성주 세종대왕자 태실에 분포하는 지의류상 연구

박정신,우정재,오승환,오순옥 한국문화재보존과학회 2020 보존과학회지 Vol.36 No.2

지의류는 효모를 포함하는 곰팡이와 조류의 공생체로 복합미생물이다. 지의류의 다양한 종들 은 문화재에서 흔히 발견되며 풍화작용과도 관련되어 있는 것으로 보고되어 유럽에서는 많은 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 그러나 우리나라의 문화재에서 지의류에 관한 연구 보고는 거의 이루어지고 있지 않다. 본 연구는 국립수목원에서 진행하는 생활권 및 특수지역에 서식하는 버섯⋅지의류 탐색 및 분류 연구 조사의 일환으로 수행되었으며 성주 세종대왕자 태실의 지의류상 조사에서 밝혀진 내용을 보고한다. 총 19기의 태실로부터 총 65점의 지의류를 채집하였으며, 채집된 지의류를 형태학 및 분자 생물학적으로 동정한 결과 3강 10목 17과 23속 40종이 밝혀졌다. 형태학적 분류 결과 잎의 형태를 띠는 엽상지의류(24점, 36.9%)와 딱지 형태를 띠는 가상지의류(24점, 36.9%)가 나뭇가지 형태를 띠는 수지상지의류(17점, 26.2%)에 비해 높은 비율로 분포하였다. 이들 중 엽상지의류에 속하는 Xanthoparmelia coreana가 가장 많이 채집되었으며, 가상지의류인 Lepraria sp.가 19기 태실 모두에 분포하였다. 또한 수지상 지의류인 Cladonia속이 8종으로 종 다양성이 가장 높았다. 계양군 태실에서 16종의 지의류가 채집되어 가장 높은 종 다양성을 보인 반면, 금성대군 태실의 경우 5종의 지의류가 채집되어 가장 낮은 종 다양성을 보였다. 본 연구는 우리나라 문화재에 분포하는 지의류 종 다양성 연구에 기초자료로 활용 될 것이다. A lichen is a complex microorganism comprising fungi and algae. Various lichens are commonly found in cultural heritage and are reportedly related to weathering. Lichens are commonly studied in Europe; however, few reports exist on lichens in Korean cultural heritage. The present study was conducted as part of the Korean National Arboretum’s “A study on the Fungus and Lichen.” We report the lichen diversity found at the Placenta Chambers of King Sejong’s Sons, Seongju. A total of 65 lichens were collected from 19 placenta chambers and one memorial stone. We identified 40 species belonging to 10 genera, 17 families, and 23 orders. Morphological identification revealed that foliose lichens in the form of leaves(24, 36.9%) and crustose lichens in the form of crust(24, 36.9%) were distributed at a higher percentage than that of fruticose lichen in the form of branches(17, 26.2%). Xanthoparmelia coreana(foliose lichen) and Lepraria sp.(crustose lichen) were the most collected lichens and were distributed on 19 chambers. In addition, Clodonia, a fruticose lichen, had the highest species diversity with eight species. The highest species diversity of lichens was identified on the chamber of Prince Kyeyang(16 lichens), whereas the chamber of Prince Geumsung had the lowest species diversity(five lichens). This study will be used as primary data for the study of distribution of lichen diversity in Korean cultural heritage.

Lichen as Bioindicators: Assessing their Response to Heavy Metal Pollution in Their Native Ecosystem

Jiho Yang,Soon-Ok Oh,Jae-Seoun Hur 한국균학회 2023 Mycobiology Vol.51 No.5

Lichens play crucial roles in the ecosystems, contributing to soil formation and nutrientcycling, and being used in biomonitoring efforts to assess the sustainability of ecosystemsincluding air quality. Previous studies on heavy metal accumulation in lichens have mostlyrelied on manipulated environments, such as transplanted lichens, leaving us with a dearthof research on how lichens physiologically respond to heavy metal exposure in their naturalhabitats. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated lichens from two of South Korea’s geographicallydistant regions, Gangwon Province and Jeju Island, and examined whether differencein ambient heavy metal concentrations could be detected through physiologicalvariables, including chlorophyll damage, lipid oxidation, and protein content. The physiologicalvariables of lichens in response to heavy metals differed according to the collectionarea: Arsenic exerted a significant impact on chlorophyll degradation and protein content. The degree of fatty acid oxidation in lichens was associated with increased Cu concentrations. Our research highlights the value of lichens as a bioindicator, as we found that evensmall variations in ambient heavy metal concentrations can be detected in natural lichens. Furthermore, our study sheds light on which physiology variables that can be used as indicatorsof specific heavy metals, underscoring the potential of lichens for future ecologystudies.

Insecticidal Activity and Effect on the Development of Lichen Extracts Against Aedes albopictus

Dong Wook Cha,Su Mi Lee,Byung Sik Shin,Jae Kwan Lee,Seul Gi Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2014 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.10

In the present study, lichen(Parmelia sp.) extract showed insecticidal activity against Aedes albopictus, and the effect of growth inhibiting activity was investigated. Acetone and methanol extracts of the lichen against larvae of Aedes albopictus were showed high insecticidal activities in low lethal concentration. 50% lethal concentration of the acetone extractof the lichen is 0.13% and the 50% lethal concentration of methanol extract of lichen is 0.15% respectively. This experiment that used acetone and methanol extracts of the lichen were observed for 24, 48 and 72 hours. As a result, the higher concentration and the longer exposure time is increased mortality against Aedes albopictus. Pupation time took more time as the higher concentration of acetone extract of lichen. Consequently, the lichen extract is effect in inhibiting the growth of Aedes albopictus larvae. In this experiment indicates that lichen extract has activity against Aedes albopictus and is available as the natural insecticide.

Antioxidant Properties of Various Microorganisms Isolated from Arctic Lichen Stereocaulon spp.

( Mi Kyeong Kim ),( Hyun Park ),( Tae Jin Oh ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2013 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.41 No.3

Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of fungi, algae, or cyanobacteria which are able to survive in extreme environmental conditions ranging from deserts to polar areas. Some lichen symbionts produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory etc. Among the symbionts of lichens, of the bacterial communities of lichen symbionts little is known. In this study, we isolated 4 microbial species from the Arctic lichen Stereocaulon spp. and evaluated their antioxidant properties using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl- hydrazyl assay as well as 2,2`-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay. Total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were also measured. A potent radical scavenging activity was detected in a number of the lichen extracts. Among the 4 species tested in this study, the ethyl acetate extract of Bosea vestrisii 36546(T) exhibited the strongest free radical scavenging activity, with an inhibition rate of 86.8% in DPPH and 75.2% in ABTS assays. Overall, these results suggest that lichen-bacteria could be a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Antioxidant Properties of Various Microorganisms Isolated from Arctic Lichen Stereocaulon spp.

김미경,박현,오태진 한국미생물·생명공학회 2013 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.41 No.3

Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of fungi, algae, or cyanobacteria which are able to survive in extreme environmental conditions ranging from deserts to polar areas. Some lichen symbionts produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory etc. Among the symbionts of lichens, of the bacterial communities of lichen symbionts little is known. In this study, we isolated 4microbial species from the Arctic lichen Stereocaulon spp. and evaluated their antioxidant properties using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl assay as well as 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay. Total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were also measured. A potent radical scavenging activity was detected in a number of the lichen extracts. Among the 4 species tested in this study, the ethyl acetate extract of Bosea vestrisii 36546(T) exhibited the strongest free radical scavenging activity, with an inhibition rate of 86.8% in DPPH and 75.2% in ABTS assays. Overall, these results suggest that lichen-bacteria could be a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Isolation and structure elucidation of antifungal compounds from the antarctic lichens, Stereocaulon alpinum and Sphaerophorus globosus

김영신,임치환 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2020 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.47 No.1

Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), usually either a green alga or cyanobacterium. According to more recent studies, the biological activities of lichens and lichen substances include an antibiotic activity, antitumor and antimutagenic activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), allergenic activity, plant growth inhibitory activity, and enzyme inhibitory activity. This study screened lichen extracts with a potent in vitro antifungal activity against plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. The compounds were isolated from Stereocaulon alpinum and Sphaerophorus globosus, and their chemical structures were identified as methyl hematommate, methyl β-orsellinate, 5-hydroxyferulic acid, sphaerophorin, and 2- heptyl- 4, 6- dimethoxybenzoic acid by electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analyses. In vitro disease control against Alternaria mali , Cochliobolus miyabeanus , Colletotrium gloeosporioides, and Verticillum dahliae was evaluated. And among the five compounds, only methyl hematommate was effective against A. mali, C. miyabeanus, and C. gloeosporioides. The compounds were isolated from these lichens, which have a similar biosynthetic pathway, respectively. This is the first report of these compounds being isolated from these lichens.

석조문화재 및 식물 착생 지의류의 화학적 방제를 위한 살균제 선발

김정아(Jung A Kim),정민혜(Min Hee Jung),전해숙(Hae-Sook Jeon),고영진(Young Jin Koh),허재선(Jae-Seoun Hur) 한국농약과학회 2010 농약과학회지 Vol.14 No.3

Lichens, a symbiotic organism of fungi and algae, cause serious damage to national heritages of stone master piece and costly trees for gardening. The present study was conducted to screen effective fungicides against lichen-forming fungi to control the biological agents deteriorating stone heritages and trees. Five commercial fungicides (Fenarimol EC, Etridiazole EC, Iminoctadinetriacetate SL, Difenoconazole+Iminocatadinetriacetate ME and Difenoconazole+Azoxystrobin SC) were tested against the lichen-forming fungi (LFF) isolated from seven saxicolous (Caloplaca sp., Ramalina sp., Xanthoparmelia sp., and Xanthoria sp.,) or corticolous (Parmelia sp.,) lichen species. Preliminary screening test showed that no LFF could grow on the MY (malt-yeast extract) agar medium amended with the recommended concentrations of each fungicide. Further screening was conducted at 1%, 10% and 20% of the recommended concentrations of the fungicides. After 7 week incubation at 15℃ in the dark, Difenoconazole+Iminocatadinetriacetate ME and Difenoconazole+Azoxystrobin SC completely inhibited the fungal growth of all the tested LFF, even at 1% of the concentration. Two fungicides of Fenarimol EC and Iminoctadinetriacetate SL exhibited a moderate inhibition activity at the lower concentrations. Etridiazole EC was less effective in the fungal growth inhibition than the other four fungicides. The results suggested that lichens colonizing on precious stone heritages and trees can be eradicated by applying Difenoconazole+ Iminocatadinetriacetate ME and Difenoconazole+Azoxystrobin SC even 1 % of the recommended concentrations. Selected fungicide application at such a low concentration will facilitate the chemical use to prevent and preserve stone heritages from biological deterioration induced by lichens and the allied microbes.

The In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Chinese Highland Lichens

( Heng Luo ),( Yoshikazu Yamamoto ),( Yan Peng Liu ),( Jae Sung Jung ),( Hyung Yeel Kahng ),( Young Jin Koh ),( Jae Seoun Hur ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2010 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.20 No.11

The antioxidant properties of 46 lichen species, collected from the highly UV-exposed alpine areas of southwestern China, were evaluated for their potential therapeutic utilization. The anti-linoleic acid peroxidation activity, 1,1- diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, reducing power, and total phenolic contents were all assessed in vitro in the methanol extract of the lichens. A potent reducing power was detected in a number of the lichen extracts, when compared with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). In general, it was found that many of the lichens, with antioxidant properties, contained large quantities of phenolic content. Extracts of Peltigera praetextata and Sticta nylanderiana were found to exhibit the most potent activity in all of the antioxidant tests. In particular, extracts of S. nylanderiana displayed a 1.37 times greater anti-linoleic acid peroxidation activity, when compared with the ascorbic acid used as the positive control. S. nylanderiana also possessed the strongest free radical scavenging activity amongst all the tested species, with an inhibition rate of 90.4% at concentration of 330 ?g/ml. Activity-guided bioautographic TLC and HPLC analyses were used to establish which compounds were responsible for the potent antioxidant activities of the S. nylanderiana extract. These analyses revealed lecanoric acid to be primarily responsible for the effective antioxidant properties of S. nylanderiana. Overall, these results have indicated that several highland lichens have the potential of being utilized as novel bioresources for naturally occurring antioxidant therapies.

지의와 피에르 가스카르의 생태적 상상력

김미진(Kim, Mijin) 문학과환경학회 2021 문학과 환경 Vol.20 No.3

환경위기로 생태주의 문학에 대한 관심이 그 어느 때보다도 높아진 가운데 프랑스문학사에서 완전히 잊혀졌었던 피에르 가스카르가 재조명되고 있다. 그는 봄-레-므시유라는 쥐라의 작은 시골 생활에서 자연과 교감하며 일련의 환경문학 작품들을 펴낸다. 시대의 주류문학과는 동떨어진 다분히 목가적인 분위기의 그 작품들은 환경문제에 대한 대중의 감수성이 지금보다 낮았던 당시에는 큰 주목을 받지 못한다. 그 중에서도 첫 작품인 『징조』는 지의류라는 아주 독특한 소재를 다루고 있는 에세이로 연구의 가치가 높다. 지의류 애호가인 가스카르는 지의를 통해 50년이 흐른 지금에도 여전히 화두인 환경 오염, 인간 중심주의, 획일주의와 같은 문제를 성찰한다. 가스카르는 지의들의 고사와 멸종의 근본 원인으로 인간 중심주의적 사고와 자연과의 단절을 거론한다. 그는 동서양을 막론하고 하찮고 무용해보이는 생명체를 인류가 어떻게 취급해왔는지 지의를 통해 살핀다. 끝으로, 오랜 기간, 동화와 깊은 교감을 통해 자신이 발견해낸 지의의 진정한 가치, 즉 공생이라는 시대 정신과 강한 생명력을 독자에게 소개한다. 지의에 관한 과학지식을 토대로 가스카르가 풀어내는 생태적 상상력은 지의가 무엇인지조차 모르고 있었던 독자를 움직여 지의를 찾아내게 하고 그 위로 몸을 기울이게 만든다. A rise of ecoliterature brought back to the scene Pierre Gascar, author quickly forgotten in the history of French literature. Gascar published a series of environmental stories that show his deep concern for nature. These works, different from those of the mainstream of that time, did not attract much attention from the public less aware of ecology than nowadays. Among these, Le Présage , the first text in his ecological series, is an essay on a very original subject, lichens. Indeed, Gascar was an avid lichen collector. He revealed, through the lichens, problems such as environmental pollution, anthropocentrism and uniformity, which still remain our actual concerns. Gascar said anthropocentric thinking and the disconnection between humans and nature are the root of these problems. Taking example of the life of lichens, he illustrated how humans deal with trivial organisms. At the end of Le Présage , Gascar advocated the true virtues of lichens he discovered through his identification and communion with lichens: symbiosis and vitality. His ecological imagination fueled by scientific knowledge invites readers to discover and admire lichens.

Isolation of Anagonistic Fungi Associated with the Lichens Distributed in Southern Parts of Korea

Hur, Jae-Seoun,Han, Geon-Seon,Kim, Jin-Won,Lee, Yin-Won The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 1999 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.15 No.5

Lichen-forming (LFF) or lichenicolous fungi (LCF) were isolated from the lichens collected at‘Backwoon’mountain area,‘Chiri’mountain area and‘Sorok’island in the southern regions of Korea and were screened for antagonistic efficacy against several phyto-pathogenic fungi. Symbiotic algae-free LFF and LCF were isolated by the following methods: I) discharged spores (ascospores), II) macerated thallus suspension and III) direct use of thallus fragments. Among 58 isolates obtained from 34 lichens, 8 isolates showed antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani. Antifungal activities of the strongest antagonistic isolate (LB9810) originated from the thallus of Parmelia quercina lichen were evaluated against 15 phyto-pathogenic fungi. When crude methanol extract of mycelia of the LB8910 isolate was employed at the rate of 0.5% (v/w), fungal growth of Magnaporthe grisea and Rhizoctonia solani was severly and Rhizoctonia solani was severly inhibited as much as approximately 60% compared to control. Growth of various food-borne same extract. The extract was successively partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. n-Hexane fraction displayed the strongest antifungal activities against R. solani. The LB9810 isolate was finally identified as Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc., which has not been reported as LFF or LCF yet. Therefore, it is very likely that F. equiseti isolated it the study was originated from the contaminants associated with thallus fragments rather than from LFF or LCF.