성역할 태도와 맞벌이 태도의 차이에 관한 연구: 기혼,유자녀 가구를 중심으로 한 유형화

정윤태 ( Yun-tae Jung ),서재욱 ( Jae Wook Suh ) 한국가족관계학회 2016 한국가족관계학회지 Vol.21 No.1

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the difference between traditional gender role attitude and realistic dual earner attitude. Most preceding studies analyzed gender role attitude by summated rating scale while few studies have been conducted on the difference between traditional gender role attitude and dual earner attitude. Method: By using the 9th Korea Welfare Panel Data (year 2014), this study extracted households of married couples and with children in working age (18 through 64 years of age) who are the main subjects in work family relationship. First, this study classified traditional group and modern group in their gender role attitude and passive group and active group in their dual earner attitude and by crossing these attitudes, drew out 4 gender role/dual earner attitudes. For analysis, this study investigated frequency of attitude types through descriptive statistics. By conducting ANOVA, study verified if there are significant differences in the satisfaction with family relationship depending on the types of gender role/dual earner attitudes. Lastly, study examined the effect of socio-economic status and demographic characteristics on the types of gender role/dual earner attitudes by conducting multi-nominal logistic regression analysis. Results: As the result of analysis, first, half of respondents belonged to ``equal-role-oriented type`` who has modern gender role attitude and active dual earner attitude. However, there were not a few ``dual-earner-avoiding type`` who has modern gender role attitude but passive dual earner attitude and ``incongruous attitude type`` who has traditional gender role attitude but active dual earner attitude. Next, ``incongruous attitude type`` had significantly low level of satisfaction with overall family life, relationship with spouse and relationship with children than other attitude types. Lastly, those whose incomes belong to poor strata, those who are high school graduates and lower, males and those who are over the age of 60 had significantly higher probability of belonging to ``incongruous attitude type.`` Conclusion: The results of analysis demonstrate that the difference between gender role attitude and dual earner attitude is an important matter and since ``incongruous attitude type`` exhibits low level of satisfaction with family relationship, scrupulous policy approaches are required for those who have high possibility of belonging to ``incongruous attitude type.``

대학생의 성역할 정체감, 성역할 태도가 진로자기효능감, 진로태도성숙에 미치는 영향

이상희,이은진 한국상담학회 2009 상담학연구 Vol.10 No.4

Traditionally men and women had pursuit different careers. Recently women have entered male-dominated careers and vice-versa. The studies regarding non-traditional careers have been focused on gender related variables. This study investigated how gender role identity and gender role attitude variables relate to career decision self-efficacy and career maturity variables. The sample of the present study consisted of 519 college students (235 males and 284 females). The participants completed questionnaires of gender role identity, gender role attitude, career decision self-efficacy, and career maturity variables. The results showed as follow. First, there were significant differences between male and female students on gender role attitudes. Specifically, male college students reported higher scores on masculinity than female college students whereas female students reported higher scores on gender-role attitude than male students. second, male students' masculinity variable was significantly related to femininity variable whereas there was no significant relationship between gender role identity and gender role attitude variables. ln addition, male students reported higher scores on traditionalism than female students. Third, four gender role identity groups have different scores on career decision self-efficacy and career maturity variables. Fourth, gender role identity and gender role attitude variables significantly contributed to career decision self-efficacy and career attitude variables. In addition, there were significant differences between male and female students on career decision self-efficacy and career attitude variables. Fifth, the results of the present study indicated decision self-efficacy and career maturity variables were varied by scores on gender role attitude variable. Finally, the results did not support the hypothesis that gender role attitude variable would moderate the relationship between gender role identity and career decision self-efficacy variables as well as the relationship between gender role identity and career maturity variables. The limitations of this study and suggestions for future studies were discussed. 본 연구에서는 개인의 직업선택에 영향을 미치는 변인으로 성역할 정체감과 성역할 태도의 중요성을 제시하고, 진로자기효능감과 진로태도성숙에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 연구는 대학생 519명(남학생 235명, 여학생 284명)을 대상으로 하여 성역할 정체감 척도, 성역할 태도 척도, 진로결정 자기효능감 척도, 진로태도성숙 척도를 사용하여 실시되었다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 남성성과 성역할 태도에서 성차가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 남성성은 남학생이 여학생보다 높은 것으로 나타났고, 성역할 태도는 여학생이 남학생보다 유의미하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 남학생의 경우 남성성이 높은 것은 여성성이 높은 것과 정적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 성역할 정체감과 성역할 태도는 관련성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 남학생들의 성역할 태도는 여학생에 비해 유의미하게 전통, 보수적임이 확인되었다. 셋째, 남학생과 여학생 집단 모두에서 성역할 정체감에 따라 진로자기효능감과 진로태도성숙 수준에 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 넷째, 성역할 정체감과 성역할 태도는 진로자기효능감과 진로태도성숙에 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 성차가 나타나고 있었다. 다섯 째, 성역할 태도에 따라 성역할 정체성 집단의 진로자기효능감과 진로태도성숙이 달라지는 것이 확인되었다. 여섯 째, 성역할 정체감과 진로자기효능감, 진로태도성숙의 관계에 대한 성역할 태도의 조절효과를 확인한 결과, 남학생 집단과 여학생 집단 모두에서 조절효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 제한점과 후속연구에 대해 논의하였다

노년기 젠더관계와 심리적 복지감

김영혜(Young-Hye Kim) 한국인구학회 2004 한국인구학 Vol.27 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 노년기 젠더관계가 노인의 심리적 복지감(psychological well-being)에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것이다. 노인부부의 젠더관계를 규명하기 위해 성역할태도와 가사노동분담을 측정하였고, 노인의 심리적 복지감은 우울도와 행복감으로 측정되었다. 연구의 대상은 부산광역시에 거주하는 배우자와 동거하고, 자녀와는 동거하지 않으며, 부부 모두 직업에서 은퇴한, 65세 이상의 남녀노인 476명이다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다: 1) 여성노인이 남성노인에 비해 보다 평등적인 성역할태도를 지니고 있으며, 노인부부의 가사노동 수행에 있어 성별 분절현상이 나타난다. 2) 여성노인이 남성노인에 비해 성역할태도와 가사노동분담 수준이 불일치하는 경우가 더 많았으며, 남녀 노인 모두 성역할태도와 가사노동분담 수준이 일치할수록 심리적 복지감이 높았다. 3) 남녀노인의 성역할태도는 심리적 복지감에 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 4) 여성노인의 가사노동분담은 심리적 복지감에 별다른 영향을 미치지 못하고 있으며, 남성노인의 가사노동분담은 오히려 그들의 심리적 복지감을 낮게 한다. The purpose of this study is to investigate (1) the relationship between gender-role attitude and psychological well-being related to the division of household labor and (2) the effect of congruency between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor on psychological well-being for the elderly. In this study, independent variable is gender-role attitude, mediating variable is the division of household labor and dependent variable is psychological well-being. Psychological well-being consists of depression and happiness. The hypotheses of this study are as follows: 1) Gender-role attitude affects psychological well-being of the elderly. The more egalitarian gender-role attitude, the higher degree of psychological well-being, whereas the more traditional gender-role attitude, the lower degree of psychological well-being. 2) The division of household labor influences psychological well-being of the elderly. The higher degree of division of household labor is likely to show the higher degree of psychological well-being. 3) The congruency between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor affects psychological well-being. As the relationship between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor is more congruent. psychological well-being increases. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1) There is no relation between gender-role attitude and psychological well-being for the elderly. 2) The division of household labor affects psychological well-being for husband. The higher degree of division of household labor, the higher degree of psychological well-being. The result shows that husbands are involved in household labor involuntarily. 3) Congruency between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor affects psychological well-being. As the relationship between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor is more congruent, the degree of depression decreases. 4) Wives participate in most of household labor. Gender segregation in household labor is found in elderly family. 5) Health, income, network of children or sibling, and community network affect psychological well-being. The healthier, higher income and stronger network are likely to show the higher degree of psychological well-being.

대학생의 자아존중감, 성역할태도와 가족기능이 결혼관에 미치는 영향

백경숙,김효숙 한국아동가족복지학회 2013 한국가족복지학 Vol.18 No.3

This study examined the effects of university students' self-esteem, gender-role attitudes, and family functioning on their perceptions of marriage. Data were collected from 453 university students enrolled in K University, located in Daegu. Questionnaire measurements were based on recommendations from a literature review. The questionnaire included scales on the self-esteem, gender-role attitudes, family functioning, and perceptions of marriage. The major findings of this study are as follows. The university students showed high levels of self-esteem and egalitarian gender-role attitudes. They also reported high levels of family functioning and conservative perceptions of marriage. They showed gender differences in their levels of self-esteem and their gender-role attitudes, family functioning characteristics, and in their perceptions of marriage. Also, serial hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that students' gender, family income, mothers’ level of education, whether or not they were in a romantic relationship, self-esteem, gender-role attitudes, and family functioning characteristics significantly predicted their perceptions of marriage. This study examined the effects of university students' self-esteem, gender-role attitudes, and family functioning on their perceptions of marriage. Data were collected from 453 university students enrolled in K University, located in Daegu. Questionnaire measurements were based on recommendations from a literature review. The questionnaire included scales on the self-esteem, gender-role attitudes, family functioning, and perceptions of marriage. The major findings of this study are as follows. The university students showed high levels of self-esteem and egalitarian gender-role attitudes. They also reported high levels of family functioning and conservative perceptions of marriage. They showed gender differences in their levels of self-esteem and their gender-role attitudes, family functioning characteristics, and in their perceptions of marriage. Also, serial hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that students' gender, family income, mothers’ level of education, whether or not they were in a romantic relationship, self-esteem, gender-role attitudes, and family functioning characteristics significantly predicted their perceptions of marriage.

양성평등교육을 위한 실과 교수ㆍ학습이 성역할 태도에 미치는 영향

임은주(Im En Joo),이성숙(Lee Sung Sug) 한국실과교육학회 2004 한국실과교육학회지 Vol.17 No.4

With the object of identifying the effects of practical arts teaching-learning for gender equality education on gender role attitude, this study developed a teaching-learning material for gender equality education in relation to the unit of ‘Understanding Family and Work’ in the practical arts curriculum, applied it to a experiment group, and analyzed its effect on children’s gender role attitude. Major results of this study were as follows. First, a significant difference was found in gender role attitude between the experiment group, to which the practical arts teaching-learning plan was applied for gender equality education, and the control group, to which ordinary classes were applied. Second, according to the result of investigating the sub-areas of gender role attitude, which are ‘the area of family life’, ‘the area of non-family life’ and ‘the area of fixed idea on gender’, the experiment group showed significant differences in all the three areas of gender role attitude. Third, according to the result of investigating gender role attitude by gender, male students in the experiment group showed significant differences in ‘the area of non-family life’ and ‘the area of fixed idea on gender’ but not in ‘the area of family life’, and female students showed significant differences in all the three areas. As presented above, elementary school students’ gender role attitude is not fixed but can be improved in terms of equality through systematic instruction using various materials and methods. In addition, this study shows that gender equality education in practical arts is an effective method for elementary school students, both male and female, to have the gender role attitude of equality.

복지국가 젠더격차와 성역할 인식 차이의 관계에 대한 비교연구

류연규 ( Yun Kyu Ryu ),김영미 ( Young Mi Kim ) 한국사회복지정책학회 2012 사회복지정책 Vol.39 No.4

이 연구는 신제도주의 이론에서 제시하는 행위자의 선호와 제도의 관계에 관한 논의를 따라 복지국가의 젠더격차, 정책 특성과 성역할 인식 차이의 관계를 규명하는 메커니즘을 설명하고자 하였다. 이를 통해 복지국가의 젠더 관련 ‘구조’와 ‘행위자 인식’의 관계를 실증적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 실증분석 결과, 정책 변수 중 현금급여 지출은 성역할 인식에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못한데 반해, 서비스 지출은 성역할 인식 변화에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 젠더격차 지수 들은 각각 전통적 성역할 인식을 완화하는데 유의미한 영향력을 나타냈으며, 전통적 성역할 인식을 완화하기 위해서는 여성의 대표성을 높이고, 여성에게 권력 배분이 더 많이 이루어지도록 하는 정책을 실시해야 한다는 정책적 함의를 도출하였다. 이 연구는 신제도주의 이론에서 논의되었던 개인의 선호와 인식을 형성 제약 변화시키는 제도의 영향이 성역할 인식에서도 나타난다는 것을 가족정책, 젠더격차와 성역할 인식의 관계를 통해 실증적으로 규명하였다. 그리고 보다 평등한 성역할 인식에 영향을 미치는 요인으로서 서비스 중심의 돌봄을 사회화하는 정책과 전반적인 젠더격차를 해소하는 정책, 특히 여성의 대표성을 강화하는 제도의 필요성을 확인하였다. 전통적성역할 인식의 완화, 그 중에서도 성별 분업 해소는 여성경제활동참여율이 다른 OECD 국가들에 비해 현저히 낮은 우리나라 현실에서 그 동안 도입, 추진되었던 일가족양립정책들의 실효성을 높이는 데 반드시 필요한 조건이다. The purpose of this study is to explain the mechanism of the relationship between the social policies(institutions) and gender role attitudes(behavior or preference) in view of institutionalism. That is, the relationship between gender related structure and perceptions is empirically analyzed. As for the social policies, there was no statistically significant effects of cash expenditure on the gender role attitudes, however, service expenditure affected gender role attitudes. Indexes of the gender difference had statistically significant effect on the gender role attitudes. It is necessary to make and implement the policies to increase the representativeness of women and to empower women in order to progress the gender role attitudes. And the policies to socialize the care by services is needed to liberalize the gender role attitude. The theoretical implication is that it is empirically investigated that the effects of institutions to construct, constrain and change individual perception (in Institutionalism) were discovered in the relationship among family policies, gender difference and gender role attitudes.

한국인의 성역할 태도 양가성에 관한 연구

황동진,김사현 한국가족학회 2020 가족과 문화 Vol.32 No.2

This study handles the attitude toward gender role. Especially, the main purpose of this study is to examine the aspect and characteristics of ambivalent attitude toward gender role that has been structuralized in Korean society after getting out of the existing monodromy hypothesis on the attitude. In order to examine the factors forming the ambivalence of gender role attitude in Korean society, it was approached in the perspectives of personal situation, historical context, and gender. The ambivalence was measured by following the Griffin’s formula, and for the analysis, the censored regression model was utilized. The data for analysis is the ISSP(International Social Survey Programme: Family and Changing Gender Roles Ⅳ) 2012. The major results of the analysis are as follows. First, the ambivalence of gender role attitude worked in the historical context. Second, even though there were no significant differences between individuals, there were differences between classes within women. This shows the reality of Korean society where it is unavoidable to see the application of ambivalence to women in the perspective of gender. Therefore, in the results of this study, the ambivalence of gender role was not simply an individual-level problem, but a phenomenon that would work more structurally. 이 연구는 성역할에 대한 태도 문제를 다룬다. 특별히, 연구는 태도에 대한 기존의 일가성 가정에서 벗어나, 한국사회에 구조화되어 있는 성역할에 대한 양가적 태도의 양상과 특성을 살펴보는데 주된 목적을 둔다. 한국사회의 성역할 태도에 대한 양가성이 형성되는 요인을 규 명하기 위해 개인적 상황, 역사적 맥락, 젠더적 관점으로 접근하였다. 양가성의 측정은 그리핀 (Griffin)의 공식에 따라 이루어졌고, 분석을 위해 중도절단 회귀모형(censored regression model)을 활용하였다. 분석자료는 ISSP(International Social Survey Programme: Family and Changing Gender Roles Ⅳ) 2012 데이터이다. 분석의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성역할태도 양가성은 역사적 맥락에서 작동한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 개인 간 차이는 두드러지지 않았으나, 여성 내 계층 간 차이가 확인되었다. 이는 젠더적 관점에서 여성에게 양 가성이 작동할 수밖에 없는 한국사회의 현실을 보여주는 것이다. 따라서 성역할 양가성이 단 순히 개인수준의 문제이기 보다 구조적으로 작동하는 현상임을 알 수 있었다.

Gender-role Attitudes and Women's Decision on Employment : An Example of Taiwan

Wang, Lih-Rong 숙명여자대학교 아세아여성문제연구소 2003 Asian Women Vol.16 No.-

This paper explores Taiwan women's gender-role attitudes and their impact on their decisions to join the labor force. The research was conducted by face-to-face interviews through structured questionnaires. 505 women in the north part of Taiwan were interviewed. The test of gender-role attitudes consisted of three measurements including: The appropriateness of employment in their child-bearing age. Women's attitudes toward men being the breadwinners, and women the homemakers. Women's attitudes toward gender role divisions in the family. The findings state women's decisions regarding employment are highly associated with women's gender role ideology, and the data further indicate that Taiwanese women still maintain strong traditional gender role perspectives, an attitude that maintains women's appropriate role is in the home, particularly for women who are at the age of child-bearing.

성역할 및 성차별 태도 그리고 성별이 젠더혐오 주의편향에 미치는 영향

신성영,최윤경 계명대학교 여성학연구소 2023 젠더와 문화 Vol.16 No.2

This article examines the effects of gender roles, sexist attitudes, and gender on gender-based attentional bias using the emotional Stroop task. The participants in the study comprised of 40 undergraduate students (23 females and 17 males) at the universities located in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk areas, who scored 21 or less on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D). They completed the Gender Role Attitudes Scale(SGRAS), the Korean Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (K-ASI), and the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule(PANAS), followed by an emotional Stroop task. The word stimuli used in the emotion Stroop task consisted of gender-based hate words, gender-neutral words, and fillers, from which two gender bias indexes were calculated. Speech of hate against women were perceived as more negative, arousing, understandable, and familiar than male-targeted hate expressions. The interaction between sexist attitudes and gender on the female-hating attentional bias index was not significant, but the interaction between gender role attitudes and gender was significant. No significant results were found on the male-hating attentional bias index. The article concludes by discussing its limitations and providing recommendations for future research.

맞벌이 기혼 남성의 전통적인 성역할태도와 직무소진간의 관계: 기본 심리적 욕구 만족을 통한 일→가정 갈등의 조절된 매개효과

신윤정,김은하 한국상담학회 2021 상담학연구 Vol.22 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderated mediating effect of work-to-family conflict through satisfaction of basic psychological needs (competence, relatedness, and autonomy) in the relationship between traditional gender-role attitudes and job burnout of double-income married men. For this, traditional gender-role attitude, basic psychological needs satisfaction, work-to-family conflict, and job burnout were measured for 200 double-income married men, and analysis was conducted through SPSS Macro. As a result, work-to-family conflict fully mediated the relationship between traditional gender-role attitudes and job burnout. That is, as people have more traditional gender-role attitudes, they are more likely to experience job burnout via work-to-family conflict. Second, among the three basic psychological needs satisfaction, competence needs satisfaction was found to moderate the association between traditional gender role attitudes and work-to-family conflict. It means that the impact of traditional gender attitude on work-to-family conflict could be reduced when the competence need is satisfied within the relationship with spouse. Third, the moderated mediating model was supported in that the mediating effect of work-to-family conflict on the relationship between traditional gender-role attitudes and job burnout. That is, those who have low or average competence needs satisfaction are more vulnerable to job burnout due to more work-family conflict as their traditional gender role attitude increases, but those who have high competence needs satisfaction are not vulnerable to job burnout because they do not experience much conflict between work-to-family, even if they have a high traditional gender role attitude. 본 연구에서는 맞벌이 기혼남성을 대상으로 전통적인 성역할태도와 직무소진간의 관계에서 (부부사이의) 기본 심리적 욕구(유능성, 관계성, 자율성) 만족을 통한 일→가정 갈등의 조절된 매개효과를 확인하였다. 이를 위해, 200명의 맞벌이 기혼남성을 대상으로 전통적인 성역할태도, 기본 심리적 욕구 만족, 일→가정 갈등, 직무소진을 측정하였고, SPSS Macro를 통해 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 먼저, 일→가정 갈등이 전통적인 성역할태도와 직무소진간의 관계를 완전 매개하는 것으로 나타났는데, 즉, 성역할태도가 전통적일수록, 일→가정 갈등을 많이 경험하고 궁극적으로 직무소진을 경험할 가능성이 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 세 가지 기본 심리적 욕구 만족 중 유능성 욕구 만족이 전통적인 성역할태도와 일→가정 갈등을 조절하는 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 배우자와의 관계에서 유능성 욕구를 만족할수록, 전통적인 성역할태도가 일→가정 갈등에 미치는 영향이 감소한다는 것을 의미한다. 셋째, 전통적인 성역할태도가 직무소진에 미치는 영향에서 유능성 욕구 만족을 통한 일→가정 갈등의 매개된 조절효과가 나타났다. 즉, 유능성 욕구 만족이 낮거나 보통인 사람은 전통적인 성역할태도가 높을수록 일→가정 갈등을 많이 겪어 직무소진에 취약하지만, 유능성 욕구 만족이 높은 사람은 전통적인 성역할태도가 높더라도 일→가정 갈등을 많이 겪지 않아 직무소진에 취약하지 않다는 것이다.