spheres with a diameter of ∼20 nm attached on graphene nanosheets, and mass production is considerably easy. Then, Sn/SnO<SUB>x</SUB> was loaded into the carbon nanostructure by a typical melt diffusion process, and its electrode delivers the high rate capability of 290.0 mA g<SUP>−1</SUP> at 3.0 A g<SUP>−1</SUP> and the good cyclability of 284.1 mA h g<SUP>−1</SUP> after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g<SUP>−1</SUP>. The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique carbon nanostructure, which mitigates the volume expansion of Sn by the physical barrier of uniform-sized hollow carbon spheres and enables Li-ions or electrons to easily move by the improving electrical conductivity during discharge/charge process. Thus, the Sn loaded nanocomposite is expected to be a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A strategy is established for the synthesis of hollow carbon spheres on graphene nanosheets. </LI> <LI> The hollow carbon spheres were used as Sn/SnO<SUB>x</SUB> hosts for lithium ion battery. </LI> <LI> The carbon nanostructure could mitigate the volume expansion of Sn during the cycling. </LI> <LI> The electrode delivers an excellent reversible capacity even after 1000 cycles. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>Sn/SnO<SUB>x</SUB>-loaded uniform-sized hollow carbon spheres on graphene nanosheets is fabricated from a facile solventless method and delivers good cycle ability for lithium-ion batteries.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>