집단정신치료:집단역학

이후경 대한신경정신의학회 2003 신경정신의학 Vol.42 No.2

This article on ‘group dynamics’ is the last part following the ‘history and prospect’ and the ‘theory and practice’, series composed of three parts to understand the group psychotherapy. To explain the core theme concerning the group dynamics, we compared the therapeutic group in clinical scope with the work group in social scope for convenience. And this article principally was for the therapeutic group. We can discover many similarities between groups and organizations when we observe the details although they appear quite different with different goals. Therefore, if the leader of a group in the clinical and social setup has a full knowledge in group dynamics, he would be effective in functional roles with increased sensitivity and understanding of group process. This article was written in order of the history of group dynamics, the theory of group dynamics, group development, and leadership. The group psychotherapy derives from individual psychotherapy. To lead group psychotherapy successfully, Therapists have to be knowledgeable not only of the concept of psychotherapy but also the concept of group dynamics.

Effects of Group-Level Fit on Group Conflict and Performance : The Initiating Role of Leader Positive Affect

Seong, Jee Young,Choi, Jin Nam SAGE Publications 2014 Group & organization management Vol.39 No.2

<P>Departing from the prevailing focus of the person–environment (P-E) fit literature on individual-level outcomes, we apply the fit concept to the group level and develop a theoretical framework that elaborates the nomological network involving group-level goal fit and ability fit. Specifically, we propose that the positive affect exhibited by leaders and members is a predictor of group-level goal fit and ability fit. We expect two types of group-level fit to predict group performance by shaping intermediate interactive dynamics among members, such as task and relationship conflict. Our analyses based on 96 work teams with 898 members provide empirical support for most of our hypotheses. Of the two group-level fit constructs, only group-level goal fit exerts a significant effect on group performance, which is completely mediated by task and relationship conflict. These theoretical and empirical developments highlight the potential and benefit of the group-level application of the P-E fit theory.</P>

Group Size에 따른 게임활동 및 수행성적과 집단응집력의 관계

권순일(Kwon Soon-Il),김승재(Kim Seung-Jae) 한국체육과학회 2003 한국체육과학회지 Vol.12 No.2

The present study implemented a series of game activities (18-20 games of simplified basketball for each team in the form of full-league games) for 16 weeks to 10 teams for 4:4 games, 5 for 6:6, 5 for 9:9, and 4 for 12: 12 to determine the influence of game activities performed with different group Size on the group cohesion of children. To measure the degree of group cohesion, the items testing group cohesion were derived respectively from the GEQ (Group Environmental Questionnaire) and the Personality Inventory (PI) - GEQ was developed by Carron, Widmeyer, and Brawley (1985) based on the definitions. After the tests of validity and reliability, 17 items of group cohesion measurement tools were written ultimately. Finally, after the pre- and post-tests, collected data were statistically processed using the SPSS/PC+10.0 statistical package. The result is as follows: 1. As a result of analyzing the changes in the overall group cohesion comparing the experimental and control groups, it was found that there were significant differences between the two groups (p<.001). Therefore, hypothesis 1 (i.e, there will be no differences in the development of group cohesion in the fifth-grade elementary school students before and after the game activities of simplified basketball) was rejected. 1-1. As a result of conducting a one-way ANOVA to rank the groups with different Size by the degree of cohesion improvement, there seemed to be a significant difference in their improvement (F=1074, p<.001) The post-test on the rate of change after the game implementation demonstrated that {4 3} and {2 1} are homogeneous groups. The change rates in group cohesion can be ranked as follows: 6:6>4:4>9:9>12:12 game groups (from the highest to the lowest). 2. As a result of analyzing the changes in overall group cohesion depending on the performance, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the winner and loser groups (p<.001). Therefore, hypothesis 1-4 (i.e, performance result will not have an influence on the development of group cohesion) was rejected.

채점규칙 변경 전ㆍ후에 따른 제46회, 제47회 세계선수권대회 철봉 연기내용 비교분석

양태영,양태석 한국스포츠학회 2018 한국스포츠학회지 Vol.16 No.3

이 연구는 제46회, 제47회 세계선수권대회 철봉 결승경기의 Group요소, 각 난도 분포, D score, E score, 연결 점수를 분석하여 세계 우수선수들의 경기력 향상에 대한 정보와 흐름을 제공하는 목적으로 수행하였다. 이를 위해 제46 회와 제47회 세계선수권대회 철봉 결승경기 진출선수 각8명씩 총16명을 대상으로 SPSS18.0으로 백분율(%), 평균 (M), 표준편차(SD)로 자료를 처리하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, GroupⅡ를 제46회 그룹은 28회(36.25%), 제47회 그룹은 32회(40.00%)를 실시하여 두 그룹 모두 GroupⅡ를 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, D score는 제46 회 그룹 평균 6.840점, 제47회 그룹 평균 6.190점으로 제46회 그룹보다 제47회 그룹의 평균 0.650점 낮아진 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 연결점수는 제46회 그룹 13회를 실시하여 연결점수 1.700점, 제47회 그룹은 5회를 실시하여 연결점 수 1.100점을 획득한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 본 연구의 결과는 채점규칙 변경 전·후의 흐름을 파악하고 취약종목으 로 구분되는 철봉종목의 경기력 향상을 위한 유용한 자료가 될 것이다. This study analyzed the Group element, degree of difficulty level and distribution, D score, E score, and connection scores for the horizontal performances in the 46th and 47th World Championships. The purpose of this study is to provide information and flow on the world athletes’improvements of athletic performances. For the study, this study analyzed 16 athletes, 8 athletes for each 46th and 47th World Championship, and analyzed the data with percentage(%), mean(M), and standard deviation(SD)using SPSS 18.0. The analysis results were as follows. First, the athlete group for the 46th World Championship performed GroupⅡ for 28 times(36.25%) and the athlete group for the 47th World Championship performed GroupⅡ for 32 times(40.00%) and both groups preferred GroupⅡ. Secondly, the athlete group for the 46th World Championship had 6.840 points for the average D score while the athlete group for the 47th World Championship had 6.190 points for average D score. Such result showed that the average score decreased by 0.650 points between the 46th and 47th World Championship. Third, for the connecting scores, the athlete group for the 46th World Championship performed 13 times and got 1.700 points while the athlete group for the 47th World Championship performed 5 times and got 1.100 points. The study results would help in understanding the flow before and after the change in scoring rules and the results will be useful in improving the athletic performance in horizontal bar which is perceived as weak sports.

A Social Network Perspective on Work Group Performance

Hong Seok Oh,Myung Ho Chung 한국경영학회 2006 經營學硏究 Vol.35 No.3

As business environment is rapidly changing, most organizations use groups as their fundamental unit of organizational structure. The question of what factors affect work group performance has become one of the important topics in the organization studies. However, in spite of the relational nature of group phenomenon, previous research on group effectiveness has revealed a lack of network perspectives, while producing mixed empirical findings. We propose that interactions within and outside a group need to be the pivotal focus of group effectiveness research rather than being considered one of the constituting factors of the input-process-output model in the previous group research. Social network perspective focusing on social relationships that link the individual and the social structure can be a fresh theoretical and methodological tool for group effectiveness research. Thus, in this paper, we explore the effects of relational characteristics of internal and external group activities on group effectiveness using a social network perspective. Specifically, we generate propositions concerning three relationships within and outside a group: (1) the vertical relationships between the leader and the members within a group, (2) the horizontal relationships among the members within a group, (3) the group’s external relationships with people outside a group. Regarding intra-group vertical relationships, we suggest that the leader’s LMX ties with the informal leader, the leader’s LMX ties with diverse cliques within a group, and the leader’s accuracy of the group social network perception influence work group effectiveness. We propose that the more central the followers with whom the leader has high LMX in the group, the more the leader connects to diverse cliques through high LMX with the central person in each clique, and the more accurately the leader perceives the social networks in the group, the better performance the group achieves as a whole. For the horizontal relationships among members, we consider social distance (density), structural embeddedness (multiplexity), reciprocity (symmetry), conflict (negative ties and fragmentation), and centralized interaction (centralization). We suggest that the close social distance among group members will have an inverted U-shaped relationship with group performance. We also propose that the more embedded and the more reciprocal group members’interactions are, the better performance the group achieves as a whole. On the other hand, we expect the worse group performance when the more cliques are connected through negative ties, and group members’interactions are more centralized. Finally, we turn to the relationships with people outside a group. Linking connections to diverse groups and to central persons outside the group can result in better group performance.Furthermore, we suggest some directions for future research including the joint effect of network characteristics within and outside the group, the relationships between individuals’attributes and network interactions, the possible moderating factors to affect the relationships between network characteristics and work group performance. We also discuss the possible measurement issues concerning network characteristics and work group performance for the future empirical test of our propositions. In conclusion, we propose that a social network perspective can shed lights on the unanswered questions and unresolved debates on group effectiveness by capturing the dynamics of group advantages inherently derived from the relational nature of the group. Particularly, we attempt to combine various determinants of group performance that have been studied in the separate research areas by focusing on the three relationships around the group. We believe that our arguments can be a complementary theoretical resource to existing group research.

청소년 집단지도의 효율성 제고를 위한 집단역동의 원리와 기법 고찰

곽형식 慶山大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.16 No.1

Group activity is a medium assisted ability improvement and self realization through nature development of adolescence. Adolescence can multiple ability learning through group activity. That is received to opportunity of a growth worthy of man through learning attitude community life and skill familiar, experience of spontaneously learning, improvement of social adaptability, satisfactory human relationship, behavior tolerance. However, adolescences humanity is able to changed according to purpose of group activity. Various faculty of group activity is necessary for group is maintained with social organization by activity of various kinds for achievement of group purpose. Also Various faculty of group is assistanted for group membership live to human life and final purpose of these faculty is educational effect for group membership. This article was treated to the principle and technique of group dynamics for efficiency raise of adolescence group guidance by study on achievement reasonable and effectively to beforehand purpose. Group dynamics defined that compound group and dynamics, it is a concept some kind dynamics influence exist within group, and that is domain attempt some change group behavior from understanding in the dynamics of group to various condition effect group function and behavior. Also group dynamics take for domain with investigate reasonable various problem about group. And the peculiarity of group dynamics arrange four, the important function adjust two of the maintenance function of group and the goal achievement function of group. It establish four that is the hypothesis of group dynamics and fundamental proposition, the principle of group dynamics summarize fourteen, Simultaneously it is following that various technique of group dynamics for efficiency raise of adolescence group guidance. First, that is discussion processes technique ① Symposium ② Seminar ③ Panel ④ Small Group Round Table Discussion ⑤ Huddle Group Discussion. Second, that is communication processes techniques ① Brainstorming ② Role Playing ③ Sociometry ④ Sensitivity Training. Generally guidance methods of adolescence activity is two methods, that is individual guidance methods and group guidance methods. Group guidance methods is main methods for adolescence activity because most of adolescence activity promote group activity training. Therefore, it consider desirable experience that apply to group dynamics principle and technique of conceretely guidance methods for enhance adolescence group guidance effects.

Additional User Authentication on Group Communication

Noe Lopez-Benitez,Sunghyuck Hong 중소기업융합학회 2015 중소기업융합학회 국제학술대회논문집 Vol.2 No.1

Group communications are becoming popular in Internet applications such as videoconferences, on-line chatting programs, games, and gambling. However, the conventional group key agreement protocols are focused on minimizing the computational overhead by concentrating on generating the common group key efficiently. As a result, the common group key is generated efficiently but a failure in authentication allows adversaries to obtain valuable information during the group communication. This paper proposes a Media Access Control (MAC)-based authentication in the group key agreement in order to secure the user authentication process in group communications. Without a preliminary agreement, participants in a group communication cannot trust each other in the beginning of the group setup. Therefore, the group controller, who is randomly selected from the group members, needs a security deposit from all members in case an illegitimate user tries to join the group. The user MAC address proposed in this paper can act as a security deposit to provide a secure communication channel while preventing the MAC spoofing problem.

낮병원 집단치료 사례에 대한 분석

한인영 한국 정신보건 사회사업학회 1994 정신보건과 사회사업 Vol.1 No.-

Group therapy is second most useful for social work practitioners among 26 other intervention techniques, according to NASW annual report in 1985(Middleman & Wood, 1990, 91). Social work practitioners in Korea need to make more efforts to improve group therapy techniques for various thematic groups. In this article, this researcher presents one session of ongoing group therapy at a day hospital. The article introduces the clinical supervision aimed at improving group dynamics and interventions made to contial acting out behaviors in the group. Eight patients varied as to their age(17~38) and gender(5 female, 3 male). All were diagnosed as schizophrenia. This researcher provided supervision of this particular session lead by the senior social worker and the primary psychiatrist. The group initially struggled with one member's acting-out behavior. Both leaders provided appropriate modeling, and the leader's non-verbal communication seemed culturally appropriate. When a member acts out, or an angry member overwhelms the group, the leader should use the technique of reducing emotions. Verbally minimize the behavior. The leader said, "You seemed angry." The minimizing technique might have been, "You seemed a little bit frustrated." Another issue was with another memeber who phoned others too often. The leaders and members are all frustrated by her behavior. The group could use this opportunity to build a group norm, such as what's acceptable telephone usage. The theme of this group seems to be clear. Undesirable behaviors-such as inappropriately expressed anger and too frequent phone calls-should not be tolerated by group members. The leaders have used individual intervention especially with confrontation technique to increase group member's self-awareness. The leaders might find different results with group-level-intervention as well as interpersonal-level-intervention. Group-level-intervention will increase group's cohesiveness as well as collective improvement in awareness. Interpersonal-level-intervention will assist group members to build positive interaction with each other.

집단특성과 집단 수준 발언행동 : 개념적 연구

정용석 ( Jung Yong Suhk ) 공군사관학교 2017 군사과학논집 Vol.68 No.1

본 연구는 최근 조직행위론 분야에서 큰 주목을 받고 있는 발언행동(voice behavior)의 개념 및 유형에 대해 살펴보고, 이러한 행동이 개인 수준(individual-level)뿐만 아니라 집단 수준(group-level)의 공유된 집단 특성(shared group property)으로 개념화될 수 있음을 대리학습(vicarious learning)과 집단규범(group norm)의 관점에서 설명한다. 특히 본 연구는 집단규범의 관점에 초점을 맞추어, 집단 발언풍토(group voice climate) 및 집단 수준 발언행동(group-level voice)의 형성에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 집단 특성들(group characteristics)에 대해 살펴본다. 구체적으로 집단의 특성을 구조적 특성(structural characteristic), 리더십 특성(leadership characteristic), 구성 특성(compositional characteristic), 사회-문화적 특성(socio-cultural characteristic) 측면으로 구분하여, 과업/결과 상호의존성(task/outcome interdependence), 지시적/코칭 리더십(directive/coaching leadership), 다양성(diversity), 권력차이(power difference)를 각각 중요한 집단특성들로 제시하고 이들의 영향에 대해 살펴본다. 본 논문은 집단 상황 하에서 발언행동이 어떻게 발생하게 되는지를 이해하는 데 도움을 줄 것이다. Recently, employee voice has received widespread attention in the field of organizational behavior. Although voice behavior tends to be conceptualized as an individual-level construct in previous studies, this paper argues that it may emerge as a group-level construct or a shared group property over group members via two underlying mechanisms, vicarious learning and group norm. Particularly focusing on the role of group norm, this paper proposes a conceptual model that defines group characteristics that may determine voice climate and, in turn, group-level voice behavior. Specifically, the group characteristics include the structural characteristic (task/outcome interdependence), the leadership characteristic (directive/coaching leadership), the compositional characteristic (diversity), and the socio-cultural characteristic (power difference). This paper will contribute to our understanding of employee voice in group contexts.

The Effects of Group Art Therapy on the Learned Helplessness and Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy of Mentally Challenged High School Students

Chemi Kang(Chemi Kang) J-INSTITUTE 2022 Public Value Vol.7 No.2

Purpose: The career decision-making self-efficacy is a belief about an individual's ability to successfully ac-complish a given task. Students do not demonstrate an active attitude when they are faced with various stresses and anxiety about their own career or employment, and even some are passive and self-reliant, and they learn throughout their lives by becoming helpless when faced with numerous challenges due to their lack of responsi-bility or low self-esteem, thereby demonstrating symptoms of learned helplessness. As a result of the study which identified the relationship between learned helplessness and career path, the students with a high level of learned helplessness had a relatively high percentage of independent and dependent decisions in the overall process such as career selection, search, and decision relative to the students with a low sense of helplessness, and it was also claimed that the children with high learned helplessness showed relatively low means to solve career-related problem situations promptly. Hence, it is evident that by conducting the group art therapy, negative cognition and behavior can be changed through the group interaction and successful expe-riences in the art therapy process. This paper seeks to specifically examine the effects of group art therapy, which is very useful among the various treatment techniques which can help solve internal problems, on the learned helplessness and career decision making self-efficacy formed through the repeated failures. Method: Twenty mentally challenged high school students enrolled in special classes at average high schools were assigned to the experimental group and 10 to the control group. The group program was conducted twice a week, for a total of 10 sessions of 80 minutes per session. For the pre-post-additional-tests on learned helpless-ness and career decision making self-efficacy, repeated measure analysis of variance and simple main effect analysis were performed. Results: The experimental group in receipt of the group art therapy program was statistically significantly higher in the learned helplessness and career decision making self-efficacy scores than the control group both after and additional. Such results are meaning in that they help not only the mentally challenged high school students who are about to graduate, but also the mentally challenged high school students currently enrolled in the school to increase their self-confidence and self-esteem to ensure that they can make career choices that align with the reality through the positive understanding of themselves and the correct perception related changes. Conclusion: The group art therapy helps to address issues and problems through deep insight into one's inner self, and helps to improve the self-esteem by having a positive self-image, further to being an important factor for improvement. Hence, through this study, the group art therapy program should make an active effort to give a sense of achievement for the human growth, convert negative motives to positive motives, and diversify the scope of application of group art therapy programs for addressing realistic problems.