Life, Ecology, and Theo-tao: Towards a Life Theology of Theanthropocosmic Tao

김흡영 한국민중신학회 2009 Madang: Journal of Contextual Theology Vol.0 No.11

Rampant ecological crisis is threatening the whole life system on the globe. The signs of the times indeed ask us to construct a theology of life in a new key. To meet this request, this paper proposes three theological paradigm changes; (1) a the-anthropo-cosmic vision, (2) a theotao with the Tao as a new alternative root-metaphor, and (3) a pneumato-socio-cosmic biography of the exploited life as a major theme for the theology of life. In the last 500 years, Western Christian theologies have lost the concern for the created world by the influences of the Protestant overemphasis on personal salvation and anthropocentric mentality of the Enlightenment (“a turn to the subject”). Western theologians have been trying to correct this mistake by “a turn to the earth” and to formulate earth- or cosmo-centric ecotheologies. However, this simple shift of the center of the fundamental vision from humanity to the earth is an insufficient solution for complex ecological problems. For this is not only a continuation of Greek dualism and either-or thinking, recognized as a primary metaphysical reason to bring this ecological disaster, but also betrays a reductionism and essentialism, recognized as another reason for the crisis. The reality of the universe is rather dynamic and relational, consisting of the Triads of Heaven, Earth, and Humanity, closer to the traditional East Asian cosmology. Hence, I argue for a major theological paradigm change toward a theanthropocosmic vision that believes that God, humanity, and cosmos are mutually interrelated but irreducible three axes of the universe. The logos that has flourished and dominated as the root-metaphor for Western Christian theology for almost two millennia now has reached its limit, as postmodernism vehemently criticizes. As feminist theologies have proved, the logos theology is problematic and defective for ecotheology (eg., the ontology of the hierarchy of being). I argue both for the adoption of the Tao, a cardinal East Asian metaphor, an alternative root-metaphor for Christian theology and for a construction of ‘theo-tao’ (God as the Tao), a new paradigm of theology of life that embraces and explicates properly the theanthropocosmic vision. Finally, I argue that a pneumato-socio-cosmic biography of the exploited life should be a major theme for the theology of life. In this serious ecological crisis, a theology of life needs to be based on a strong Christian spirituality to enable it to resist against human selfish mischief in the merciless process of genocide, biocide, and ecocide. It should give a preferential option to the exploited life that includes not only minjung and women but also the wounded ecosystem and endangered life species. It needs to hear and tell pneumatosociocosmic biographies of the exploited life, the ecological stories of suffering, oppression, and exploitation. These narratives should be a good point of departure for a theology of life to explore wisdom with the Christian spirituality of hope and resurrection to execute a socio-cosmic transformative praxis for healing the wounded mother earth.

평생교육시설 간의 파트너십 행태 분석 : 충청북도 평생교육시설의 사례를 중심으로

김진덕 충북연구원 2014 지역정책연구 Vol.25 No.2

Recently Life-long education facilities are being diversified by support of government. But It is suggested about Life-long education facilities' lack of infra-structure. Then partnership could be a useful alternative for it. There are many factors for successful performance in Life-long education. And It is necessary to manage factors systematically. However there is possibility of significant difference between Life-long facilities toward Life-long education partnership behavior. This study classified partnership management into strategy & planning, operation & administration, appraisal & feedback. And Life-long education facilities are classified into community center, culture-art facility, job-training facility. So significant difference between Life-long facilities toward Life-long education partnership behavior is verified by scientific method. The results of this analysis are as follows ; Life-long facilities' behavioral recognition level of partnership is positive. But there is no significant difference between Life-long facilities in 3 categories(strategy & planning, operation & administration, appraisal & feedback). But there is significant difference between Life-long facilities about performance(sub-variable of appraisal & feedback). Especially job-training facility recognize the partnership effect more importantly than the other facilities. This study suggests importance of appraisal & feedback in Life-long education partnership. So support strategy for partnership performance should be considered by facilities' purpose. However importance of partnership strategy & planning, partnership operation & administration could be ignored by environment of immatured Life-long education partnership. Then It is necessary for government to promote environment for partnership recognition. -

잠언이 말하는 삶과 죽음과 개혁주의생명신학

이경실 ( Kyung Sil Lee ) 개혁주의생명신학회 2011 생명과 말씀 Vol.4 No.-

개혁주의생명신학의 "생명"이란 용어는 개혁주의 칼뱅과 함께 예수그리스도의 생명이 빠진 학문적 노력은 껍데기뿐인 죽은 신앙에 지나지 않음을 강조한다면, 본 연구는 삶과 죽음에 관한 성경적 가치관을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 성경의 지혜문학중 하나인 잠언서와 지역과 시대를 공유하고 있는 고대근동 문학과의 비교를 통해 전자의 특성을 부각 시키는데 의미를 두고 있다. 본 논문은 고대근동지방에서 삶과 죽음이 단순히 육체적인 부분을 의미하는 절대적 의미를 넘어서 정신적 부분을 포함하는 질적인 영역까지 확대되어 총체적으로 이해되고 있었다는 사실을 밝히는 것이다. 또한 그와 같은 개념들의 근거를 이루고 있는 세계관을 연구하는 것이다. 이와 같은 이해를 통하여 삶과 죽음이 단순히 영원한 삶 혹은 무덤 너머의 삶으로 국한 시킬 수 있는 종말론적인 의미가 아니라, 육체적 건강과 장수, 물질적 풍요, 감정적 기쁨과 행복, 그리고 신의 보호를 기초로 한 안전등을 포함하는 실용적 세계관을 발견하고 제시하는 것이다. The term, "life" in the Reformed Life Theology enharces that the academic pursuit without the life of Jesus Christ cannot but be a husk with the dead faith, Modern man has never been more preoccupied with any topic than he has been with life and death This was also true in the ancient Near East, but these subjects were understood much more broadly than mere existence and the lack of physical vitality. The early Egyptians and Mesopotamians considered life to include physical health and longevity, material sufficiency, emotional joy and happiness, and security based on divine protection, but they disagreed on the means of attaining it. Conformity to the impersonal divine order, Maat, was essential in order to be rewarded with life in Egypt, while the Mesopotamians had to please the arbitrary desires of the gods. The latter did this by attaining the good favor of his personal god who in turn would intercede for him before the great council of the gods. Israel``s neighbors, therefore, believed that the good life was available to man and attainable if he lived correctly. Death, on the other hand, was the expected lot for mankind which could be manifested in the forms of premature mortality or sickness. Ancient Israel shared the absolute and qualitative aspects of life and death, but disagreed on the means by which one attained them. Just as life almost always included qualitative aspects which make it equivalent to fulness of life, death was known as a whole realm in conflict with life. In the absolute sense this meant biological cessation, but qualitatively it could represent events, circumstances, and even Perceptions which detract from one``s ability to enjoy the riches of a life in communion with God. The authors of Proverbs mention absolute biological death only as premature, unhappy end of existence; that on would die of old age is accepted. It is imperative for the twentieth century believer to understand the full concepts of life and death as ancient Israelite would, so that he might realize the temporal rewards which flow from God``s good pleasure upon those who live righteously, and so that he might recognize the curse of death upon the wicked which manifests itself long before breath ceases.

라이프코칭 연구동향 및 라이프코칭에 대한 탐색적 연구 -긍정심리기반 중․장년 대상 관점에서-

임연제,김유천 아시아상담코칭학회 2024 Asia Counseling and Coaching Review Vol.6 No.1

본 연구는 중장년 대상 라이프코칭 연구에 대하여 선행 논문을 토대로 지금까지의 연구 결과들을 탐색하고, 퇴직 전․후에 있는 중장년층을 대상으로 현재와 미래를 준비하여 가치 있는 삶의 방법을 제안하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 탐색조사 중 문헌조사 방법을 활용하여 라이프코칭에 대한 학술지 논문 및 학위논문 최종 8편을 선정하여 검토하였다. 본 연구에서는 다음과 같은 연구 문제를 논의하였다. 첫째, 라이프코칭 연구동향은 어떠한가? 둘째, 긍정심리기반 중장년 대상 라이프코칭은 무엇인가? 셋째, 긍정심리기반 중장년 대상 라이프코칭을 어떻게 적용할 것인가? 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 2000년부터 2020년까지의 국내 라이프코칭 연구는 라이프코칭 개념, 라이프코칭 효과, 라이프코칭 프로그램 등 다양한 연구가 진행되었고, 탐색적 연구 방법으로 여성 주부가 주 연구대상이었다. 둘째, 제2의 인생을 설계하는 시기인 중장년층은 현실적 다양한 이슈들에 대해 긍정적으로 문제 해결 방법을 찾아 자아실현을 위한 라이프코칭의 역할을 강조하였다. 셋째, 지금까지 살아온 자기 삶에 대한 긍정적 인정을 바탕으로 감사하기를 생활화하며 강점을 활용하여 이루고 싶은 목표를 수립하고 실행하면서 자신이 원하는 삶을 살 수 있도록 방안을 제시하였다. 또한 자신의 존재 가치와 자아를 발견하게 됨으로써 행복을 위한 의식과 생활의 변화에 큰 효과를 주는 라이프코칭은 노년기를 준비하는 데 활용될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 라이프코칭에 대한 학문적 이해를 높이는데 기여하고자 하였고, 퇴직 전․후 시기에 있는 중장년층의 자신이 원하는 삶과 가치 있고 균형 있는 삶을 사는 데 필요한 라이프코칭의 연구 발전에 의미 있는 자료로 활용될 수 있다. The purpose of this study was to explore the research findings on life coaching for middle-aged and older adults based on the previous literature and to propose a valuable way of life for middle-aged and older adults in pre- and post-retirement. To this end, eight journal articles and theses on life coaching were selected and reviewed using the literature review method during the exploratory survey. The following research questions were discussed in this study. First, what are the trends in life coaching research? Second, what is positive psychology-based life coaching for middle-aged and older adults? Third. How to apply positive psychology-based life coaching to middle-aged and older adults? The results of this study are as follows. First, domestic life coaching research from 2000 to 2020 included a variety of studies on life coaching concepts, life coaching effects, and life coaching programs, with female housewives as the main research subjects using exploratory research methods. Second, middle-aged people, who are in the process of designing a second life, emphasised the role of life coaching for self-actualisation by finding positive problem-solving methods for various practical issues. Third, based on the positive acknowledgement of the life they have lived so far, they proposed ways to live the life they want by practicing gratitude and using their strengths to set and implement goals they want to achieve. In addition, it was found that life coaching can be used to prepare for old age, as it has a great effect on changing consciousness and life for happiness by discovering one's self-worth and self-discovery. This study aimed to contribute to the academic understanding of life coaching and can be used as a meaningful resource for the development of life coaching research to help middle-aged and older adults in the pre- and post-retirement periods live the life they want and the life they need to live a fulfilling and balanced life.

A Lexical Semantic Approach to the Concept of Life in the Old Testament

( Dong Chan Lee ) 개혁주의생명신학회 2014 Life and Word Vol.9 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to research the concept of "life" in the old testament to contribute to the Reformed Life Theology that the Baekseok Community is pursuing. Lexical semantics is the methodology used in this study to identify and illuminate the concept of "life, yx.; " The semantic field was constructed using both paradigmatic and sytagmatic relations. From a paradigmatic relational perspective the concept of life was found to consist of the following semantic fields: xW; r, vpn, , rf``B,`` , and bl. From a syntagmatic relational perspective the concept of life was found to consist of the following semantic fields: Covenant, Blessing, the Word of God (Laws), Wisdom, etc. The results of the study from a paradigmatic relational viewpoint indicate the fact that human beings are whole personalities composed of knowledge, emotion, and volition which are all tainted by sinfulness. As such, human beings are agents of destruction both to themselves and to their surroundings and environment because of this sinfulness. The results of the research from a syntagmatic relational perspective reveal the fact that the central issues of the old testament, covenant, blessing, wisdom, the Word of God (Laws), all reveal, point to, and are intimately connected to the notion of "life." And the Word of God itself is central to these notions and the core contents that provide direction to "life." The results of this study support the direction of Reformed Life Theological developments and oppose the more contemporary approaches to life theologies that insist a development without a full recognition of the sinfulness of the human condition. Reformed Life Theology recognizes the fallen condition of man through sin and that it is only through the Word of God that we can have "life" so that those around us can be liberated from their mortal destinies and also have life. Such a life concept is the main subject of Old Testament narrative.

생활무용 참가자의 라이프스타일과 여가유능감 및 삶의 질의 관계

곽선행(Seon Hang Kwak) 한국사회체육학회 2010 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.42

This study sampled 586 subjects using stratified cluster-sampling method with participants in life dance in order to examine the relationship between life style, leisure competence and satisfaction with quality of life by participants in life dance. It used questionnaire for research and participants were asked to answer questionnaire with self-administration method and the following conclusions were obtained through one-way ANOVA, multiple regression analysis and path analysis. First, there was difference in satisfaction with quality of life depending on the personal characteristics of participants in life dance except for sex. The satisfaction with quality of life by age showed higher satisfaction in elder group compared to younger group. The satisfaction with quality of life depending on the monthly income of family showed higher satisfaction with quality of life in the group with higher monthly income compared to the group with lower monthly income. The satisfaction with quality of life depending on the level of education showed higher satisfaction with quality of life in the group with higher level of education compared to that with lower level of education. Second, life style affected the leisure competence. Third, leisure competence had a partial influence on the satisfaction with quality of life. Fourth, life style had a partial influence on the satisfaction with quality of life. Fifth, there was causality between lifestyle, leisure competence and the satisfaction with quality of life.

Eternal Life in the Light of the Reformed Life Theology -Centered on Calvin`s Commentaries on John`s Gospel and Letters

( Byung Ho Mun ) 개혁주의생명신학회 2011 Life and Word Vol.3 No.-

Reformed theology, since it is based on a dynamic understanding of the imputation of Christ`s righteousness and on eternal life as its gift, can be called Life theology. Reformed theologians have tried to deploy and deepen the meaning and significances of eternal life by investigating it from their covenantal and salvation-historical perspective. In doing this, they have shown their predominant concern for the merit of Christ imputed to the believers through His continuous mediation. In his commentary on John`s Gospel and Letters Calvin shows his Christological understanding of eternal life. Eternal life refers to the price of Christ`s grace to impute his fulfilled righteousness. It designates Christian life living in communion and communication with Christ who mediates "beyond us(extra nos)" and "within us(in nobis)." Calvin takes special notice of Christ`s working as living light in explaining both the noetic and salvific affection(affectus) of His Spirit, full of grace and truth(Jn. 1:14, 17). Based on this position, Calvin here explores ontological, epistemological, and ethical significances of eternal life. Overall, for Calvin, eternal life embraces becoming true children of God, knowing God and themselves, and living a Christian life according to God`s will. In this way Calvin explores a dynamic concept of Reformed Life Theology.

한국 여성의 생애: 갈등적 성별화와 계층화

김이선,박경숙 비판사회학회 2019 경제와 사회 Vol.- No.122

Korean women’s aspirations and practices for gender equality have been increasingly prevalent. However, the foundation of life is growing fragmented according to economic stratification and family and labor remain gender unequally. In such contradictory situations, how are Korean women doing family and work life and how do they build their gender relations? This study aims to figure out the Korean women’s lives in the perspective of conflictual gender differentiation. For this purpose, 7 types of life course of Korean women are categorized according to the order of family and work life events: Work centered life, Work-family balance life, M-shape life, Latent M shape life, Work after marriage life, Family centered life, and NEET life. Using Korea Labor and Income Panel Study data, we found that work-family balance life is only 9% in 2016 where as M-shape and latent M-shape are almost 50%. It is alto noted that over the years 2009 and 2016, work centered life without marriage and career disconnected M type greatly increased compared to work and family balanced life. Women’s labor values are not properly assessed and both burden of labor and family roles characterize conflictual gender differentiation. Also increasing work centered life without marriage and the emergence of NEET life delaying work and family transition raise question whether Korean women’s lives change from conflictual gender differentiated life through de-family and de-labor life into de-gender differentiated life. It is also found that work and family balance is significantly influenced by women’s human and social capital and segmented welfare policies. Korean women have been used diverse but stratified strategy to solve the problem of conflicting gender differentiation. While few women succeed in using their socio-economic sources, many others could not use sufficient resources to maintain their work and family balance. Also, class segmented work-family policy enforced the stratification of women’s life. 이 연구는 오늘날 한국 여성의 생애를 갈등적 성별화의 관점에서 분석하는 것을 목적 으로 한다. 비혼, 만혼, 저출산, 여성의 경제활동 참여 증가와 같은 현상은 여성들이 성 규범으로부터 자유로워지고 있는 것처럼 보일 수 있지만, 성별화의 제도·규범·이데올로기는 여전히 공고하게 유지되면서 여성의 삶에 다양한 갈등을 야기한다. 갈등의 양상 은 취업, 혼인, 경력단절과 같은 생애 사건의 시간적 순서에 따라 다르게 나타나기 때문에 취업력과 혼인력에 기초해 여성의 생애를 유형화했다. 그 결과 일중심형, 일-가정양립형, M형, 잠재M형, 가족형성후입직형, 가족중심형, NEET형의 7가지 생애유형이 도 출되었다. 2009~2016년 한국노동패널 자료를 사용해 각 유형을 분석한 결과, 가장 주 된 생애유형은 M형으로 나타났다. M형은 성별화된 일터와 가정을 오가며 갈등을 경험하는 생애다. M형은 비중이 가장 높을 뿐 아니라, 큰 폭으로 증가하고 있다. M형에 비해 일-가정양립형은 10%가 채 되지 않았고 매우 제한적으로 증가하고 있다. 일-가정 양립형은 일과 가정에서 이중적 역할갈등을 해소하기 위해 다양한 자원을 동원하고 있다. 자원이 불충분한 여성들은 경력단절을 경험하게 되면서 여성들의 생애가 계층화되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 전통적인 가족중심형과 가족형성후입직형의 생애는 줄어들고 일중심형과 NEET형 생애는 늘어나고 있었다. 성별화 규범을 따르는 것이 점점 어려워지는 현실 속에서 여성들은 계층적 한계에 부딪히거나 좌절을 경험하고 있는 것으로 보인다.

Life as Universal Value : Indian Ecological Perspectives

Jose Thayil 서강대학교 생명문화연구원 2012 생명연구 Vol.24 No.-

우리 사회의 많은 사람들은 인간의 생명이 짐승과 같은 다른 유형 생명보다 더 존엄하다고 생각하지 않는다. 이러한 신념은 진화론에 기초를 두고 있다. 반면에 교황 바오로 2세는 우리가 모든 생명을 중요하게 여기지만 인간 생명의 보존에 더 큰 중요성을 두어야 한다고 말하였다. 모든 인간, 특히 그리스도교인들은 인간 생명의 숭고함을 믿는다. 그리스도교인들은 모든 인간이 하느님의 형상과 모양대로 창조되었다고 믿는다(창세기 1:26,-27). 생명의 존엄성에 대한 믿음은 피임, 낙태, 유전자 조작, 배아 기술, 안락사, 자살 그리고 생명 유지에 대한 그들의 모든 결정에 영향을 미친다. 인간들은 오늘날 가장 큰 위기, 즉 생존의 위기를 맞고 있다. 이번 천년기 안으로 다른 모든 생명체들과 더불어 인간 종의 생존을 위협에 빠뜨리는 거대한 규모의 환경적 위기가 다가오고 있다. 이러한 종말론적 예언은 걱정하는 모든 이들이 즉각적이고도 협응된 행동을 취할 것을 요구한다. 오늘날 우리는 기로에 서있다. 지구상의 모든 생명의 생존을 위해 안정적이고 조화로운 환경을 이루려면 인류의 신속한 행동 변화가 요청된다. Some people argue that human life is valuable simply because it is human, but immediately the question arises about why human life should be valued more than other types of life. There are many in our society who believe that human life is no more valuable than any other type of animal life. The foundation of this belief is an evolutionary philosophy. Pope John Paul II was of the opinion that while we consider all life important, we need to give greater importance to the preservation of human life. All human beings, especially Christians, believe in the sanctity of human life. Christians believe that all human beings are created in the image and likeness of God (Gen 1:26-27). Their belief in the sanctity of life should influence their decisions on contraception, abortion, genetic engineering, embryo technology, euthanasia, suicide and life support. Human beings are facing today the biggest crisis ever, i.e. survival. There is an ecological crisis of gigantic proportions looming across the horizon endangering the very survival of the human species together with all other life forms within this millennium. This dooms-day prediction calls for immediate and concerted action from all concerned. We stand at the crossroads today. We need to provoke the conscience of humanity to radical action for a sustainable and harmonious environment for the very survival of all life-forms on this planet.

儒家的 삶의 脫現代的 含意 -敬堂 張興孝의 工夫論과 持敬의 삶을 중심으로-

이현지 한국유교학회 2013 유교사상문화연구 Vol. No.

Life styles of human-being are different by specific civilization. It's because of the difference of social structure and the world-view by specific civilization. This is the time of grand transition of civilization. We need to develop a new goal of life and ideal life. I think that we can get hints in Confucious way of life. This is why this paper explores post-modern implications of Confucious life. The emerging new social structures of post-modern civilization are production using artificial intelligence, leisure centered life, and multi-culture society etc.. The post-modern world view perceives the unification of I and world. The goal of post-modern life is to acknowledge his real self and enjoy his real self. The way to arrive at the goal is the mind practice. In this paper, we focus on Gyeong-Dang Jang-Heung-Hyo's life because he was the typical thinker and practitioner of Confucious thoughts. In terms of sociological aspects, Confucian has very interesting base because Confuious ideal is pursued through individual life and social relationship. The realization of Confucious ideals starts from I and finally expands to world. In this paper, we will explain Gyeong-Dang Jang-Heung-Hyo's life as follows. First, we will review how Confucious ideals are represented in his life. Second, we will analyze the his attitude toward mind practice. Third, we will summarise enjoy of Tao in his life. Finally, we will explain the post-modern implications of his life. 인류는 문명의 진화에 따라서 다른 삶의 목표와 이상적인 삶에 대한 기대, 그리고 이상적인 삶에 이르는 방법을 모색해왔다. 이러한 문명에 따른 삶의 양태의 차이점이 발생하는 이유는 각 문명이 토대로 하고 있는 사회구조 그리고 세계관과 인간관이 다르기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 유가의 삶의 목표와 이상적인 삶에 대한 기대, 그리고 이상적인 삶에 이르는 방법에 주목하여 탈현대적인 함의를 분석해 보고자 한다. 탈현대문명은 인공지능을 이용한 생산력, 여가중심의 삶, 다문화사회 등으로 특징지을 수 있다. 탈현대세계관은 나와 세계의 통일성을 인정하는 관점이다. 우주적인 존재로서의 나에 대해 자각하며, 삶의 목표는 우주적인 나의 자각과 활동이다. 이때, 이상적인 삶이란 ‘참된 자기’의 자연을 즐기는 樂道의 삶이다. 이런 이상적인 삶에 도달하는 방법은 修行이다. 본 연구에서 敬堂 장흥효의 삶에 주목하는 이유는 평범한 일상에서 오묘한 이치를 발견한 생활인이면서, 철저한 사상가이고자 했고, 투철한 실천가라고 판단했기 때문이다. 사회학의 관점에서 볼 때, 유교는 개인의 삶과 사회적 관계에 천착하면서 유교적 이상을 실현하고자 한다는 점에서 매우 흥미로운 사상적 기반을 가지고 있다. 유교에서 이상의 실현은 나로부터 시작해서 家로 나아가 天下로 뻗어나가는 것이다. 이와 같이 유교의 이상이 현실과 맞닿아 있다는 점은 사회학적인 함의가 풍부한 사상이라는 것을 잘 보여준다. 유가적 삶의 탈현대적 함의를 살펴보기 위해서, 敬堂 장흥효의 삶을 다음의 내용을 중심으로 분석해 보고자 한다. 첫째, 유가적 이상을 현실의 삶에 그대로 투영한 모습을 살펴볼 것이다. 둘째, 장흥효가 道學者로서 공부에 대해서 어떤 자세를 가지고 있었는지에 대해 분석할 것이다. 셋째, 삶을 있는 그대로 즐기는 樂道의 모습을 볼 것이다. 마지막으로 이러한 敬堂의 삶에서 발견할 수 있는 유가적 삶이 가지는 탈현대적 함의를 설명할 것이다.