압화 접합유리 제품에 사용된 식물소재 및 표현 경향에 관한 연구

구본순,신정옥 한국화예디자인학회 2023 한국화예디자인학 연구 Vol.48 No.-

The purpose of this study was to investigate the plant material and expression trend of laminated glass products with pressed flower sold on the Internet and to suggest the possibility of developing laminated glass products as interior decoration and building materials. From November 2021 to July 2022, 227 products of 19 manufacturers of laminated glass were investigated after searching for ‘laminated glass’ and ‘natural materials’ as keywords on the Internet (Naver, Google), and were limited to products installed in indoor spaces in Korea. As a result of the study, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 or more plant materials used per laminated glass products were 18.9%, 26.0%, 22.9%, 14.1%, 6.6%, 6.6%, and 5.3%, respectively. A total of 83 kinds of plant materials were used in laminated glass products. Among them, Hydrangea macrophylla, Chrysanthemum paludosum 'Miniature Marguerite', Phyllostachys bambusoides, Rosa hybrida, Gypsophila paniculata, sea grass, Cosmos sulphureus, Allium cepa, Tulipa gesneriana, and skeleton leaf were 7.6%, 5.9%, 5.4%, 5.2%, 4.9%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.6%, 3.4%, and 3.2% respectively. H. macrophylla, C, paludosum 'Miniature Marguerite', R. hybrida, C. sulphureus, and T. gesneriana mainly were used flowers, P. bambusoides mainly used stems, and skeleton leaf mainly used leaves. 77.1% of laminated glass products were used only plant materials, and 22.9% were used both plant materials and non-plant (decorative sheets, UV printing, Korean paper, chiffon cloth, non-woven fabric, hemp cloth etc.) materials. As a result of investigating the installation type of laminated glass, doors, walls, partitions and tables were 83.3%, 8.4%, 5.3%, and 1.3%, respectively. As for the expressive trends of pressed flower, the full design, and space design were 14.1%, and 85.9%, respectively. In the fill design and space design, vertical-parallel was the highest at 43.62%. In the space design, vertical-parallel, vegetative, S-curve, vertical, and complex were 30.84%, 11.01%, 6.61%, 6.17%, 6.17%, respectively. In particular, 19 different types of designs (vegetative, S-curve, vertical, complex, waterfall, wreath, round, crescent, topiary, etc.) were investigated in space design, but tended to focus on vertical related types. Through this study, the number of plant materials used in pressed laminated glass products mainly was 1-4, and H. macrophylla, C. paludosum 'Miniature Marguerite', P. bambusoides, R. hybrida, G. paniculata, sea grass, C. sulphureus, A. cepa, T. gesneriana, and skeleton leaf were frequently used and it was confirmed that many laminated glass products with pressed flower were installed in the form of doors in the indoor space, and there were many vertical designs in the expression tendency of pressed flower. It is thought that research on the development of various plant materials and design considering the characteristics of laminated glass is necessary for the development of pressed flowers in Korea. 본 연구는 인터넷상에서 판매하는 압화 접합유리 제품의 식물소재 및 표현 경향을 조사하여 압화 접합유리 제품이 실내 장식 및 건축재료로서의 발전 가능성을 제시하고자 하였다. 2021년 11월에서 2022년 7월까지 인터넷(네이버, 구글)에서 키워드로 ‘접합유리’, ‘자연소재’를 검색 후 압화 접합유리 제작업체 19개소의 제품 227점을 조사하였고, 국내실내 공간에 설치한 제품들로 한정하였다. 연구 결과, 압화 접합유리 제품당 사용된 식물소재 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7가지 이상은 각각 18.9%, 26.0%, 22.9%, 14.1%, 6.6%, 6.6%, 5.3%로 나타났다. 압화 접합유리 제품에 사용된 식물소재의 종류는 총 83종으로 조사되었고, 그 중 수국, 크리핑데이지 ‘미니어쳐 마거리트’, 왕대, 장미, 숙근안개초, 해초, 노랑코스모스, 양파, 튤립, 망사잎이 각각 7.6%, 5.9%, 5.4%, 5.2%, 4.9%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.6%, 3.4%, 3.2%로 나타났다. 수국, 크리핑데이지 ‘미니어쳐 마거리트’, 장미, 노랑코스모스, 튤립는 주로 꽃을, 왕대는 줄기를, 망사잎은 주로 잎으로 사용되었다. 압화 접합유리 제품에서 식물재료만 이용하는 경우는 77.1%, 식물소재와 부재료(데코시트, UV인쇄, 한지, 쉬폰천, 부직포, 삼베 등)를 함께 이용한 경우는 22.9%였다. 압화 접합유리 제품의 설치형태를 조사한 결과, 문, 벽, 파티션, 테이블이 각각 83.3%, 8.4%, 5.3%, 1.3%로 나타났다. 압화의 표현 경향은 접합유리 전체를 압화로 채우는 디자인과 여백 디자인이 각각 14.1%, 85.9%로 나타났다. 채움 디자인과 여백 디자인에서 수직 평행형은 43.62%로 가장 높게 나타냈다. 여백 디자인에서는 수직 평행형, 식생형, S-자형, 수직형, 복합형이 각각 30.84%, 11.01%, 6.61%, 6.17%, 6.17%로 나타났다. 특히 여백 디자인에서는 19종류의 다양한 형태의 디자인(식생형, S-자형, 수직형, 복합형, 폭포형, 리스형, 라운드형, 크리센트형, 토피어리형 등)이 조사되었으나 수직 관련 형태에 집중되는 경향이 있었다. 본 연구를통하여 압화 접합유리 제품에서 식물소재의 수는 1~4가지 정도가 주로 사용되었고, 수국, 크리핑데이지 ‘미니어쳐 마거리트’, 왕대, 장미, 숙근안개초, 해초, 노랑코스모스, 양파, 튤립, 망사잎 등에서 사용빈도가 높게 나타났으며 실내 공간에서 문의 형태로 많이 설치되었고, 수직형 디자인이 주를 이루는 것을 알 수 있었다. 한국의 압화 발전을 위해 접합유리의 특성을 고려한 다양한 식물소재 및 디자인 개발 등의 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Analysis of excessive deformation behavior of a PMMA-touch screen panel laminated material in a high temperature condition

Lee, Hyeon,Wang, Jae-Yoon,Park, Seon-Mi,Hong, Seok-Moo,Kim, Nak-Soo 한국유변학회 2011 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.23 No.4

In this study, the bending and twisting deformations of a laminated material composed of PMMA (Poly Methyl Methacrylate) and TSP (Touch Screen Panel) were analyzed at a high temperature condition. At similar conditions, a PC (Polycarbonate)/TSP material had little deformation, but the PMMA-TSP material showed excessive bending deformation with twisting. To determine the factors that cause the deformation, 5 factors relating to material properties were systematically analyzed using FE (Finite element) analysis. The results demonstrated that variations in each of the 5 factors affect the deformation of material, and the strongest influence on the deformation behavior of the material at high temperature comes from the CTE, residual stress, and the creep effect. The validity of the analytical research was confirmed by comparing not only differences in the material properties of PMMA and PC, but also by comparing the results of the FE analysis of PMMA-TSP and PC-TSP. In the analysis, it was discovered that CTE, creep coefficient, and residual stress are the most significant causes of deformation of the laminated material.

Analysis of excessive deformation behavior of a PMMA-touch screen panel laminated material in a high temperature condition

Hyeon Lee,Jaeyoon Wang,Seon-Mi Park,홍석무,김낙수 한국유변학회 2011 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.23 No.4

In this study, the bending and twisting deformations of a laminated material composed of PMMA (Poly Methyl Methacrylate) and TSP (Touch Screen Panel) were analyzed at a high temperature condition. At similar conditions, a PC (Polycarbonate)/TSP material had little deformation, but the PMMA-TSP material showed excessive bending deformation with twisting. To determine the factors that cause the deformation, 5 factors relating to material properties were systematically analyzed using FE (Finite element) analysis. The results demonstrated that variations in each of the 5 factors affect the deformation of material, and the strongest influence on the deformation behavior of the material at high temperature comes from the CTE, residual stress, and the creep effect. The validity of the analytical research was confirmed by comparing not only differences in the material properties of PMMA and PC, but also by comparing the results of the FE analysis of PMMA-TSP and PC-TSP. In the analysis, it was discovered that CTE, creep coefficient, and residual stress are the most significant causes of deformation of the laminated material.

Research Trends in Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) to Enhance the Rolling Shear Strength of CLT(CLT의 rolling shear 향상을 위한 hybrid cross laminated timber 연구 동향)

( Seung Min YANG ),( Hwa Hyung LEE ),( Seog Goo KANG ) 한국목재공학회 2021 목재공학 Vol.49 No.4

In this study, hybrid CLT research and development trends were analyzed to improve the low rolling shear strength of CLT, a large wooden panel used in high-rise wooden buildings. Through this, basic data that can be used in research and development directions for localization of CLT were prepared. As a way to improve the low rolling shear strength, the use of hardwood lamina, the change of the lamina arrangement angle, and the use of structural composite materials are mainly used. Rolling shear strength and shear modulus of hardwood lamina are more than twice as high as softwood lamina. It confirmed that hardwoods can be used and unused species can be used. Rolling shear strength 1.5 times, shear modulus 8.3 times, bending stiffness 4.1 times improved according to the change of the layer arrangement angle, and the CLT strength was confirmed by reducing the layer arrangement angle. Structural wood-based materials have been improved by up to 1.35 times MOR, 1.5 times MOE, and 1.59 times rolling shear strength when used as laminas. Block shear strength between the layer materials was also secured by 7.0 N/㎟,which is the standard for block shear strength. Through the results of previous studies, it was confirmed that the strength performance was improved when a structural wood based materials having a flexural performance of MOE 7.0 GPa and MOR 40.0 MPa or more was used. This was determined based on the strength of layered materials in structural wood-based materials. The optimal method for improving rolling shear strength is judged to be the most advantageous application of structural wood based materials with strength values according to existing specifications. However, additional research is needed on the orientation of CLT lamina arrangement according to the fiber arrangement of structural wood-based materials, and the block shear strength between lamina materials.

Static Bending Performances of Cross-Laminated Wood Panels Made with Tropical and Temperate Woods

( Jin-woong Byeon ),( Tae-ho Kim ),( Jae-kyung Yang ),( Hee-seop Byeon ),( Han-min Park ) 한국목재공학회 2018 목재공학 Vol.46 No.6

In this study, for using effectively domestic (temperate) small and medium diameter logs as a wooden floorboard, cross-laminated wood panels were manufactured using domestic larch and tulip woods as a base material for teak and merbau wood flooring, and static bending strength performances were measured to investigate the applicability as the base materials of wooden flooring in place of plywood. Static bending MOE was much influenced by the strength performances of the top layer lamina than that of the laminae for base materials. Bending MOR showed the higher values in tulip wood that was hardwoods than in larch wood that was softwoods regardless of the strength performances of the top layer laminae, and it was found that the values were much influenced by the strength performances of the base materials used in the core and bottom layers. However these values were 1.4-2.5 times higher values than the bending strength of the wooden floorboards specified in KS, it was found that it can be sufficiently applied to the base materials of wooden floorboards in place of plywood.

Evaluation of Physical, Mechanical Properties and Pollutant Emissions of Wood-Magnesium Laminated Board (WML Board) for Interior Finishing Materials

( Hee-jun Park ),( Seok-un Jo ) 한국목재공학회 2020 목재공학 Vol.48 No.1

This study serves as basic research for the development of a new wood-based building finishing material that improved the weakness of inorganic materials such as gypsum board and magnesium board widely used as interior finishing materials and brought out the strength of the wood. The results of evaluating the physical and mechanical properties and the environmental effect related to hazardous substance discharge having manufactured a wood-magnesium laminated composite are as follows. The thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of WML board was improved by about 28~109 percent over magnesium board due to the low thermal conductivity of wood. The adhesive strength of WML board showed a similar result to that of plywood as it exceeds 0.7N/㎟, the adhesive standard of wood veneer which is presented by KS F 3101. Bending strength and screw holding strength were more improved by manufacturing WML board than magnesium board. The WML board manufactured in this study satisfied the criteria for emissions of hazardous substances prescribed in the Indoor Air Quality Control Act, and confirmed the possibility of development as a new wood-based composite material that can replace existing inorganic materials.

국내산 목재-콘크리트 복합적층재의 휨 크리프 성능

조영준 ( Young June Cho ),변진웅 ( Jin Woong Byeon ),이제룡 ( Je Ryong Lee ),성은종 ( Eun Jong Sung ),박한민 ( Han Min Park ) 한국목재공학회 2016 목재공학 Vol.44 No.1

In order to develop materials with a low environmental load for restoring the destroyed forest, seven types of wood-concrete hybrid laminated materials were manufactured with four softwoods, three hardwoods and concrete, and the effect of wood density on bending creep property was investigated. The bending creep curves showed a shape to considerably increase at the upper right side, and the curves were found to show a linear behavior beyond about 30 min - 1 hour, as behaviors of solid woods and wood-based materials. The initial compliances of wood-concrete hybrid-laminated materials decreased with an increase in the wood density, and those values showed 0.9 - 1.2 times of the concrete one. The creep compliances of hybrid laminated materials showed very low values, which were 0.4 - 0.8 times of the concrete ones. The relative creep were very low with a range from 8.2% to 17.0% range, which were 0.3 - 0.7 times of the concrete ones. These results indicate that these materials can be applied for restoring the destroyed forest to reduce creep deformation of the conventional concrete materials by hybrid-laminating concrete and woods.

Investigation on interlaminar shear stresses in laminated composite beam under thermal and mechanical loading

Nagaraj Murugesan,Vasudevan Rajamohan 국제구조공학회 2015 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.18 No.3

In the present study, the combined effects of thermal and mechanical loadings on the interlaminar shear stresses of both moderately thin and thick composite laminated beams are numerically analyzed. The finite element modelling of laminated composite beams and analysis of interlaminar stresses are performed using the commercially available software package MSC NASTRAN/PATRAN. The validity of the finite element analysis (FEA) is demonstrated by comparing the experimental test results obtained due to mechanical loadings under the influence of thermal environment with those derived using the present FEA. Various parametric studies are also performed to investigate the effect of thermal loading on interlaminar stresses generated in symmetric, anti-symmetric, asymmetric, unidirectional, cross-ply, and balanced composite laminated beams of different stacking sequences with identical mechanical loadings and various boundary conditions. It is shown that the elevated thermal environment lead to higher interlaminar shear stresses varying with the stacking sequence, length to thickness ratio, ply orientations under identical mechanical loading and boundary conditions of the composite laminated beams. It is realized that the magnitude of the interlaminar stresses along xz plane is always much higher than those of along yz plane irrespective of the ply-orientation, length to thickness ratios and boundary conditions of the composite laminated beams. It is also observed that the effect of thermal environment on the interlaminar shear stresses in carbon-epoxy fiber reinforced composite laminated beams are increasing in the order of symmetric cross-ply laminate, unidirectional laminate, asymmetric cross-ply laminate and anti-symmetric laminate. The interlaminar shear stresses are higher in thinner composite laminated beams compared to that in thicker composite laminated beams under all environmental temperatures irrespective of the laminate stacking sequence, ply-orientation and boundary conditions.

재료 비선형과 연속체 손상역학을 고려한 복합 적층판의 강도 예측

박국진(Kook-jin Park),강희진(Hee-jin Kang),신상준(SangJoon Shin),최익현(Ik-hyun Choi),김민기(MinKi Kim),김승조(Seung-jo Kim) 한국항공우주학회 2014 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.42 No.11

이 논문에서는 복합 적층판의 점진적 파손해석 기법을 개발하고 검증하였다. 강도 및 강성 예측의 정확성을 높이기 위해 재료 비선형 효과와 연속체 손상역학을 동시에 고려하였다. 파손 시작점과 성장을 예측하기 위한 식으로 Hashin의 판별식이 사용되었으며, 파손 모드는 수지인장/전단, 섬유 인장의 2가지 파손모드를 고려하였다. 비선형 탄성 및 점탄성의 구성방정식을 고려한 평형을 계산하기 위해 Newton-Raphson 방법이 사용되었다. 실험을 통해 얻어진 복합재료 단층의 물성을 이용하여 노치가 없는 시편에 인장력을 가했을 때 예상되는 적층복합재의 강도 및 변형률을 예측하였다. 이 경우 선형 물성과 저하계수만을 고려하여 예측된 강성/강도보다 실험결과에 근사하게 나타남을 확인하였다. This paper presents development and verification of the progressive failure analysis upon the composite laminates. Strength and stiffness of the fiber-reinforced composite are analyzed by property degradation approach with emphasis on the material nonlinearity and continuum damage mechanics (CDM). Longitudinal and transverse tensile modes derived from Hashin’s failure criterion are used to predict the thresholds for damage initiation and growth. The modified Newton-Raphson iterative procedure is implemented for determining nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic constitutive relations. Laminar properties of the composite are obtained by experiments. Prediction on the un-notched tensile (UNT) specimen is performed under the laminate level. Stress-strain curves and strength results are compared with the experimental measurement. It is concluded that the present nonlinear CDM approach is capable of predicting the strength and stiffness more accurately than the corresponding linear CDM one does.

복합재료 바닥판의 피로성능 평가에 관한 연구

김두환,박준석,金聖弼 한국방재학회 2013 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.13 No.1

최근 복합재료가 교량부재 제작에 사용되는 구조재료로서 관심을 받고 있다. 이는 기존의 건설재료에 비해 경랑재료이면서 내구성과 경제성이 우수하기 때문이다. 기존의 사용 중인 교량의 바닥판은 교면포장 및 신축이음장치와 함께 교량의 다른 부재에비하여 보수 빈도와 교체주기가 짧다. 이런 교량의 노후화와 바닥판의 부식으로 인한 사용성 및 안전성의 저하는 잦은 유지,보수 관리를 필요로 하고 있다. 건설에서 구조재료로서의 복합재료 사용은 이러한 문제점에 대한 해결방향을 제시하고 있다. 교량부재의 구조재료로서 복합신소재의 장점을 최대한 반영하고 예상되는 문제점을 해결할 수 있다면 복합재료는 교량바닥판의 내구성과 수명을 획기적으로 개선하고 최소의 유지관리를 필요하게 되므로 장기적으로는 생애주기비용을 감소시킬 수 있는 구조재료로서 활용 가능하다고 판단된다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 복합재료인 FRP바닥판 부재의 섬유 적층방향에 따른 정적 및 피로성능을 평가하였다. Recently the compound material has been interested in using the structural material as the bridge member assembly. It is the lighter material against existing construction material and has excellent durability and economy. The existing floor of bridge has its short period to repair and replace compared to other parts of the bridge with the pavement and the shoe. These deteriorations of usage and safety by aging and corrosion are needed frequent maintenance. The use of compound material as a structural member suggests solve these problems. It is determined that if the bridge member is to reflect maximum the strong points of compound new material to solve the expected problems, the compound material can improve remarkably the life and durability of bridge floor plate bringing the least maintenance and be possible to use the structural material to reduce its life cycle cost in the long term. So this thesis evaluates the static and the fatigue performance for whether there are fiber lamination direction of FRP floor plate, the compound material.