Flexible p-type PEDOT:PSS/a-Si:H hybrid thin film solar cells with boron-doped interlayer

Lee, Yoo Jeong,Yeon, Changbong,Lim, Jung Wook,Yun, Sun Jin Elsevier 2018 SOLAR ENERGY -PHOENIX ARIZONA THEN NEW YORK- Vol.163 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We reported highly flexible a-Si:H thin film solar cells with p-type poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) window. We firstly adopted the substrate-type cell structure on 75 μm-thick polyimide (PI) film unlike earlier studies in which the superstrate-type cell structures were utilized and the deformation of PEDOT:PSS was inevitably caused by subsequent deposition processes. We clearly demonstrated that the performance of the hybrid a-Si:H thin film solar cells with the substrate-type structure was superior to that of the superstrate-type cells. A highly boron-doped interlayer (IL) of 5 nm thickness was introduced at the hetero-interface between the p-type PEDOT:PSS and intrinsic a-Si:H to enhance built-in potential and form a homogeneous p/i-junction in the cell, which led to further improvement in the cell performance. The efficiencies of the cells with the PEDOT:PSS/IL window on glass and PI substrates were 7.40% and 6.52%, respectively, which were considerably higher than that of the cell with a conventional p-type microcrystalline (μc-) Si:H window. Also, the degradation of the cell with PEDOT:PSS window by bending was much smaller than the cell with p-type μc-Si:H window, particularly at bending radius < 10 mm. The present work demonstrates that PEDOT:PSS with a proper interfacial layer is a promising p-type window for substrate-type a-Si:H thin film solar cells and also for enhancing the flexibility of inorganic light absorbing materials-based solar cells on flexible film substrates.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> p-Type PEDOT:PSS windows were used for flexible a-Si:H thin film PV cells. </LI> <LI> PEDOT:PSS should be free from a damage caused by subsequent deposition process. </LI> <LI> Surfactant addition and H<SUB>2</SUB>-treatment improve the adhesion of PEDOT:PSS on a-Si:H. </LI> <LI> Insertion of highly B-doped Si leads to further improvement in cell performances. </LI> <LI> Cell with PEDOT:PSS showed higher flexibility than cell with p-type μc-Si:H particularly at bending radius < 10 mm. </LI> </UL> </P>

Relationship between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) rs1801133 SNP and serum homocysteine levels of Zhuang hypertensive patients in the central region of Guangxi

Hu Xi-Jiang,Su Mei-Ru,Cao Bao-Wei,Ou Fa-Bang,Yin Rui-Xing,Luo An-De 대한고혈압학회 2023 Clinical Hypertension Vol.29 No.-

Background The relationship between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and serum homocysteine (Hcy) levels or H-type hypertension in different populations is inconsistent. This study aimed to explore the association between the MTHFR rs1801133 SNP and serum Hcy levels of Zhuang hypertensive patients in the central region of Guangxi. Methods A total of 606 Zhuang inpatients with essential hypertension were recruited in our hospital from August 2016 to December 2018. The patients were divided into H-type hypertension (Hcy > 10 μmol/L, n = 528) and non–Htype hypertension (Hcy ≤ 10 μmol/L, n = 78) groups. At the same time, an age- and sex-matched group of 379 subjects with normal physical examination in our hospital were selected as the control group. Blood biochemical measurements and genotyping of the MTHFR rs1801133 SNP were performed. Results The prevalence of H-type hypertension was 87.13%. The levels of serum Hcy in patients with hypertension were higher than those in control group (14.20 ± 5.78 μmol/L vs. 11.97 ± 5.39 μmol/L, P < 0.001), especially in patients with H-type hypertension (15.08 ± 5.65 μmol/L, P < 0.001). The frequencies of TT genotype (22.73%) and T allele (46.21%) in patients with H-type hypertension were significantly higher than those in control group (11.35% and 30.47%, respectively) and non–H-type hypertension group (10.26% and 28.85%, respectively; P < 0.001 for all). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that serum Hcy levels were significantly correlated with creatinine, lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, endogenous creatinine clearance rate, and the MTHFR rs1801133 genotypes in control group, while serum Hcy levels were significantly correlated with creatinine, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, endogenous creatinine clearance rate, glycosylated hemoglobin, and the MTHFR rs1801133 genotypes in H-type hypertension group (P < 0.05–0.001). Serum Hcy levels in the T allele carriers were higher than those in the T allele noncarriers in both H-type hypertension and control groups. Conclusions There was closely related between the MTHFR rs1801133 SNP and serum Hcy levels in Zhuang patients with H-type hypertension in the central region of Guangxi. The MTHFR SNP may be an important reason for the increase of serum Hcy levels in Zhuang patients with H-type hypertension in this region.

십이지장궤양 환자에서 혈액형 및 흡연과 Helicobacter pylori 감염과의 상관 관계

김명식,이돈행,김범수,최원,장재남,권계숙,조현근,신용문,김영수 大韓消化器病學會 1998 大韓消化器病學會誌 Vol.32 No.6

총설 : "Type Specimens Collected from Korea at the Herbarium of the University of Tokyo"와 "Korean Type Specimens Deposited in Foreign Herbaria and Museums"의 오류에 대한 비평

엄현주 ( Hyun Joo Eom ),창진성 ( Chin Sung Chang ),검휘 ( Hui Kim ) 한국임학회 2010 한국산림과학회지 Vol.99 No.4

최근 환경부와 국립수목원에서 발간한 한반도의 관속식물의 기준표본 관련 자료인 Type specimens collected from Korea at the herbarium of the University of Tokyo (Suh et al.)와 국립생물자원관에서 발간한 Korean type specimens deposited in foreign herbaria and museums(해외기관소장 한반도 생물자원기준표본화보집, Yim et al.) 내용 에 오류 확인과 정정이 필요하여 본 연구를 수행하였다 전자에 해당되는 자료는 東京大學 綜合?究博物館(TI)에 소장되어 있는 T. Nakai의 수집품을 정리한 것이며, 후자의 경우는 G Koidzumi, J. Ohwi, S. Kitamura 등 東京大學 연구자와 하버드대학 E. H. Wilson, H. Leveille의 수집품을 정리한 내용이다. 두 간행물은 lectotype, isotype, syntype 또는 holotype 등의 잘못된 지정과 기재문 및 관련 정보에 대한 오류 등을 범하고 있다. 특히, Suh et al은 TI에 소장 되어 있는 한반도 식품의 기준표본을 정려한 출판물에서는 47개의 기준표본 A1정 오류와 20개의 지명 및 문헌 풍의 가재에 오류가 있었고, Vim et al은 2권의 책자에 정리한 기준표본 정보는 757내의 지정 오류와 30개의 지명 및 문헌 등 기재 오류가 확인되었다. Suh et al.과 Yim et al.은 기재문 확인 연구가 없이 단순히 기준표본에 대한 정보만 올 제공하고 있어 이련 기준 표본 오류가 발생하였다 또한, 기재문 빛 다른 관련 정보에 대한 오류는 원기재문의 미확인과 기준표본에 대한 기본적인 개념부채가 원인이라고 판단된다. The recent publications of two major works from Ministry of Environment and Korea National Arboretum (Type specimens collected from Korea at the herbarium of the University of Tokyo. five volumes) and National Institute of Biological Resources (Korean type specimens deposited in foreign herbaria and museums, two volumes excluding other animal groups) on Korean vascular plants have resulted in discrepancies needing either correction or clarification. The former published the results of a portion of T. Nakai`s collections deposited at TI, while the latter produced the results about collections of G Koidzumi`s, J. Ohwi`s, and S. Kitamura`s at Kyoto University and of E. H. Wilson`s and H. Leveille`s at Harvard University. Consequently some omissions, discrepancies, and conflicts resulted, such as the inclusion of conflicting designations of lectotype, isotype, syntype or holotype, erroneous citations of publications, and misinformation. Suh et al.`s publications about type specimens of Korean plants deposited at TI showed 47 conflicting typifications and 20 typographical and other errors. Type infOlll1ation offered by Yim et a1. were discussed, and 75 conflicting typification and 30 typographical and other errors from these two volumes were also brought to notice. 1t is clear that Suh et al. and Yim et al. merely provided type infolll1ation without consulting original description of each plant species. It is apparent that all these conflicting designation of types, erroneous citations of publications, and other types of misinformation were as a result of the disregard of original citation and the ignorance of basic type concept.

한국어 파열음 조음자리와 발성유형 구분을 위한 음향변수 분석 및 선정

박선영,성철재 한글학회 2022 한글 Vol.- No.337

The 13 acoustic parameters analyzed in this study were voice onset time (VOT); four kinds of moment parameters, namely center of gravity, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis, related to the spectral energy distribution of initial 5ms release bursts; the total amount of spectral energy; the 4 moment parameters of the 5ms following vowels of CV contexts; and the fundamental frequency, H1-H2 (first harmonic energy subtracted from second one), and H1-A2 (first harmonic energy subtracted from second formant energy) measured in the 50ms following vowels. These parameters were examined to determine whether they are related to the phonation types and places of articulation of Korean plosive sounds. The parameters’ values were evaluated by linear discriminant analysis, a machine learning method used to classify groups. VOT and H1-H2 contributed the most to phonation type while skewness and center of gravity contributed the most to places of articulation. The classification accuracy using significant acoustic parameters was 91.5% for phonation types and 76.7% for the places of articulation. 유성 개시 시간(VOT), 개방 파열 부분(5ms)의 스펙트럼 에너지 분포와 관련된 적률변수(moment parameters) 네 가지(무게중심, 표준편차, 왜도, 첨도) 스펙트럼 에너지 총량, 파열음 후행 모음 5ms 구간의 적률변수 네 가지와 파열음 후행 모음 50ms 구간에서 측정한 기본 주파수, H1-H2, 그리고 H1-A2를 주요 음향변수로 설정하여 이들이 한국어 파열음의 발성유형 및 조음자리와 관련하여 유의한 변수인지 살펴보았다. 유의한 음향변수로 확인된 경우 집단 분류에 활용하는 기계학습 방법인 선형 판별 분석을 이용하여 변수의 가치, 기여도까지 평가해보았다. 발성유형과 관련해서는 유성 개시 시간과 H1-H2가 가장 주요하게 기여하였으며 조음자리 구분과 관련해서는 개방 파열 구간의 적률변수 중 왜도와 무게중심의 기여도가 가장 컸다. 유의 음향변수들을 이용한 분류 정확도(classification accuracy)는 발성유형의 경우 91.5%, 조음자리의 경우는 76.7%로 나타났다.

A Novel Modulation Scheme and a DC-Link Voltage Balancing Control Strategy for T-Type H-Bridge Cascaded Multilevel Converters

Yue Wang,Yaowei Hu,Guozhu Chen 전력전자학회 2016 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.16 No.6

The cascaded multilevel converter is widely adopted to medium/high voltage and high power electronic applications due to the small harmonic components of the output voltage and the facilitation of modularity. In this paper, the operation principle of a T-type H-bridge topology is investigated in detail, and a carrier phase shifted pulse width modulation (CPS-PWM) based control method is proposed for this topology. Taking a virtual five-level waveform achieved by a unipolar double frequency CPS-PWM as the output object, PWM signals of the T-type H-bridge can be obtained by reverse derivation according to its switching modes. In addition, a control method for the T-type H-bridge based cascaded multilevel converter is introduced. Then a single-phase T-type H-bridge cascaded multilevel static var generator (SVG) prototype is built, and a repetitive controller based compound current control strategy is designed with the DC-link voltage balancing control scheme analyzed. Finally, simulation and experimental results validate the correctness and feasibility of the proposed modulation method and control strategy for T-type H-bridge based cascaded multilevel converters.

미세균열의 길이 및 간격 분포를 이용한 결의 평가(1)

박덕원(Deok-Won Park) 한국암석학회 2017 암석학회지 Vol.26 No.1

미세균열의 길이와 간격의 분포를 이용하여 쥬라기 거창화강암에서 발달하는 결의 특성을 분석하였다. 상기 길이와 간격에 대한 분포상은 박편의 확대사진(×6.7)에서 도출하였다. 일차적으로, 여섯 방향의 결에 대한 길이 및 간격-누적빈도 도표를 미세균열의 길이의 밀도가 증가하는 순((H2→R1)으로 배열하였다. 상기 두 종류의 도표의 결합을 통하여 다양한 파라미터를 추출하였다. 3개 채석면 및 3개 결을 대변하는 판별요소들은 파라미터의 값 사이의 상호 대비를 통하여 획득하였다. 이 연구의 분석 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 여섯 방향의 결에 대한 평가는 간격(α, λ<SUB>S</SUB>) 및 길이(β, λ<SUB>L</SUB>)와 관련된 두 지수 직선 사이의 (1) 교차각(α − β) 및 (2) 지수차(λ<SUB>S</SUB> − λ<SUB>L</SUB>)과 같은 파라미터를 이용하여 수행하였다. 파라미터(1 및 2)의 값은 H(3번 결, (H1 + H2)/2) < G(2번 결, (G1 + G2)/2) < R(1번 결, (R1 + R2)/2)의 순서이다. 반면에 3개 면에 대한 상기 2개 파라미터의 값은 R < G < H의 순서이다. 한편, 두 지수 직선 사이의 수렴방향을 도출하였다. 상기 방향은 선 ol을 중심으로 하여 선 os의 배치에 따른다. 선 ol이 좌측의 상부 영역 그리고 선 os가 우측의 하부 영역에 위치하는 경우, 상기 두 지수 직선은 Y축의 방향으로 수렴한다(R-유형). 반면에, 선 ol 및 선 os의 배열순이 역전되었을 때에는 상기 두 선은 X축의 방향으로 수렴한다(H-유형). 특히, 두 수직선의 배열에 의하여 교차각(α-β)의 양(+) 혹은 음(−)의 값이 결정된다. 이러한 유형의 상관성 분석은 결의 상대적인 강도 평가 및 3개 채석면의 판별에 유용하다. The characteristics of the rock cleavage in Jurassic Geochang granite were analysed using the distribution of microcrack lengths and spacings. The phases of distribution of the above lengths and spacings were derived from the enlarged photomicrographs(×6.7) of the thin section. First, the length and spacing-cumulative diagrams for the six directions of rock cleavages were arranged in increasing order(H2 → R1) on the density(ρ) of microcrack length. The various parameters were extracted through the combination of the above two types of diagrams. The discrimination factors representing the three quarrying planes and three rock cleavages were acquired through the mutual contrast between the values of parameters. The analysis results of the research are summarized as follows. The evaluation for the six directions of rock cleavages was performed using the parameters such as (1) intersection angle(α − β) and (2) exponent difference(λ<SUB>S</SUB> − λ<SUB>L</SUB>) between two exponential straight lines related to spacing(α, λ<SUB>S</SUB>) and length(β, λ<SUB>L</SUB>). The values of parameters(1 and 2) are in order of H(hardway, (H1 + H2)/2) < G(grain, (G1 + G2)/2) < R(rift, (R1 + R2)/2). On the contrary, the values of the above two parameters for three planes are in order of R < G < H. Meanwhile, the direction of convergence between two exponential straight lines was derived. The above direction is compliant to arrangement of the line os centering around the line ol. The above two lines converge in the direction of the Y-axis when the line ol and line os occupy the upper region on the left and the lower region on the right, respectively(R-type). On the contrary, the above two lines converge in the direction of the X-axis when the order of arrangement between line ol and line os is reversed(H-type). Especially, the positive(+) or negative(−) value of intersection angle(α−β) is determined by the arrangement of two vertical lines. This type of correlation analysis is useful for evaluating the relative strength of rock cleavage and discriminating three quarrying planes.

비부착 압축 프리스트레싱을 도입한 중공박스 거더의 거동

김성배(Kim Sung Bae),김장호(Kim Jang-Ho),김태균(Kim Tae Kyun),어철수(Eoh Cheol Soo) 대한토목학회 2010 대한토목학회논문집 A Vol.30 No.3A

일반적으로 PSC 거더 교량은 철근 콘크리트 부재와 달리 전단면을 사용하여 외부하중을 저항한다. 또한 설계와 시공의 용이성, 구조적 안전성, 경제성, 유지관리의 편리성 등의 장점 때문에 30 m 이하의 중/소 경간 교량에 많이 적용되고 있다. 그러나, 최근 전세계적으로 환경, 미관 등에 관심이 높아짐에 따라, 교량의 경간은 점점 길어지는 추세이다. 이러한 추세는 케이블 교량뿐만 아니라 PSC 교량에서도 나타난다. 본 연구는 시대적 흐름에 맞춰 PSC 거더를 50 m 이상의 장경간에 적용하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 상부에 H형 강재가 도입된 중공 박스 합성거더를 개발하였다. 개발된 거더는 타설 전 상부에 H형 강재에 미리 비부착 압축 프리스트레스를 주어 거더의 성능저하 시 프리스트레스력을 제거하여 성능을 회복시키는 방법이다. 개발된 거더는 실제 교량에 사용하기위한 필수적인 정적실험을 3점 재하로 4단계로 구분하여 수행하였다. 1차 하중은 균열발생시점까지로 하였으며, 하중 제거 후 미리 상부강재에 도입된 프리스트레스력을 제거하여 거더의 성능회복력을 확인하였다 그 후, 거더가 파괴될 때까지 하중을 재하하였다. 실험 결과, 18.7 ㎜의 잔류변형이 발생하였으나, 상부 강제의 PS 제거에 의해 7.7 ㎜로 회복되었다. 즉, 상부 H형 강재에 도입된 비부착 압축프리스트레스의 제거에 의한 거더 하연의 추가 압축응력으로 하중 증가에 따른 잔류변형을 약 60%가량 회복시키는 성능향상을 보였다. 상부에 H형 강재를 시공함으로써 추후 보수보강을 용이하게 할 수 있고, 비용도 절감할 수 있다. Generally, PSC girder bridge uses total gross cross section to resist applied loads unlike reinforced concrete member. Also, it is used as short and middle span (less than 30 m) bridges due to advantages such as ease of design and construction, reduction of cost, and convenience of maintenance. But, due to recent increased public interests for environmental friendly and appearance appealing bridges all over the world, the demands for longer span bridges have been continuously increasing. This trend is shown not only in ordinary long span bridge types such as cable supported bridges but also in PSC girder bridges. In order to meet the increasing demands for new type of long span bridges, PSC hollow box girder with H-type steel as compression reinforcements is developed for bridge with a single span of more than 50 m. The developed PSC girder applies compressive prestressing at H-type compression reinforcements using unbonded PS tendon. The purpose of compressive prestressing is to recover plastic displacement of PSC girder after long term service by releasing the prestressing. The static test composed of 4 different stages in 3-point bending test is performed to verify safety of the bridge. First stage loading is applied until tensile cracks form. Then in second stage, the load is removed and the girder is unloaded. In third stage, after removal of loading, recovery of remaining plastic deformation is verified as the compressive prestressing is removed at H-type reinforcements. Then, in fourth stage, loading is continued until the girder fails. The experimental results showed that the first crack occurs at 1,615 kN with a corresponding displacement of 187.0 ㎜. The introduction of the additional compressive stress in the lower part of the girder from the removal of unbonded compressive prestressing of the H-type steel showed a capacity improvement of about 60% (7.7 ㎜) recovery of the residual deformation (18.7 ㎜) that occurred from load increase. By using prestressed H-type steel as compression reinforcements in the upper part of cross section, repair and rehabilitation of PSC girders are relatively easy, and the cost of maintenance is expected to decrease.

Triangular shaped type-2 fuzzy numbers: Application to type-2 fuzzy differential equations

Norihiro Someyama,Hiroaki Uesu,Kimiaki Shinkai,Shuya Kanagawa 원광대학교 기초자연과학연구소 2022 ANNALS OF FUZZY MATHEMATICS AND INFORMATICS Vol.24 No.1

It is generally difficult to compute the level cut sets of type-2 fuzzy sets, so type-2 fuzzy sets that are more naturally represented and whose level cut sets can be computed relatively easily are desired. Then, we introduce a new type-2 fuzzy number called Triangular Shaped Type-2 Fuzzy Number in this paper. Moreover, we study calculus for type-2 fuzzy-number-valued functions and solve the problem of a fuzzy differential equation whose initial value is this type-2 fuzzy number.

MPEG2에서 H.264로의 트랜스코딩 기법

김동형,정제창,Kim, Dong-Hyung,Jeong, Je-Chang 한국통신학회 2005 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.30 No.7C

In this paper, we present a transcoding algorithm for converting an MPEG-2 video bitstream to an H.264 bitstream. The proposed transcoder consists of two parts. One is MPEG2 decoding part and the other is H.264 encoding part Because our algorithm is for transcoding in the spatial domain, MPEG2 decoding part carries out full decoding of MPEG2 bitstream. While, because macroblock type and coded block pattern in MPEG2 are significantly related to macroblock mode in H.264, macroblock mode is selected adaptively according to macroblock type and coded block pattern in H.264 decoding part. Furthermore, motion vector is also used as side-information for 16$\ctimes$16 macroblock mode. Simulation results show that the proposed transcoder yields high reduction of total transcoding time at comparable PSNR. 본 논문에서는 MPEG-2로 부호화된 비디오 스트림에서 H.264 부호화 표준으로의 트랜스코딩 기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 MPEG2에서 H.264t로의 트랜스코더는 MPEG2 복호화부와 H.264 부호화부로 구성되어 있으며, MPEG2 복호화부가 입력되는 MEPG2 비디오 스트림의 전복호화(全復號化)를 수행하는 공간영역에서의 트랜스코딩 기법이다. 반면 MPEG2 복호화 과정에서 사용되는 매크로블록 타입과 부호화블록패턴은 H.264의 매크로블록 모드와 상당한 연관성을 가지는데, 이를 이용하여 H.264 부호화부에서는 MEPG2의 매크로블록 타입, 부호화블록패턴 정보를 이용하여 H.264 부호화부에서의 매크로블록 모드를 적응적으로 선택하고 추가적으론 움직임 벡터를 활용함으로 전체 트랜스코더의 복잡도를 감소시킨다. 제안하는 트랜스코더를 시퀀스에 적용한 결과 전복호화 후 전부호화의 결과와 비교하여 평균 0.03dB의 PSNR 차이만을 보이는 반면 전체 트랜스코딩 시간은 최대 61$\%$ 감소된 것으로 나타난다.