Epidemiology of Suicide by Hanging in Fars Province, Iran (2011-2019): A Population-based Cross-sectional Study

Leila Moftakhar,Alireza Mirahmadizadeh,Sanaz Amiri,Fariba Rezaei,Habibollah Azarbakhsh The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine 2023 예방의학회지 Vol.56 No.3

Objectives: Hanging is a common method of attempted suicide. This study investigated the epidemiological profile of attempted and completed suicides by hanging in southern Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1167 suicide attempts by hanging between 2011 and 2019. All data related to suicide attempts by hanging were collected from the Fars Suicide Surveillance System. The trends in suicide cases and the mean age of attempted and completed suicides were plotted. The chi-square test was used to identify suicide-related factors. Crude rates of incidence, mortality, and standardized fatality during the study period were calculated. Finally, logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of death in individuals who attempted suicide. Results: The mean age of those who attempted suicide was 33.21±16.82 years; the majority were male (80.5%). The rate of attempted and completed suicide by hanging were 3.50 and 2.79 per 100 000 people, respectively. The case-fatality rate was calculated as 79.34%. The results of our study indicated an increasing trend in suicide attempts by hanging. The likelihood of death was 2.28 times higher in individuals with a previous history of suicide attempts and 1.85 times higher in those with a psychological disorder. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest an increasing trend in attempted and completed suicide by hanging, especially among individuals with a history of suicide attempts and psychological disorders. It is necessary to take action to reduce the rate of suicide attempts and identify the underlying causes of suicide attempts by hanging.

Non-aneurysmal and non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage after attempted suicide by incomplete hanging

김태후,이수훈,김동훈,김성춘,Wonyoungyong Jin,김소연,신상헌,이상봉 대한응급의학회 2017 Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine Vol.4 No.1

Hanging is a common method of suicide that is being reported more frequently in many countries. Several complications including injuries to the cervical spine, neck vessels, and brain can occur after attempted suicide by hanging. There are only a few reports of brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of hanging victims. The most common abnormality was diffuse cerebral edema. A subarachnoid hemorrhage is an atypical complication by suicidal hanging. We report a case of a female patient who presented to an emergency department with altered mental status after attempting suicide by incomplete hanging. The patient was diagnosed with a non-aneurysmal and non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. This case shows that spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage can develop due to a sudden elevation of intracranial pressure, as occurs with hanging.

목맴 사망의 사건 현장에서 끈자국 측정을 위한 해부학적 연구

허경석,이근태 대한체질인류학회 2022 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.35 No.1

The hanging death is the most frequently used method by suicide attempters. In particular, the ligature marks on the victim’s neck in hanging deaths are important evidence of asphyxia due to compression of the neck (strangulation). Moreover, it can be an important piece of evidence that can differentiate the manner of death (suicide, homicide, and homicide disguised as a suicide). Therefore, the analysis and interpretation of ligature marks should ensure consistency and reliability as evidence in criminal investigations. However, in the past, when police officers demonstrating the patterns of ligature mark in cases of compressed neck, the standards and principles were not sufficient to make a valid decision in terms of anatomical measurement points, measurement methods, and measurement tools. Consequently, not only various errors may unconsciously occur in the meticulous examination of the ligature marks, but also as evidence, consistency and reliability may not be guaranteed. The aim of this study is to propose the new measurement method of ligature marks in case of death by hanging. A total of 18 cases in 2018 were analyzed (excluding 10 cases due to decomposition of the body) among 28 hanging deaths occurred in north area in Seoul. The classification and analysis of suicide by hanging were conducted in order to diagnose ligature mark of hanging, using the traditional (A) and new (G) measurement methods. The new measurement method was measured the four items (G1~G3) based on labrale inferius, otobasion inferius, and external occipital protuberance. When comparing the average difference between the new and traditional measurement methods, G1- A1 was observed as 3.9 cm, G2L-A2L as 0.6 cm, and G2R-A2R as 0.6 cm. Investigation of the first death scene as well as the medicolegal death investigation of the deceased are of utmost importance in resolving the criminal case. In the case of hanging death, the new measurement method for diagnosing ligature mark in the field of investigation can yield the same results without any differences between individuals. Also, this method can provide consistency and reliability as evidence during crime scene investigation. 목맴은 다른 방법에 비해 자살자가 가장 많이 사용하는 방법이다. 목맴 사망 사건이 발생했을 때 변사자의목에 남겨진 끈자국은 경부압박질식에 대한 중요한 증거이고 자살과 타살 또는 타살 후 위장한 자살 등 사망의 종류를 구별할 수 있는 중요한 증거이다. 끈자국에 대한 분석과 해석은 증거로서 일관성과 신뢰성을 보장해야 한다. 그러나 경찰에서 기존에 사용하고 있는 끈자국 측정 방법은 해부학적 계측점과 계측 방법 및 계측 도구의 기준이 명확하지 않아 객관성이 결여되어 있다. 이러한 이유로 끈자국 측정값에 다양한 오류가 발생할 수 있고 증거로서 일관성과신뢰성을 보장하지 못할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 목맴 사망 사건이 발생했을 때 객관적인 새로운 끈자국 측정 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 2018년 동안 서울 북부지역에서 발생한 총 28건의 목맴 사망 사건 중 부패 등의 이유로 분석이 불가능한 총 10건의 사건을 제외하고 총 18건에 대해 분석하였다. 목맴 사망 사건에 대한 분류와 분석 및 끈자국측정을 위한 기존의 방법 (A)과 새로운 방법 (G)을 비교 분석하였다. 새로운 측정 방법은 아래입술점, 아래귓바퀴뿌리점, 바깥뒤통수뼈융기를 기준으로 4개의 항목 (G1~G3)을 계측하였다. 새로운 방법으로 측정한 값과 기존 방법으로측정한 값 차이를 평균으로 비교해보면 G1-A1은 3.9 cm, G2L-A2L는 0.6 cm, G2R-A2R는 0.6 cm로 G1-A1이가장 크게 나타났다. 최초 변사 현장에 대한 수사와 변사자의 법의학적 검시는 사건 해결에 무엇보다 중요하다. 목맴사망 발생 시 현장 수사에서 끈자국의 새로운 해부학적 계측 방법을 사용하면 정확한 기준을 통해 동일한 결과값을도출할 수 있고 증거로서 일관성과 신뢰성을 보장할 수 있다. 따라서, 일관성과 신뢰성이 높은 증거 분석을 제공하여사건 해결에 기여할 수 있을 것이라고 생각한다.

소아에서 발생한 사고성 목맴

이상령,박소형,하홍일,김형중,양경무,이한영 대한법의학회 2010 대한법의학회지 Vol.34 No.2

Accidental hanging in infancy and early childhood is not common and the autopsy findings have not been well-known. We experienced five cases of accidental hanging in children in a variety of situations. All cases were concluded as accidental hanging after a comprehensive examination based on the death scene investigation, autopsy findings, and investigation of their background and past history. Two cases happened at slides in a playground and in a kindergarten, the other cases related with by various kinds of cords in their house. As it is not always possible to predict every dangerous circumstance, these cases will be helpful to prevent the cases of accidental hanging.

Effect of hanging-type sand fence on characteristics of wind-sand flow fields

Cheng, Jian-jun,Lei, Jia-qiang,Li, Sheng-yu,Wang, Hai-feng Techno-Press 2016 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.22 No.5

A hanging-type sand-retaining wall is a very common sand-blocking fence structure used to prevent sand movement. This type of wall is widely used along the Qinghai-Tibet and Gobi desert railways in Xinjiang, Western China. To analyze the characteristics of wind-sand flow fields under the effect of such a sand fence structure, a wind tunnel test and a field test were carried out. The wind tunnel test showed the zoning characteristics of the flow fields under the effect of the hanging-type sand-retaining wall, and the field test provided the sediment transport data for effective wind-proof interval and the sand resistance data in the front and behind the sand-retaining wall. The consistency of the wind-sand flow fields with the spatial distribution characteristic of wind-carried sand motion was verified by the correspondences of the acceleration zone in the flow field and the negative elevation points of the percentage variations of the sand collection rate. The spatial distribution characteristic of the field sand collection data further showed the spatial structural characteristic of the sandy air currents under the action of the hanging-type sand-retaining wall and the sand resistance characteristic of the sand-retaining wall. This systematic study on the wind-sand flow fields under the control of the hanging-type sand-retaining wall provides a theoretical basis for the rational layout of sand control engineering systems and the efficient utilization of a hanging-type sand-retaining wall.

목맴 시도로 인한 목 구조물의 복합골절 이후 발생한 연하곤란을 호소하는 환자: 증례 보고

Jungyun Kim,Dong-Jin Chae,Jong Bum Park,Yung Jin Lee,Yeon Soo Kim,Yeong Sik Yun,Mi Jin Hong 대한연하장애학회 2023 대한연하장애학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Although hanging is the most common method of suicide in Korea, there are few reports of dysphagia following laryngeal injuries due to near-hanging. This is a case report of a patient who complained of dysphagia after a complex fracture of the neck structures caused due to attempted suicide by hanging. A 51-year-old male visited our hospital with neck injuries after a near-hanging episode. Laryngoscopy suspected dislocation of the right arytenoid cartilage. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed fractures of the right hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage, as well as soft tissue emphysema. A closed reduction for the dislocation of the right arytenoid cartilage was performed. After surgery, oral feeding was attempted five days after surgery but stopped due to a large amount of aspiration. After two weeks, a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) revealed a decreased laryngeal elevation and severe impairment of the upper esophageal sphincter opening. The patient was then given rehabilitation for oropharyngeal dysphagia to restore swallowing function. Four months after the injury, VFSS showed that the residue in the pyriform sinus after multiple swallowing attempts decreased compared to the previous studies. However, oral diet and enteral feeding were combined due to the patient experiencing early fatigue due to swallowing difficulties. Our observations, in this case, show that it was necessary to provide treatment through a multidisciplinary approach coupled with long-term follow-up for patients with dysphagia after complex fractures by near-hanging.

Effect of hanging-type sand fence on characteristics of wind-sand flow fields

Jian-jun Cheng,Jia-qiang Lei,Sheng-yu Li,Hai-feng Wang 한국풍공학회 2016 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.22 No.5

A hanging-type sand-retaining wall is a very common sand-blocking fence structure used to prevent sand movement. This type of wall is widely used along the Qinghai–Tibet and Gobi desert railways in Xinjiang, Western China. To analyze the characteristics of wind-sand flow fields under the effect of such a sand fence structure, a wind tunnel test and a field test were carried out. The wind tunnel test showed the zoning characteristics of the flow fields under the effect of the hanging-type sand-retaining wall, and the field test provided the sediment transport data for effective wind-proof interval and the sand resistance data in the front and behind the sand-retaining wall. The consistency of the wind-sand flow fields with the spatial distribution characteristic of wind-carried sand motion was verified by the correspondences of the acceleration zone in the flow field and the negative elevation points of the percentage variations of the sand collection rate. The spatial distribution characteristic of the field sand collection data further showed the spatial structural characteristic of the sandy air currents under the action of the hanging-type sand-retaining wall and the sand resistance characteristic of the sand-retaining wall. This systematic study on the wind-sand flow fields under the control of the hanging-type sand-retaining wall provides a theoretical basis for the rational layout of sand control engineering systems and the efficient utilization of a hanging-type sand-retaining wall.

엮기의 조형을 통한 "매달기" 설치오브제의 생명 개념에 관한 연구 - 박홍필의 작품을 중심으로

박홍필 ( Hong Pil Park ) 한국영상미디어협회 2015 예술과 미디어 Vol.14 No.3

박홍필의 매달기의 조형개념은 설치미술의 영역을 확장하는 작업으로서 인체에서 벗어나 생물과 인간 사고의 대상인 사물과 유기적으로 연결되어 있는 생명의 실체를 탐구하고 있다. 박홍필의 ‘엮기’는 들뢰즈의 리좀과 같이 인간과 자연의 생명들을 보이지 않게 연결시키는 망을 표현하고 있다. 엮기는 지속적인 반복을 통하여 형태를 만들어 내며, 형태는 원초적인 단순한 고리의 형태를 벗어나 새로운 형태를 만들어 낸다. 이러한 형태는 들뢰즈의 리좀의 개념과 같이 형태와구조상에서 위계적이지 않고 어느 것이 먼저고 어느 것이 나중이라는 개념으로서 원초적인 단순한 고리의 형태를 벗어나 새로운 형태를 만들어 낸다. 박홍필의 매달기의 조형 개념은 엮기의 오브제의 개념과 밀접한 관련을 맺고 있다. 박홍필의 조형 개념은 공산품보다는 자연 재료를 소재로 가느다란 그물망으로 제작한 엮기의 오브제에서 비롯된다. 박홍필의 엮기 오브제와 매달기의 조형 개념은 엮기의 형태가 끊임없이 반복되며, 바람에 흔들리는 순간 움직임이 있으며 관람자가 그 앞을 지나는 순간에도 움직임이 있다. 그렇기에 박홍필의 엮기의 오브제는 니코스 스탠코스가 현대미술의 특징이라고 말한 ‘우연’의 요소를 지니고 있다. 엮기 오브제의 매듭에 있는 원형의 사각형과 설치를 통해 생기는 그림자의 형태 또한 박홍필의 매달기의 조형 개념을 구성하는 주된 요소이다. 원형의 사각형은 생명체의 상징을 의미하며, 그물망은 생명체 간의 보이지 않게 연결되어 있는 유기적인 선들을 표현 한 것이다. 그림자는 생명체의 죽음 이후의 세계 이다. 이러한 조형의 상징은 들뢰즈의 개념을 수용하였으며, 살아있는 생명의 이미지를 상징적으로 표현하고 있는 것이다. 그것은 들뢰즈. 가타리의 생명의 개념을 차용한 것으로써 생명인 동시에 죽음으로써의, 생명의 실체라고 말할 수 있는 데, 들뢰즈의 의미에서 해석하자면 이 신체나 저 신체의 죽음은 전혀 부정적인 것이 아니며, 유기체의 죽음이 없다면 변화도 진정한 생명도 그 근본적인 의미에서 존재하지 않는다는 것을 의미하는 것이다. 즉 박홍필의 매달기의 조형 개념은 인체에서 벗어나 유기적으로 연결되어 있는 생명의 실체를 엮기의 오브제를 통해 상징적으로 표현한 것이며, 현대 미술의 주된 주제가 되는 생명의 개념을 인간 중심에서 벗어나 생물을 비롯하여 인간사고의 대상인 사물과 죽음이후의 세계까지 확장하고 있는 것이다. Park Hong-pil, whose modeling conception of Hanging is the extending work for the installation art. I have made a study for the true of life on connecting to the organism with free to human``s body and the object on the subject with human``s thought.My ``weaving`` which is expressed as the net on connecting the human as like Gilles Deleuze’s ``rhizome`` to life of nature invisibly. ``Weaving`` has to create forms trough the repetition continuously and forms has to create another new forms departing from the form, that is basic and simple linked with. This form,as like the conception of rhizome by Deluze,is not hierarchical on the form and the structure as like the conception, also, that is creat to new form depart form the basic, simple link with as the concept what comes first or later. The modeling conception of ``hanging`` by Park Hong pil means closely related to the conception of ``weaving`` object. My modeling concept derived from the woven object with thin nets made of natural materials, not from any industrial products. I have incarnated both of my modeling concepts of hanging and weaving with recurring square nets. Moreover, there are the movent at the moment when the wind blows, also, they repetitively move back and forth and even when a viewer passes in front of thework, the square nets also move. This explains that my work depends on the element of ``contingency`` Nikos Stangos referred to as one of the hallmarks of Contemporary art. The shadows shifting every minute by the movement of woven and suspended squares and nets are also a primary element of shaping on Park’s modeling concept of hanging. The squares in my works stand for life while the nets stand for organic lines invisibly linking life forms to one another. The shadows are the world after death for life. These modeling symbols are founded on the notion Deleuze underlined, symbolically representing the image of living bodies. They are also based on the notion appropriated from Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of life, referring to the nature of life. In Deleuze’s view, the death of bodies is by no means negative: it means that in an elemental sense any change and life would not exist without the death of organisms. That is, Park’s modeling concept of hanging is to represent the true of life on connecting to the organism and the object on the subject with human``s thought and the world after death for life.

A Traumatic Face of Colonial Hawai`i: The 1998 Asian American Event and Lois-Ann Yamanaka`s Blu`s Hanging

( Chang Hee Kim ) 한국영어영문학회 2010 영어 영문학 Vol.56 No.6

This paper deals with one of the hottest debates in the history of the Association for Asian American Studies (AAAS) since its inception in the late 1960s. In 1998 at Hawai`i, the AAAS awarded Lois-Ann Yamanaka its Fiction Award for her novel Blu`s Hanging, only to have this award protested. The point at issue was the inappropriate representation of Filipino American characters called Human Rats in the novel. This event divided the association into two groups: one criticizing the novel for the problematic portrayal of Filipinos in colonial Hawai`i, and the other defending it from the criticism in the name of aesthetic freedom. Such a crisis of representation in Asian American identity reflects on the ways in which local Hawaiians are positioned in the complicate power dynamic between oppositional Hawaiian identity and cosmopolitan diasporic identity within the larger framework of Asian American pan-ethnic identity. The controversial event triggered the eruption of Asian Americans` anxiety over the identity-bounded nation of Asian America where intra-racial classism and conflict have been at play, which are primary themes of Blu`s Hanging. This paper shows how Yamanaka`s Blu`s Hanging becomes so disturbing a work to prevent the hegemonic formality of Asian America identity from being fully dogmatic. Ultimately, it contradicts the political unconscious of the reading public and unmasked its false consciousness by engendering a free subjective intervention in the ideological reality of colonial Hawai`i.

목맴에 의해서 발생한 머리 절단 사례 보고

장정식,양경무 대한법의학회 2016 대한법의학회지 Vol.40 No.4

The authors report two cases of complete decapitation due to hanging. The decapitated body of a 49-year-old man weighing 53 kg was found next to a motel, and the head was 1.2 m away from the body. A rope (length, 3.5 m; diameter, 1.0 cm; nylon rope with a running noose), from the rescue and descent device of the room, was on an exterior wall of the motel. Another decapitated body of a 50-year-old man weighing 74 kg was found floating on the river. The head was found the next day. A rope (length, 7.2 m; diameter, 1.0 cm; nylon rope with a running noose) was tied to a bridge located on the upper side of the river. In both cases, the neck had a sharply demarcated circumferential laceration, similar to that noted in cases of sharp force injury. However, the laceration was formed by Langer’s lines, and internal examination revealed findings of overstretching injury and blunt force injury. These cases were determined to be those of complete decapitation due to hanging.