Toward Human Rights in the Local Community

KIM JOONG-SEOP(김중섭) 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2010 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.39 No.1

This paper attempts to show the significance of the implementation of human rights in the local community. Along with the international and national schemes for the collective guarantee of human rights, the local community should be a significant arena for the carrying out of social efforts to protect and promote human rights in practice. For improving the human rights situation at the local level, multiple approaches are suggested: the widespread promotion of a human rights culture in the community, the offering of human rights education in local schools for children and workplaces for adults, the collective efforts for implementing human rights by members of the local community such as agents of the local government and activists of nongovernmental organizations, and the introduction of local regulations for human rights. These multiple approaches aim to establish a social system for the collective guarantee of human rights at the level of the local community.

국제결혼 과정에서 이주 여성의 권리 ― 한국에 수용된 국제인권법과 국내법 ―

이혜랑 ( Hyerang Lee ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 공공거버넌스와 법센터 2019 연세 공공거버넌스와 법 Vol.10 No.1

Globalization has blurred the concept of national borders. With increasing numbers of international marriages, the Korean society is rapidly becoming a multicultural society these days. A common pattern can be observed since the 90s, where women occupy a relatively higher proportion of the immigrant population. It is also usual that international marriage in Korea results in a combination in which a Korean man marries a migrant woman. Furthermore, much of work available to migrant women is concentrated in the certain division such as entertainment industry or domestic services. This phenomenon can be called ‘feminization of migration’ which is relatively new and recently recognized field of human rights. Every situation that a migrant woman encounters can vary. However, the fundamental cause of hardships lies mostly in the migration process of the foreign bride industry. Migrant women usually receive little information or a deliberate piece of misinformation. Also, marriage brokers control foreign brides systematically by recruitment, lodging, transportation and transfer. During the process of an international marriage, a single Korean man usually meet multiple women and choose one as a bride within a very short time frame. The decision is made consequentially without the consent of the woman. The cost and benefits of migration are distributed unevenly and the advertisements often contain gender discriminative and racist contents. Considering all these characteristics, International marriages through a Korean brokerage agency could be categorized as a form of human trafficking, which thereby lead to violence and exploitation of women. State responsibility constitutes a central institution of the system of international law. The Republic of Korea has been a party to various human rights treaties including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against women and Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children. Even though the rights of migrant women were not expressly stipulated in the text of treaties, the increasing use of soft law, which refers to quasi-legal instruments, extends the scope of application of law, while examining the situation of each country. Meanwhile, for the implementation of international human rights law, States should take steps to promote, protect and fulfil fundamental rights by accepting suggestions by the committees and reflecting the advisory opinions in government’s policies. The committee expressed concerns on the issues of migrant women in Korea and suggested the state ratifying the protocol of human trafficking. Thus, the Republic of Korea has ratified the protocol and enacted the so called ‘Marriage Brokers Business Management Act’ The purpose of this Act is to supervise marriage brokerage business as well as to protect users. The legislation has been made in conformity with international law accepting the principle of protecting human rights. However, the law regards international matchmaking as a contractual relationship and fails to protect migrant women in the process of international marriage, which is de facto human trafficking. Human Trafficking Prevention Act could be an alternative to supplement or amend existing legislation. Although the bill has not been passed, it suggests the direction of improvement in that it focuses on victims’ safety, recovery and protection of rights. The Republic of Korea has already signed and ratified various human rights instruments. But the government still needs to take legislative or other measures to ensure effective implementation of human rights law. The purpose of international human rights law is not the adoption of the conventions but the protection of human rights. In order to protect migrant women, the contents of the treaties adopted by the government should be transposed into domestic law. Also, for effective implementation of laws, government should adopt appropriate policies and enforce laws. There are various issues related to multicultural families. But the infringement of human rights in the process of international marriage and its brokerage need to be dealt with serious attention since it can lead to other related problems even after the process. Thus, protecting migrant women and contributing to creating a sound marriage culture would be a great starting point to address the issues of multicultural families.

Who Thinks and Behaves According to Human Rights?: Evidence from the Korean National Human Rights Survey

구정우,Byeong-Eun Cheong,FRANCISCO O. RAMIREZ 한국학술연구원 2015 Korea Observer Vol.46 No.1

The sociology of human rights has focused on the worldwide diffusion of human rights and analyzed the factors associated with this global social change and its impacts on nation-states. Yet, the way a world of human rights affects individuals has largely remained understudied. In an effort to fill in this gap, this article analyzes a comprehensive dataset compiled from a unique national human rights survey conducted in South Korea in 2011. We first differentiate the underlying structure of individual orientations toward human rights, thereby identifying three dimensions we call knowledge, endorsement, and engagement. We find high levels of knowledge in human rights and endorsement, yet relatively low levels of engagement in human rights among Korean respondents. Our regression analyses show that knowledge of human rights is strongly influenced by urban status, liberal political ideology, trust level, educational attainment, and identification with global citizenship. More urban and more educated individuals also report higher levels of behavioral engagement in favor of human rights. Many of these variables do not have the expected effects on the endorsement variable. Taken as a whole, these findings suggest that the influence of global emphases on the value of human rights is more strongly felt by the individuals more attuned to these emphases. Furthermore, these findings show the usefulness of analyzing opinion polls or surveys that suggest the complex processes underlying individuals’ perceptions and action toward human rights.

선원인권교육의 도입 방안에 관한 기초연구

진호현,이창희 해양환경안전학회 2019 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.25 No.5

In line with the United Nations' Action Plan for the First and Second World Programme for Human Rights, countries around the world are making efforts to strengthen and develop human rights education through voluntary participation and improvement of the legal system. South Korea is also trying to spread human rights education under the leadership of the National Human Rights Commission of the Republic of Korea, but there has been no significant progress so far. Moreover, it has failed to pay close attention to the human rights issues of seafarers on board. This study identified the phenomenological problems based on an analysis of domestic and international literature, and of cases of violation of seafarers’ human rights. It utilized the interactivity research method to create an educational environment for improving the human rights situation of seafarers on board mixed-nationality crew vessels. In doing so, the research suggests the introduction of human rights education for seafarers and the implementation of a human rights education program in designated educational institutions as fundamental solutions to the human rights issues of seafarers, as these have been pointed out as the main cause of conflicts in mixed-nationality crew vessels. 유엔의 제1차 및 2차 세계인권프로그램 행동계획에 따라 세계 개별 국가들은 자발적 참여와 법제도의 정비를 통하여 인권교육의 강화와 발전을 위하여 노력하고 있다. 이러한 시대적 상황변화에 따라 우리나라는 인권위원회를 중심으로 인권교육을 확산하려고 노력하고 있으나, 큰 진전이 없고 더욱이 승선 중인 선원인권에 대해서는 제대로 된 관심을 기울이지 못하고 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 혼승선박에 승선하고 있는 선원들의 인권강화를 위한 교육환경을 조성하기 위하여 이와 관련된 국내외 각종 문헌자료와 선원인권침해 사례를 바탕으로 현상학적인 문제를 인식하고 상호주관적인 연구방법을 활용하였다. 이를 통하여 최근 혼승선박에서 발생하는 갈등의 핵심 원인으로 지목되고 있는 선원인권에 대한 근원적인 해결책으로 선원인권교육의 도입 필요성과 지정교육기관의 인권교육과정에 대한 방안을 제시하였다.

지적장애 특수학교 고등학생의 인권 인식과 인권 교육에 대한 경험

이미숙 ( Lee Misuk ),한송이 ( Han Song-yi ) 한국특수아동학회 2022 특수아동교육연구 Vol.24 No.4

연구목적: 본 연구는 지적장애 특수학교 고등학생이 바라보는 인권에 대한 인식과 인권 교육에 대한 경험을 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 본 연구에 참여한 연구 참여자는 지적장애 특수학교 고등학생 4명으로, 자료 수집은 반구조화된 개별면담을 실시하였고, 질적 접근법에 따라 분석하였다. 연구결과: 첫째, 지적장애 특수학교 고등학생은 인권은 잘 모르겠지만 중요하다는 인식을 지니고 있었으며, 인권침해라는 개념은 곧 학교폭력으로 인지하고 있었다. 둘째, 지적장애 특수학교 고등학생은 현재 인권이 지켜지고 있는지는 잘 모르겠으나 문제가 없다고 인식하고 있었으며, 한편으로는 인권이 지켜지지 않았던 자신들의 과거 경험을 이야기하였다. 셋째, 지적장애 특수학교 고등학생은 인권침해 경험과 관련하여서는 단호한 태도로 부정하는 모습을 보여주었고, 누군가 자신의 인권을 침해했을 시에 부모, 교사, 경찰 등 누군가에게 알려야 한다는 것을 인식하고 있었다. 넷째, 지적장애 특수학교 고등학생은 학교에서 이루어진 인권 수업의 구체적인 내용에 대해서는 기억이 잘 나지 않는다고 하면서, 학생들은 인권 교육과 관련하여 배려 있는 사회를 만들 수 있도록 인권에 대해 더 배우고 싶다는 의견을 드러냈다. 결론: 지적장애 특수학교 고등학생이 자기 주도적으로 자신의 권리를 보호하고 실천할 수 있도록 구체적이고 실제적인 인권 교육에 대한 인적·물리적 지원이 필요하며, 인권침해를 예방하는 인권 교육 시스템이나 구조적 환경이 마련되어야 한다. Purpose: This study attempted to investigate the perception of human rights and the experience of human rights education of male high school students with intellectual disabilities in special schools. Method: Four high school students from special schools participated in the study, in which data was collected from semi-structured individual interviews and analyzed according to the qualitative approach. Results: First, male high school students with intellectual disabilities in special schools showed awareness of the importance of human rights, and the concept of human rights violations was recognized as school violence. Second, male high school students with intellectual disabilities in special schools recognized that there was no problem with/in what?, and on the other hand, they had experiences in the past when human rights were not protected. Third, male high school students with intellectual disabilities in special schools showed a strong attitude regarding human rights violations, and had the idea that if someone violated their human rights, they should inform their parents, teachers, and/or police. Fourth, although human rights classes were clearly held in the education field of students with intellectual disabilities in special schools, students said that they did not remember the specific contents of the human rights classes, and students expressed their desire to create a society that is considerate in relation to human rights education and learn more about human rights. Conclusion: It is necessary to provide human resources and physical support for specific and practical human rights education that enable high school students with intellectual disabilities in special schools to practice their rights on their own initiative, and a preventive human rights education system and structural environment to prevent human rights violations must be established.

상권 : 한국사회에서 인권의 변동 -세계화, 제도화, 지역화-

홍성수 ( Sung Soo Hong ) 안암법학회 2014 안암 법학 Vol.0 No.43

Human rights have been actually discussed in Korean societies since the establishment of the Korean Constitution in 1948. However, human rights were just nominal in practice for a long time and they have become a national and social theme which is really influential in societies after the democratization of Korea in 1987. Since then, human rights NGOs have proliferated and human rights have been regarded as one of the important values in terms of the state and civil society. This article categorizes these developments in Korea into three features: globalization, institutionalization, and localization of human rights. First of all, the globalization of human rights means civil society have used international human rights instruments and system and it has played their roles as substantial legal norms since 1993 in Korea. Secondly, it can be said that human rights are institutionalized in the sense that the National Human Rights Commission of Korea and the Ministry of Justice began to play an active role in human rights administration and a series of important legislations regarding human rights were enacted. Lastly, the localization of human rights means that human rights are materialized in local areas or in the particular spheres. In fact, some local authorities enacted human rights ordinances to promote the human rights city campaign and human rights began to have an influence on specific areas such as business and schools. With the consolidation of democracy and improvement of international status of Korea, there should be a growing tendency toward globalizaton, institutionalization, and localization of human rights in Korea.

Transformations and Challenges: A PRC Perspective on Human Rights and Koreans’ Human Rights in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture

박선영 한국중국학회 2009 國際中國學硏究 Vol.0 No.12

This paper examines human rights as a theory that PRC claims to support and addresses how the PRC (People’s Republic of China) applies the theory to ethnic minority groups in reality. First, analyze what the PRC perspective on human rights is in theoretical terms and how the PRC defines the protection of the rights of minority ethnic populations. Second, examine how the PRC applies the theory to the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (YKAP). Although there are many ethnic groups living in the YKAP, this paper focuses on the human rights issues of Yanbian Koreans and North Korean refugees in that region. This paper will present a case that reviews the reality of the protection of minority ethnic groups’ human rights that the PRC stresses. I will also review the issue of ethnic self‐government that institutionally guarantees the human rights of minority ethnicities. By pointing out the issue of Koreans living in the YKAP (Yanbian Koreans and North Korean refugees) who are in socially and politically poor surroundings, I will describe myths and realities of the PRC perspective on human rights. The autonomous prefecture of an ethnic region sets up an agency for autonomy and allows each ethnic group in the respective region to supervise internal affairs of the region. Thus, in PRC, there are 159 ethnic autonomous areas that consist of 5 self‐governing regions, 30 autonomous prefectures, and 124 autonomous counties. In reality, however, the population of Koreans in the YKAP, for example, has decreased remarkably due to the artificial administrative modification and accelerating segregation against Yanbian Koreans. Moreover, ethnic autonomy policies and systems that should protect the rights of minor ethnicities socially and systematically have faded because of the reduced number of officials from the Korean group. The North Korean refugees are in the dead zone of human rights within the YKAP. Economically poor escapees must endure miserable livings in the northeast region of the PRC, and their survival, which was their main motivation for escape, is threatened once more. Men and women have to endure extremely low wages, labor exploitation, and unjust treatment. Women are especially under a condition of sexual exploitation and sex slave‐like treatment, and even under the threat of human trafficking. The PRC’s perspective and practices of human rights face challenges and need transformations. The PRC perspective on human rights is not confined only to human rights for Chinese but also includes human rights for ethnic minority groups in the PRC, including Yanbian Koreans and North Korean refugees.

인문학과 인권

양해림 ( Yang Haerim ) 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 2017 인문학연구 Vol.56 No.3

인권이라는 용어는 영국의 정치사상가 토머스 페인의 『인간의 권리』(1791)에서 처음으로 쓰였다. 그는 프랑스 인권이 숨은 이면을 추적했다. 그래서 그는 “권리의 선언은 동시에 의무의 선언이다. 나의 권리는 타인의 권리이기도 하다”라는 명제를 제시했다. 여기서 인간의 권리라는 용어는 프랑스 인권선언 원문에 나타나 있는 자연권에 대한 번역어이다. 오늘날 즐겨 쓰이는 human rights는 19세기 중반 헨리 데이비드 소로가 『시민의 불복종』(1849)에서 처음 사용했다. 이후 세계 2차 세계대전 이후 국제법 사상 최초로 유엔헌장 전문에 기본인권(fundamental human rights)라는 말이 등장하면서 세계사회 윤리로 자리매김했다. 제2차 세계대전이후`조용한 혁명`을 거쳐 이제 국내 사안에 이르기까지도 조정하고 국제사회의 감독 하에 놓이게 됐다. 따라서 인권은 국제법과 지역협정의 주요 구성성분으로서 제2차 세계대전 이후 그 위상이 올라갔다. 하지만 인권이 법적인 권리로 환원될 수 없다는 사실은 여전히 해결해야 할 과제로 남아있다. 인간이 존엄하고 가치 있는 존재가 되기 위해서는 필수적인 조건은 자유와 평등이다. 자유와 평등은 적어도 보편적이고 필수적인 것으로 이해된다. 따라서 인권이란 인간이 인간답게 존재하기 위한 보편적인 인간의 모든 정치·경제·사회·문화적 권리 및 지위와 자격을 칭한다. 따라서 필자는 인문학과 인권의 관점에서 인문학적으로 인권개념이 어떻게 형성되어 왔으며, 인권의 존엄성, 즉 프랑스 법학자 바삭이 제3세대 인권으로 분류한 자유권, 평등권, 연대권의 다양한 권리들을 중심으로 살펴보고, 인권의 가치들은 상호 어떤 관계를 갖고 있는지 고찰하고자 한다. The terminology of human rights was used for the first time in 『Rights of Man』 by English political philosopher, Thomas Paine (1791). He traced hidden reverse side of French human rights. Therefore, he proclaimed the proposition that “a declaration of rights is a statement of duty at the same time. My rights are the rights of others as well.” The terminology of Rights of Man is translated from the words, natural rights in the original text of French Declaration of Human Rights. The widely used words today, human rights were firstly used in 『Civil Disobedience』 by Henry David Thoreau in the mid-19^thcentury(1849). The words, fundamental human rights were settled in as a moral issue of world society when they have appeared in the full text of Charter of the United Nations for the first time on International Law since the 2^ndWorld War. This terminology has come to moderate domestic affairs through “silent revolution” and we were placed under the supervision of world society post World War II. The human rights as main constituent on International Law and regional agreements have come to have an elevated status since the 2^ndWorld War. By the way, the fact that the human rights are legal rights which can not be redeemed still remains an issue to be discussed. Freedom and equality are essential conditions for a man to become a dignified and worthy human being. Freedom and equality are understood as at least universal and indispensable qualification for men. Therefore, human rights are referred to all political, economic, social and cultural right, status and qualification for universal human beings to be men of dignity. In accordance with thes tatement above, I am intended to examine how a concept of human rights have been created in terms of humanities and human rights. Also, I will study the dignity of human beings based on the various rights such as right of freedom, of equality and of solidarity which French Jurist K. Vasak categorized as rights of the 3^rdgeneration, and a correlation between value of human rights.

인권과 옥시덴탈리즘

강희원(Hee-Won Kang) 大韓赤十字社 人道法硏究所 2009 人道法論叢 Vol.- No.29

인권이 인간이면 누구나에게 보장되고 또 보장되어야 하는 권리라고 한다면, 그것은 국가라는 울타리를 넘어 보편적으로 보장되어야 한다는 것은 당위적 요청이다. 적어도 현상황에서 규범적으로는 이것을 긍정하지 않을 수 없을 것이다. 그래서 특정국가에 있어서 인권의 실현은 그것을 당해국가에만 맡기는 것은 인권보장의 근본적인 요청에 반한다. 그렇지만 다른 한편에서 절대적인 리바이던(Leviathan)이 없는 국제사회의 현실을 감안할 때, 인권보장의 근본적 요청은 약소국에 대한 강대국의 개입을 정당화하는 지렛대로 작용한다. 강대국이 약소국내의 인권실현을 위해 정치적으로만 개입할 것이 아니라, 그 여건이 실현되도록 도와야 한다는 것도 인권의 보편성에서 요구되는 규범적 요청이다. 강대국은 개인의 인권보장을 위한 도움을 빙자한 정치적 개입을 하려고 하였을 뿐이지, 진정한 의미에 있어서 도움을 주려고 하지 않은 것도 사실이다. 사실, 현대국제법은 이러한 국내개입의 문제를 방지하면서 국가 간의 평등을 보장하는 방향으로 발전되어 왔다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 점에서 국내불간섭의 원칙은 오늘날 국제사회에 확립된 기본적인 원칙이라고 해야 할 것이다. 이것을 단순히 인권보장이라는 깃발 아래 부정하는 것은 강대국의 자의적 행동에 대한 저지를 천신만고 끝에 이룩해놓은 국제사회의 노력을 일방적으로 무너뜨리는 결과이므로 이를 용이하게 인정하기는 어려울 것이다. 실제로 개별국가의 주권을 어느 정도 제약해서라도 인권보장의 보편적 실현을 기도해야 하는가라는 문제는 일의적으로 답할 수 없다. 특히 오늘날 누구나 한 인간으로서 당연히 존중되어야 한다는 인권의 이념이 지구적인 규모로 침투하여 보편화되어 가고 있는 상황이지만, 다른 한편, 현대국제사회에는 각국이 정치적 이념, 군사력 및 이익이 뒤엉켜서 각축하고 있어 각론 차원에서까지 인권문제를 획일적으로 처리할 수 없을 것이다. 이유야 어떠하든 간에 인권이 현재 어느 정도 보편화되어 있다는 것을 인정한다고 하더라도, 현재의 「보편화」라는 문제와 현재의 「보편적」으로 되어 있는 인권관이 앞으로도 그대로 확대되어 가는가, 그리고 그것이 그대로 확대되어야 하는가라는 문제는 독립적으로 검토해야 할 것이다. 만약 현재의 인권관념에 있어서 「보편성」이 어떠한 힘이나 선입관 및 편견에 기초하고 있는 의심스러운 또는 의사적인 보편성이라고 한다면, 현재의 보편적인 인권관(人權觀) 그 자체를 상대화하는 형식으로 장래 지구적인 규모로 보편화해야 할 보편성이란 무엇인가를 고찰해야 할 것이다. 인권의 보편성을 인정하고 그것이 구현되도록 노력을 아끼지 말아야겠지만, 인권에 있어서도 법의 경우와 마찬가지로 「규범적 보편성」과 「사실적 보편성」은 엄연히 구분되어야 한다. 그래서 적어도 현상황에서 국제인권법은, 여러 국가들이 처해있는 현실적인 상황을 고려해야 한다고 하는 바로 그 이유 때문에, 세계통일국가가 구성되어 각 지역에 그것에 상응하는 균등한 사회적, 문화적 그리고 경제적 여건이 조성할 때까지는, 물론 일반국제법에도 유로아메리카중심주의가 지배하고 있지만, 그래도 개별국가의 구체적인 특수상황을 어느 정도로 부각시킬 수 있는 일반국제법의 기본원칙을 토대로 해서만 기능할 수 있지 않을까 생각한다. 어쩌면 국제인권법이 아직 현실적으로 보편화되어 있지 아니한 현단계에 있어서는 국제인권법의 적용에는 문명권(文明圈) 또는 문화권(文化圈) 간에 그 상충을 어느 정도 완화할 수 있는 이를테면 「문제법(文際法, intercivilizational law)」이 필요할 지도 모른다. 그리고 우리 자신 속에 “자기화(自己化)된 타자(他者)로서 옥시덴탈리즘”이 살아 숨쉬고 있지는 않은지 세심하게 의식하면서 오늘날의 국제인권문제를 논의할 필요가 있다. This article is treating serveral problems of the global universalization of the euro-americano-centralized contents of Human Rights. Human Rights are Commonly defined, are the rights that belong to an individual or group of individuals as a consequence of being human. Although they refer to a wide continuum of values to be universal in character, in some sense equally claimed for all human being, it has raised a question, what kind of concrete contents they have in the individual case relating to a human-Rights violation. Answering to this question can become a matter of controversy. So far, the contents of Human Rights have been understood in the european concepts. We are trying to endorse every euro-americano-centralized value judgments on the ground(s) that Human Rights have been already universalized through out whole world. I would argue to call Noneuropean's way of thinking in the developing countries a "accidentalism" in a similar context of Edward Said's Orientalism. The contents of Human Rights can be however differently commentated, especially according to a civilization sphere. It is not yet compromised, by whom, in which judicature, according to which procedure, with what kind of criteria etc. the Human Rights can be guaranteed in global level. In present situation it might be needed to interpret the Human Rights realistically. It can be call an intercivilizational law of Human Rights.

國際人權 基準 慨念 構成에 관한 硏究

柳在馨 청주대학교 국제협력연구원 2007 國際文化硏究 Vol.25 No.-

Human rights are those liberties, immunities, and benefits which, by accepted contemporary values, all human beings should be able to claim "as of right" of the society in which they live. Since World War II, human rights have achieved universal recognition and have become a major concern of international relations and a growing domain of international law. In national constitutions, and by international instruments of varying political and legal significance, virtually all States have embraced the idea of human rights and have indicated general agreement as to their content. By international agreement and partly by customary international law, a growing international law of human rights creates obligations upon States to recognize, respect and ensure designated rights of persons subject to their jurisdiction and provides international remedies for failure by a State to meet these obligations. This dissertation is to research about concept composition of international standard of human right. Namely, it intends to examine the property and function of international standard of human right by historically searching the concept of international standard of human right from the basic course of World Human Right Declaration to define and classify on the basis of actual example. Examining these issues in the text, the following conclusion was drawn. 1. Meaning the common standard that should be attained as specified in the preamble of World Human Right Declaration, 'international standard of human right] is the acknowledged standard without legal binding force in its form. Thus, it may include declaration, recommendation or right of human right treaty as the resolution of general meeting of UN. 2. The characteristics of international standard of human right are mutual dependence, inseparability and universality, which mean that all standards of human right have mutually important meaning and universal quality. 3. The function of international standard of human right varies, depending on 1) general or special human right declaration (to be executed as treaty) 2) Model Law 3) Collective right 4) general and comprehensive document such as world declaration and behavior plan 5) human right treaty adopted by UN. However, the essential common feature of the function is to protect and promote the basic right of natural person, i.e., Human Beings, transcending border line.