초고층 업무시설의 엘리베이터 대당 서비스면적 산출에 관한 연구

최재필(Choi, Jae-Pil),강준경(Kang, June-Kyung),김도영(Kim, Do-Young),정은석(Jeong, Eun-Seok),이정원(Lee, Jung-Won) 대한건축학회 2012 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.28 No.10

Elevator planning for high-rise office buildings is one of the most significant planning elements considering that it directly affects users’ convenience and area efficiency. When establishing elevator plans for high-rise office buildings, decisions for vertical zoning should be made. Determining the amount of coverage area per elevator is relevant to deciding the number of floors per zone. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the range of area that one elevator can cover so that elevator plan can be established during the initial planning stage for high rise office buildings. This research is based on quantitative methods using proven calculation and the result can be used as a guideline for elevator planning.

초고층 건축물에서 엘리베이터 구동이 부속실과 화재실 간 차압형성에 미치는 영향연구

박영기(Younggi Park),홍기배(Kibea Hong),유홍선(Hong Sun Ryou) 한국산학기술학회 2018 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.19 No.1

최근 초고층 건축물에서 화재로 인해 많은 인명피해가 발생하고 있다. 특히, 화재 발생시 생성되는 유독성 가스 및 연기로 인해 많은 사망자가 발생하고 있다. 이러한 인명피해를 줄이기 위한 방안으로 제연시스템이 도입되어 있다. 제연시스템은 초고층 건축물에서 연기의 확산을 방지하고 재실자의 안전한 피난을 도와주는 장치이다. 또한, 엘리베이터를 이용한 피난은 초고층 건축물에서 필수적인 피난 방법으로 여겨진다. 하지만, 엘리베이터 구동시 생성되는 강력한 압력장 및 유동변화로 인해 제연시스템의 성능확보에 영향을 미친다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 성능설계위주의 샌드위치 가압방식이 적용된 초고층 건축물에서 엘리베이터 구동에 따른 제연성능 확보에 미치는 영향을 실험 및 수치해석 연구로 수행하였다. 실제 초고층 건축물에서 발생되는 창문, 방화문 그리고 엘리베이터의 누설면적은 화재안전기준 및 면적비를 이용하여 산출하였다. 실제 엘리베이터 속도 7 m/s∼17 m/s에 해당하는 20 m/s∼100 m/s로 동역학적 상사를 통해 엘리베이터 속도를 변경하였다. 그 결과 엘리베이터 속도가 빠르면 빠를수록 부속실과 화재실 간 차압이 크게 발생하였으며 관계식은 △P=40·exp(-Ves /-104.7)-23.735로 산출되었다. 본 연구 결과는 초고층 건축물에서 엘리베이터 구동을 고려한 제연시스템 설계 자료로 활용이 가능하다. Recently, there have been a lot of casualties due to fires in high-rise buildings. The toxic gases and smokes generated by fires in high-rise buildings spread rapidly through the elevator shaft and stairwell, due to the stack effect, and can cause critical casualties. To reduce the number of casualties, smoke control systems have been introduced. Smoke control systems play an essential role in preventing the spread of smoke in high-rise buildings and securing the evacuation route. Also, in high-rise buildings, evacuation by an elevator is considered to be indispensable. However, the pressure field in the shaft is strongly disturbed when the elevator is moving and this can affect the performance of the smoke control system. Therefore, in this study, we experimentally and numerically analyzed the effect of elevator movement on the pressure difference between the vestibule and living room by building a model using the sandwich pressurization method based on the performance based design. To consider the leakage areas in high-rise buildings, e.g. the windows, fire door and elevator, the National Fire Safety Codes and area ratio were used. The elevator speed in the model building was varied between 20 m/s and 100 m/s corresponding to a real elevator speed of 7 m/s∼17 m/s. As a result, the relationship between the pressure difference and elevator speed was found to be △P=40·exp(-Ves /-104.7)-23.735. This result can be used to take into consideration the effect of elevator movement when designing smoke control systems.

Understanding the interfacial phenomena of a 4.7 V and 55 ^oC Li-ion battery with Li-rich layered oxide cathode and graphite anode and its correlation to high-energy cycling performance

Pham, H.Q.,Hwang, E.H.,Kwon, Y.G.,Song, S.W. Elsevier Sequoia 2016 Journal of Power Sources Vol.323 No.-

Research progress of high-energy performance and interfacial phenomena of Li<SUB>1.13</SUB>Mn<SUB>0.463</SUB>Ni<SUB>0.203</SUB>Co<SUB>0.203</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> cathode and graphite anode in a 55 <SUP>o</SUP>C full-cell under an aggressive charge cut-off voltage to 4.7 V (4.75 V vs. Li/Li<SUP>+</SUP>) is reported. Although anodic instability of conventional electrolyte is the critical issue on high-voltage and high-temperature cell operation, interfacial phenomena and the solution to performance improvement have not been reported. Surface spectroscopic evidence revealed that structural degradation of both cathode and anode materials, instability of surface film at cathode, and metal-dissolution from cathode and -deposition at anode, and a rise of interfacial resistance with high-voltage cycling in 55 <SUP>o</SUP>C conventional electrolyte are resolved by the formation of a stable surface film with organic/inorganic mixtures at cathode and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at anode using blended additives of fluorinated linear carbonate and vinylene carbonate. As a result, significantly improved cycling stability of 77% capacity retention delivering 227-174 mAhg<SUP>-1</SUP> after 50 cycles is obtained, corresponding to 819-609 Wh per kg of cathode active material. Interfacial stabilization approach would pave the way of controlling the performance and safety, and widening the practical application of Li-rich layered oxide cathode materials and high-voltage electrolyte materials in various high-energy density Li-ion batteries.

엘리베이터 조닝 계획(수직 구획)에 따른 고층 건물에서의 동절기 압력분포 특성 분석

조재훈,김초롱,김광우 대한건축학회 2007 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.23 No.5

This paper deals with the effect of elevator vertical zoning on pressure distribution caused by stack effect in high-rise buildings where the heights of passenger elevator shafts are the key parameter that affects the magnitude and distribution of stack pressure. First, survey was made to know the present status of elevator vertical zoning plan in high-rise residential buildings. As a result of the survey, two zone type that compart whole building into upper floors and lower floors was most common type and there were several cases according to the numbers and methods of vertical zoning. Next, using the CONTAMW, airflow simulations were performed to understand characteristics of pressure distribution of such cases: single zone type, two zone type one, and multi zone type elevator zoning. Sky lobby elevator system used in super high-rise buildings over 70th floors was also evaluated to investigate the potential problems.

Response analysis of non-linear compound random vibration of a high-speed elevator

Ruijun Zhang,Chen Wang,Qing Zhang,Jie Liu 대한기계학회 2019 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.33 No.1

This study presents a non-linear constitutive equation for the rolling guide-shoes associated with a high-speed elevator system. This was done to accurately evaluate the dynamic behavior of a high-speed elevator car and analyze the action mechanism of random factors during manufacturing and installation on the dispersion of vibration acceleration. Through the combination of the Hertz contact theory and the Bouc-Wen hysteretic model, the non-linear vibration model of the elevator car system was founded. This model was equivalent to a linear system by least squares technique, and then the random parameters and the random excitation were converted by random perturbation method and pseudo excitation method. The acceleration response sensitivities of each random parameters, the means and standard deviations of transverse vibration acceleration responses at the observation point were obtained. In the case, the transverse vibration acceleration responses of the car system were calculated. The elevator car’s vibration instance was analyzed under the different degrees of variation of the random parameters and the random excitation. The results showed that the randomness of geometric parameters has the greatest influence on transverse acceleration. The variability of parameters affects the dispersion degree of the transverse vibration responses while the variability of the excitation mainly affects the amplitude of the vibration response. This study provides an effective method for the analysis of non-linear compound random vibration responses of high-speed elevator car system, and provides a reference for the vibration control design and safety assessment.

세대 내 승강기 소음 주파수특성을 고려한 측정 시 마이크로폰 위치에 관한 연구

강민우,오양기 한국음향학회 2023 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.42 No.2

When the building becomes high, the number of households increases and they are adjacent to the elevator. So, frequency of use of elevators will increase. Elevator noise is bound to increase in the future. However, there are currently no legal standards for elevator noise or measurement and evaluation methods that can clearly measure elevator noise in Korea. Although some methods for measuring elevator noise are presented in KS F ISO 16032, this standard is not a standard established for elevator noise. It is a standard that integrates the overall measurement method of building equipment and equipment, and the position of the microphone is selected by the experimenter during measurement. Elevator noise is characterized by a low sound pressure level as the noise in the mid-low frequency band is important. However, even today, complaints from residents about elevator noise are increasing. In this study, the position of the microphone that can most sensitively pick up the elevator noise when measuring the elevator noise was studied. According to the distance from the wall and the height from the floor, a total of 9 microphone positions were measured and analyzed. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the elevator noise has a very high influence in the 63 Hz band. The measured value at the center point was identified as a factor that lowered the overall elevator noise level value. 건축물이 고층화될수록 승강기와 인접한 세대 수가 증가하고 그에 따라 승강기 사용 횟수도 증가할 것이다. 그에 따라 승강기 소음은 앞으로 증가할 수밖에 없다. 하지만 현재 우리나라는 승강기 소음에 대한 법적 기준이나 승강기 소음을 명확히 측정할 수 있는 측정 및 평가 방법 또한 마련되어 있지 않다. KS F ISO 16032에 승강기 소음 측정방법이 일부 제시되어 있지만, 이 표준은 승강기 소음을 대상으로 제정된 규격이 아니다. 건축 설비 기기의 전반적인측정 방법을 통합하는 성격의 표준으로 측정 시 마이크로폰 위치를 실험자가 선정 하도록 되어있다. 승강기 소음은 중저주파수대역이 중요한 소음으로 음압레벨이 낮은 것이 특징이다. 하지만 현재까지도 승강기 소음에 대한 거주자의 불만은 증가하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 승강기 소음 측정 시 승강기 소음을 가장 민감하게 수음할 수 있는 마이크로폰의 위치에 대해 연구하였다. 벽면에서부터의 이격거리와 바닥으로부터의 높이에 따라 총 9개의 마이크로폰 위치에 대해측정 하고, 분석하였다. 실험 결과 승강기 소음은 63 Hz 대역에서 영향력이 매우 높은 소음임을 확인하였다. 중앙점에서의 측정값은 전체 승강기 소음 레벨 값을 낮추는 요인으로 확인되었다.

족욕과 하지거상이 하이힐 신은 여성의 하지부종에 미치는 영향

윤장원 호서대학교 기초과학연구소 2017 기초과학연구 논문집 Vol.25 No.1

The purpose of this study is research on the impact of women wearing high heel shoes with edema, pulse rate, blood pressure and the effect of footbath and leg elevation. 24 women of which the wearing of the high heels without the pregnancy or skin disease is possible it was enforced. The experiment could be performed and divided into four treatments. (hot footbath ,cold footbath, To raise a leg, A rest) were randomly provided. Measurements are water volume, blood pressure, pulse before wearing high heel, after wearing high heel after treatment and next morning. The volume of water in the leg elevation decreased the most and water volume was decreased to the order of the hot footbath, cold footbaths. The blood pressure and pulse didn t seem level of significance.

The Research and Application of Innovative High Efficient Construction Technologies in Super High Rise Steel Structure Building

Dai, Lixian,Liao, Biao Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2014 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.3 No.3

The super high rise building construction is characterized by a large quantity of engineering works and structural components, high demanding of construction technology and complex cross operations. As the height of super high rise building increases, the construction difficulties increase, it is challenging the steel structural building construction technology. In this paper, the key technologies in the construction of Chinese modern super high rise steel structure building have been studied. The innovative tower crane supporting frame suspension disassembly technology has been developed to allow the crane supporting frame to turnover in the air without occupying materials stockyard. A new self-elevating platform technique which is capable of striding over structural barriers has been developed. This new technology allows the platform to be self-elevated along variable cross section column with a maximum 600 mm size change. A new automatic submerged arc welding technology has also been developed to ensure the process continuity and quality stability of welding job on the construction site.

Contrasting patterns of the bacterial and archaeal communities in a high-elevation river in northwestern China

Yang Hu,Jian Cai,Chengrong Bai,Keqiang Shao,Xiangming Tang,Guang Gao 한국미생물학회 2018 The journal of microbiology Vol.56 No.2

The patterns of macrobiota in lotic ecosystems have been extensively explored, however, the dynamics of microbiota remain poorly investigated, especially in the high-elevation region. To address this deficit, we collected eight samples to unveil the bacterial and archaeal community in the Kaidu river, located at the arid region of northwestern China (an average of 2,500 m a.s.l.). For the bacterial community, phylogenetically Betaproteobacteria prevailed, followed by Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria; at the finer genus level, Limnohabitans and Variovorax were prominent. Along the river, the bacterial community showed a continuous succession. Specifically, their α- and β-diversity gradually increased, suggesting a distance-decay pattern. Additionally, there was an ecological transition between the dominant and the rare sub-community along the river: the relative abundance of the dominant members gradually decreased as the rare members increased. We report that temperature and spatial distance were significantly related to the variation of bacterial community. Variance partitioning analysis showed that the environmental factors contributed more to the bacterial community than did the spatial distance. In the case of the archaeal community, the methanogenic groups, mainly Methanosaeta and Methanosarcina, were prominent within the Kaidu river. Unlike the continuous change in the patterns of the bacterial community, the archaeal community showed a constant pattern along the river. Our results showed that the archaeal community was independent of the environmental and spatial factors. We propose that the inoculation of soil-derived archaea is responsible for the archaeal community in the Kaidu river. Together, our study demonstrated that the bacterial community in the high-elevation Kaidu river is a continuum, whereas the archaeal community is not.

Study on bond behavior of steel reinforced high strength concrete after high temperatures

Chen, Zongping,Zhou, Ji,Wang, Xinyue Techno-Press 2020 Advances in concrete construction Vol.10 No.2

This paper presents experimental results on bond-slip behavior of steel reinforced high-strength concrete (SRHC) after exposure to elevated temperatures. Three parameters were considered in this test: (a) high temperatures (i.e., 20℃, 200℃, 400℃, 600℃, 800℃); (b) concrete strength (i.e., C60, C70, C80); (c) anchorage length (i.e., 250 mm, 400 mm). A total of 17 SRHC specimens subjected to high temperatures were designed for push out test. The load-slip curves at the loading end and free end were obtained, the influence of various variation parameters on the ultimate bond strength and residual bond strength was analyzed, in addition, the influence of elevated temperatures on the invalidation mechanism was researched in details. Test results show that the shapes of load-slip curves at loading ends and free ends are similar. The ultimate bond strength and residual bond strength of SRHC decrease first and then recover partly with the temperature increasing. The bond strength is proportional to the concrete strength, and the bond strength is proportional to the anchoring length when the temperature is low, while the opposite situation occurs when the temperature is high. What's more, the bond damage of specimens with lower temperature develops earlier and faster than the specimens with higher temperature. From these experimental findings, the bond-slip constitutive formula of SRHC subjected to elevated temperatures is proposed, which fills well with test data.