조선시대 윤음 언해본에 나타난 인용구조 연구

윤혜영 한말연구학회 2011 한말연구 Vol.- No.29

The purpose of this study is to find the syntactic rules in quotative clauses of Yuneum eonhaebon in Joseon dynasty. This paper can be summarized as follows. Quotation is classified into direct quotation, indirect quotation, and formal quotation. Formal quotations take up almost half of the entire quotations. Among the direct quotation, examples of ‘× [ ] hʌ-’ pattern that is similar to the modern were used a little. Indirect quotation is classified into abstract indirect quotation, transformational indirect quotation, and naming indirect quotation. In the abstract indirect quotation, ‘× [ ] hʌ-’ pattern appears much more than ‘kʌl-o-dʌi [ ] hʌ-’ pattern. Compared to the direct quotation, this is a distinctly different result. The transformational indirect quotation was used less than the others. Most of the naming indirect quotations were the same of the Middle ages Korean’s structures. It seems to conservative attribute of royal language. Formal quotation has a form of quotation but it is not quoted from one's speech or the writings. Interpretative formal quotations were used much more than interpretative-object formal quotations In this study, my opinion is ‘nil-on-ba’ is lexicalized adverb that combined fossilized adnominal form ‘nil-on’ with bound noun ‘ba’. For more in-depth discussion, there is need for a more careful look at 18․19th century’s quotation structures.

제주 방언의 인용 표지 연구

김미진 ( Kim Mi-jin ) 영주어문학회 2019 영주어문 Vol.41 No.-

이 연구는 제주 방언의 인용문에서 나타나는 인용 표지의 문법화와 간접화 과정을 알아보고 문장 종류에 따라 간접 인용문이 어떻게 나타나는지 살펴보는 데 목적이 있다. 중앙어의 직접 인용문에서는 ‘-라고’와 ‘-하고’를 인용 표지로 사용하고, 간접 인용문에서는 ‘-고’를 사용한다. 제주 방언에서는 직접 인용문과 간접 인용문에서 사용하는 인용 표지가 하나의 형태 ‘-엔/엥’으로 알려져 있다. 제주 방언의 인용 표지 ‘엔/엥’은 중세국어 ‘□야’에서 비롯된 것이다. ‘□야’에서 ‘□’가 탈락하여 ‘-야’만 남고 여기에 ‘ㄴ/ㅇ’이 결합된 것에 ‘ㅣ’모음을 첨가하여 만들어진 것이 현재의 ‘-엔/엥’이다. 방언 문법 기술에 있어 중앙어 중심으로 생각하여 설명하려는 경향이 있다. 제주 방언의 인용문도 중앙어 인용문의 기준에서 보면 설명할 수 없는 것이 많다. 문장 종류에 따라 어미가 중화되어 간접 인용 표지로 사용되어야 하는데 중화되지 않은 채 여러 가지 어미와 결합하는 인용 표지를 볼 수 있다. 또한 간접 인용문에서는 상대 높임이나 인칭대명사가 간접화되어야 하는데 제주 방언에서는 직접 인용문의 형태를 그대로 유지하면서 인용 표지만 사용하기도 한다. 이러한 것을 설명하기 위해서는 중앙어 중심이 아니라 출발점을 방언으로 잡을 필요가 있다. 중세어에서 현대어로 바뀌는 가운데 그 과도기적 모습을 간직하고 있는 것이 방언, 특히 제주 방언이다. 따라서 간접 인용은 형성 초기에 다양한 형태의 종결어미에 인용 표지가 결합된 모습으로 나타나다가 점차 현대의 모습으로 변모했다고 볼 수 있다. 직접 인용문의 인용 표지 ‘엔’이 종결어미와 축약하여 발음하던 것이 간접 인용의 원형이었으며 점차 현재의 중앙어와 같이 문장 종류에 따라 종결어미가 간접화하여 간접 인용문이 완성된 것이다. The purpose of this study is to research the origin and indirectization process of quotation markers presented in the quotation of Jeju dialect, and review how they appear depending on the sentence type. The central dialect uses ‘라고’ and ‘하고’ as direct quotation markers, and uses '고' as an indirect quotation marker. The quotation markers used in direct quotation and the indirect quotation in Jeju dialect are known as ‘엔/엥’ a form. ‘엔/엥’, the quotation marker of Jeju dialect was originated from ‘□야’, Korean in the middle age. ‘□’was eliminated from ‘□야’, only ‘야‘ remained and ‘ㄴ/ㅇ’ was combined and vowel addition, resulting in ‘엔/엥’ nowadays. Since the grammar of dialect is made focusing on the central dialect, the conflicts with central dialect was not admitted. When judging by the criteria of central dialect quotation, the quotations of Jeju dialect are full of strange things. The ending is neutralized depending on the type of sentence, and used as indirect quotation marker, but many quotation markers appear in the same type of sentence depending on the ending. In addition, relative honorific or personal pronoun should be indirectized in indirect quotations, but sometimes only indirect quotation marks are used while maintaining the form of direct quotations. It is necessary to start the study from dialect in order to explain this. The thing which maintains its transitional status while changing from medieval language to modern language is the dialect, especially Jeju dialect. Therefore, the indirect quotation has changed from the imperfect shape in which the quotation markers are combined with various types ending into the modern sophisticated shape. ‘엔’ abridged and pronounced with ending was the prototype of indirect quotation. The ending sentence was neutralized depending on the sentence type like modern central dialect, and the indirect quotation was completed.

논문 : 조선시대 윤음 언해본에 나타난 인용구조 연구

윤혜영 ( Hea Young Youn ) 한말연구학회 2011 한말연구 Vol.- No.29

The purpose of this study is to find the syntactic rules in quotative clauses of Yuneum eonhaebon in Joseon dynasty. This paper can be summarized as follows. Quotation is classified into direct quotation, indirect quotation, and formal quotation. Formal quotations take up almost half of the entire quotations. Among the direct quotation, examples of ``× [] hΛ-`` pattern that is similar to the modern were used a little. Indirect quotation is classified into abstract indirect quotation, transformational indirect quotation, and naming indirect quotation. In the abstract indirect quotation, ``× [] hΛ-`` pattern appears much more than ``kΛl-o-dΛi [] hΛ-`` pattern. Compared to the direct quotation, this is a distinctly different result. The transformational indirect quotation was used less than the others. Most of the naming indirect quotations were the same of the Middle ages Korean`s structures. It seems to conservative attribute of royal language. Formal quotation has a form of quotation but it is not quoted from one`s speech or the writings. Interpretative formal quotations were used much more than interpretative-object formal quotations In this study, my opinion is ``nil-on-ba`` is lexicalized adverb that combined fossilized adnominal form ``nil-on`` with bound noun ``ba``. For more in-depth discussion, there is need for a more careful look at 18·19th century`s quotation structures.

『여사서 언해』에 나타난 인용구조 연구

윤혜영(Youn Hea-young) 한국어문학회 2011 語文學 Vol.0 No.112

The purpose of this study is to find the syntactic rules in quotative clauses in 〈Yosaseo-eonhae〉. This paper can be summarized as follows. Quotation is classified into direct quotation, indirect quotation, formal quotation. The direct quotation accounts for about half in the distribution of the entire quotation. Among the direct quotation, a pattern ‘× [ ] h?-’ was used relatively little. This pattern is akin to the modern type. It means that quotative clauses in the subject of study retains still elements of Middle ages Korean. Indirect quotation is classified into abstract indirect quotation, transformational indirect quotation, and naming indirect quotation. Because the translation was done word for word, transformational indirect quotation was used less. Naming indirect quotation is divided into five pattern. Formal quotation has a form of quotation but it is not quoted from one's speech or the writings. Comment formal quotation in the subject of study was used much, because it was characteristic of Korean translation that annotated with difficult words. When a pettern ‘nil-on’ is used for formal quotation, it seems to lexicalization. For detailed discussion, study of 18th century will certainly have to be preceded.

19세기 국어 인용마디의 통어론적 연구

허원욱 한말연구학회 2019 한말연구 Vol.- No.54

The aim of this paper is to find syntactic rules in quotative clauses in 19th Century Korean. The analysis and its discusstion can be summarized as follows. Quotation clauses are classified into direct quotation, indirect quotation, and formal quotation. Further, indirect quotation can be classified into abstract indirect quotation and transformational indirect quotation. The former needs to be sub-classified by the meaning of ‘thought’, ‘future’, ‘assumption’, ‘command’, and ‘cause’. The latter also needs to be sub-classified by the typology of its transformations: ‘honorific transformation’, ‘tense transformation’, ‘sentence component transformation’ and ‘grammatical person transformation’. Formal quotation is neither direct quotation nor indirect quotation, but it has a mere quotation form. It is classified into ‘naming formal quotation’ and ‘naming object formal quotation’. In the former, the quotation form is added upon ‘naming’, whereas in the latter, the quotation form is added upon ‘the object of naming’.

18세기 국어 인용마디의 통어론적 연구

허원욱 ( Huh Won-wook ) 한말연구학회 2016 한말연구 Vol.- No.42

The purpose of this study is to find the syntactic rules in quotative clauses in 18th Century Korean. This paper can be summarized as follows. Quotation is classified into direct quotation, indirect quotation, and formal(explanatory) quotation. Indirect quotation is classified into abstract indirect quotation and transformational indirect quotation. Formal quotation has a form of quotation but it is not quoted from one`s speech or the writings. Formal quotation is classified into `naming formal quotation` and `naming object formal quotation`. In the `naming formal quotation`, formal quotation is put on `naming`. In the `naming object formal quotation`, formal quotation is put on `the object of naming`. In the `naming formal quotation`, examples of verbs and adjectives are rare, but in the `naming object formal quotation`, many examples are found.

한국어교육을 위한 간접 인용 구문 분석

이정란 우리말학회 2017 우리말연구 Vol.51 No.-

This study analyzed how indirect quotation is used in actual spoken utterances of Korean native speakers and compared them with Korean language textbooks. Especially, it was focused on how quotative markers and quotative verbs appear according to the types of quoted sentences in the indirect quotation. As a result of the analysis, it was observed that ‘-ko’, a quotative marker, was omitted often in the indirect quotation regardless of the type of the quoted sentences. Especially, when the quoted sentence was a requesting or interrogative sentence, the rate of omission of ‘-ko’, quotative marker, was higher than the rate of occurrence. In the indirect quotation where quotative markers are omitted, the rate of ‘kuruda’, as aquotative verb was high and in the indirect quotation where quotative markers are present, ‘hada’ was combined often. However, as a result of analyzing the Korean language textbooks, a case where the quotative mark ‘-ko’ was omitted was not present, and the quotative verb ‘kuruda’ was also not present. 본 연구에서는 한국어 모어 화자의 실제 구어 발화에서 간접 인용 구문이 어떻게 실현되고 있는지 분석하고, 이를 한국어 교재와 비교하였다. 특히 간접 인용 구문의 피인용문 종류에 따라 인용표지와 인용동사가 어떻게 나타나는지에 초점을 두어 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 간접 인용 구문에서 피인용문의 종류에 상관없이 인용표지 ‘-고’가 생략되는 현상이 빈번히 나타났으며, 특히 피인용문이 청유문과 의문문인 경우에는 인용표지 ‘-고’가 생략되는 비율이 출현한 비율보다 높게 나타났다. 또 인용표지가 생략된 간접 인용문에서는 인용동사 ‘그러다’의 비율이 높게 나타났고 인용표지가 출현한 간접 인용문에서는 ‘하다’가 많이 결합되어 나타났다. 반면, 한국어 교재를 분석한 결과 인용표지 ‘-고’가 생략된 경우는 제시되지 않았고, 인용동사도 ‘그러다’는 제시되지 않았다.

제주도 방언의 인용문 연구

김미진 ( Kim Mi-jin ) 제주대학교 탐라문화연구원 2021 탐라문화 Vol.- No.67

이 연구는 제주도 방언의 인용문의 사용 양상을 살펴보고 그 변화 과정을 알아보는 데 그 목적이 있다. 방언은 구어로 실제 생활에서 사용될 때 그 의미를 가진다. 이 연구에서는 제주도 방언의 실제 발화 상황에서 사용되는 인용문과 인용 표지에 대해 그 형태들을 확인하고 그 기능과 사용 양상을 분석하고자 한다. 제주도 방언의 발화에서는 직접 인용과 간접 인용이라는 두 가지 형태만으로는 설명하기 힘든 인용문이 등장한다. 즉, 피인용문을 실제 발화하는 것처럼 그대로 인용하는 직접 인용과 인용 화자의 관점에서 간접화하는 간접 인용의 성격을 동시에 갖는 인용문을 볼 수 있다. 이러한 인용을 자유 인용으로 분류하고 그 특징을 살펴보았다. 정형화되지 않은 자유로운 형태의 인용문을 선호하는 것은 인용자가 원하는 것을 효과적으로 전달하면서 동시에 피인용문과 객관적인 거리감을 확보할 수 있기 때문으로 보인다. 실제 발화가 선행되고 이 발화를 전달하는 인용문이 후에 만들어진다고 본다면 직접 인용이 먼저 만들어지고 간접 인용은 후에 만들어졌을 것이다. 자유 인용은 이 두 인용 형태의 그 중간 과정이라고 볼 수도 있다. 제주도 방언의 인용문은 이전에도 표준어와 다른 특징들을 가지고 있어 주목받아왔다. 특히 문장종류별로 중화된 종결어미와 인용 표지가 축약되어 인용문을 만들지 않고 다양한 종결어미에 인용 표지가 바로 결합되는 특징에 관심을 가졌다. 이러한 현상은 노년층의 제주도 방언에서 더욱 두드러진다. 종결어미에 따라 다양한 모습을 유지했던 기존의 제주도 방언 인용문은 젊은 세대로 갈수록 다양성이 없어지는 특징을 보였다. The objective of this study is to review the usage patterns of quoted sentences in Jeju dialect and to figure out the process of its changes. A dialect is actual spoken language and has its meanings when used in real life. It is necessary to research the actually used language in real life, not just the ones from dictionaries. In this study, the types of quoted sentences and quotation markers used in Jeju dialect get identified and their functions and usage patterns are going to get analyzed. In actual speaking of Jeju dialect, there are various quoted sentences which can’t be explained well in two different forms such as direct quotation and indirect quotation. Quoted sentences which have both characteristics of direct quotations quoting the quoted sentences like actual speaking and indirect quotations from quoting speakers’ perspectives can be found. Such quotations were classified into free quotations. And their characteristics were reviewed. The preference for these types of citations seems to get triggered from the perspective they can deliver the quoters’ words more effectively and at the same time keep objective distance from the quoted sentences. Historically, they has been called as quotation types in the middle considering the fact that direct quotations came first and then indirect quotations followed. Since quotations in Jeju dialect are colloquial, they are difficult in being distinguished into direct quotations and indirect quotations. In particular, the quotation marker seems to get combined to various sentence-closing endings directly without being abbreviated to neutral endings for each type of sentence. This kind of pattern is more distinguishable in Jeju dialect of the elderly. Existing Jeju dialect quotations which had different patterns depending on the closing endings seemed to have less diversity towards younger generations. The distinctive features of Jeju dialect are dying as it contacts and changes with other regional or standard languages. Such changes also can be found in quoted sentences.

한국어 학습자의 인용문 양상 연구 -기사문 텍스트를 중심으로-

엄진숙 국제한국어교육학회 2023 한국어 교육 Vol.34 No.1

In written language, quotations are used by the writer to convey events and stories that have been told by the original speaker. Quotations are crucial for successful explanations and persuasions for academic students to write a report. In this respect, this paper presents that Korean learners used indirect quotation more than direct quotation and used declarative sentences and quotation verb ‘hada’ most often in the quotation by analyzing quotations from 134 newspaper articles throughout the Korean learners’ corpus. Also, they used double and single quotation marks separately according to the type of quotation. However, they used the indirect quotation particle ‘-go’ mainly according to the sentence’s final-ending form. This is because they changed the form of the direct quotation final-ending to the same form as the final-ending of the ‘hala’ style of the indirect quotation. Also, this paper presents that Korean learners could change the final-ending of sentences in all of the indirect quotations by analyzing Korean learners’ language collected by performing tasks(SCT, MST and FCT). But they could not adjust elements of person/reference terms, honorific/modesty, demonstrative, and time as much as changing the final-ending of sentences to the point of view of the person who quotes. Moreover, they showed a remarkable result of changing the final-ending of sentences that were unnecessary to change in the direct quotation.

한국어 인용문의 교육 내용 선정과 배열에 관한 연구

장미라 이중언어학회 2008 이중언어학 Vol.38 No.-

In Korean language education, the education content was focused on formative differences of direct quotations and indirect quotation focused on external quotation. Therefore, I studied the concept and range of Korean quotations and formative and general characteristics and thought about the problem of education content and arrangement of quotations dealt in Korean language education. Therefore, I selected and organized the sentence pattern and type of quoting verbs focused on external and internal quotations to show various types of Korean quotations with balance. As a result, for internal quotation, two types of ‘N이 S다/라고 V’ type and ‘N이 (N을) S다/라고 V’ type are established and for external type, ‘N이 (N을) S다/라고 V’ type and ‘N이 (N에게) S다/냐/자/라고 V’ type were selected. For arrangement, the quotation was suggested on the intermediate considering the sentence structure and difficulty of expansion stage and considered the level of difficulty of sentence structure and sentence component to propose the indication order of ‘direct quotation > indirect quotation’ as well as ‘internal quotation > external quotation'.