국내 담수어류 45종의 먹이원 분석(문헌자료 분석을 중심으로)

지창우,이대성,이다영,곽인실,박영석,Ji, Chang Woo,Lee, Dae-Seong,Lee, Da-Yeong,Kwak, Ihn-Sil,Park, Young-Seuk 한국하천호수학회 2020 생태와 환경 Vol.53 No.4

We analyzed food sources of 45 fish species in 28 genera of 12 families based on literature data in freshwater ecosystems of South Korea. The food sources of 45 fish species included in a total of 26 phyla, 42 classes, 94 orders, 189 families and 294 genera. Among them, animal food sources were 16 phyla, 24 classes, 54 orders, 126 families and 212 genera, whereas plant food sources were relatively small with 10 phyla, 18 classes, 42 orders, 63 families and 82 genera. The animal food sources were classified into Arthropod, Insecta, Diptera and Chironomidae according to taxa. Meanwhile, Bacillariophyta, Bacillariophyceae, Cymbellales and Cymbellaceae were the most abundant among the plant sources. Self-Organized Map (SOM) and network analysis were conducted the food sources were classified into taxonomic groups and the feeding types of fish : 45 fish species were divided into five groups, characterizing 1) fishvores, 2) invertebratevores, planktivores including 3) zooplankton and 4) phytoplankton, and 5) omnivores. The network analysis presented link association between fishes and food sources. Macroinvertebrate including diptera and ephemeroptera were revealed as hub food sources based on network analysis. This literature study would expect that the application model with the food source of fish could be utilized for the evaluation of the food network or chain in freshwater ecosystems. 국내 담수 어류 12과, 28속, 45종의 먹이원을 문헌 조사한 결과, 동물류 먹이원은 16문, 24강, 54목, 126과, 212속으로 조사되었으며 식물류 먹이원은 10문, 18강, 42목, 63과, 82속으로 나타났다. 동물류 먹이원 중 가장 많은 어류가 섭식한 먹이원은 분류군에 따라 절지동물문, 곤충강, 파리목, 깔따구과로 조사되었으며, 식물류 먹이원은 돌말문, 윷돌말강, 반달돌말목, 반달돌말과로 조사되었다. SOM을 이용하여 45종 어류의 유형화 결과, 어류를 주로 포식하는 어류와 저서무척추동물을 포식하는 어류, 동물플랑크톤을 섭식하는 어류, 식물플랑크톤을 섭식하는 어류, 잡식성 어류 5가지 유형으로 나타났다. 네트워크 분석의 허브 점수가 높은 상위 5종의 어류는 블루길, 몰개, 수수미꾸리, 남방종개, 새코미꾸리 순으로 나타났으며 먹이원 중 허브 점수가 높은 상위 5 종류의 먹이원은 파리목, 하루살이목, 이지목, 김발돌말목, 쪽배돌말목 순으로 조사되었다.

비메트릭 다변량 척도법과 네트워크 분석을 통한 멸종위기 국내 담수어류 20종의 먹이원 분석

지창우,이대성,이다영,박영석,곽인실 한국하천호수학회 2021 생태와 환경 Vol.54 No.2

By reviewing previous literature, we analyzed the food sources of 20 out of 29 endangered fish species from freshwater ecosystems in South Korea. A total of 19 studies reported that food sources of 20 endangered fish species included 20 phyla, 31 classes, 58 orders, 116 families, and 154 genera. Arthropod, insecta, diptera, and chironomidae were the most fed animal food sources according to different resolution of taxa index on phylum, class, order and family. Similarity, bacillariophyta, bacillariophyceae, naviculales, and cymbellaceae were the most fed abundant plant sources. A larger number of fish species were reliant on animal food sources than plant food sources. 18 of the endangered fish preyed on arthropods, whereas only 6 species consumed bacillariophyta. To characterize the feeding groups of the 20 fish species, a hierarchical clustering analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis were conducted. The fish species were divided into two groups: 1) insectivores and 2) planktivores. A network analysis, which associated the link between endangered fishes and food sources, also revealed the same two groups. The highest hub score of food sources was for macroinvertebrates, including diptera (0.47), ephemeroptera (0.42), and trichoptera (0.38), based on the network analysis. Niche breadth was used to calculate the diversity of the food sources. Phoxinus phoxinus (0.57) showed thehighest food source diversity among the fish species, whereas Iksookimia pacifica (0.01) showed the lowest. This study will be utilized for the conservation and restoration of the endangered fish species.

한국 성인의 가공식품으로부터의 식품 및 영양소 섭취량 평가 : 제 6기 (2013~ 2015) 국민건강영양조사를 바탕으로

하애화,김우경 한국영양학회 2019 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.52 No.5

Purpose: The consumption of processed foods has recently been increasing due to changes in the living environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the contribution of processed food to the nutrient intake of adult Koreans. Methods: A total of 15,760 adult people in the 6th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013~2015) were included in this study. According to the Korea Food and Drug Administration's classification criteria for processed foods, the 24 hour dietary recall data of the subjects were classified as processed food or natural food. The processed food intake, nutrient intake and major processed food sources by food groups were analyzed. Results: Men consumed more processed foods than did the women. Consumption of processed foods decreased with age, but it increased with the education level and the income level. The total daily processed food intake accounted for 68.1% of the total food intake. The food groups with high processed food intake were beverage, vegetables, cereals and grain products, fruits, and milk and dairy products in this order. The top food source of each food groups were beer, kimchi, bread, processed apple products, and milk. After adjusting for age, gender, and energy intake, all the nutrient intakes and percentage of dietary reference intakes for Koreans, except carbohydrates, were significantly higher in processed foods than in natural foods. The sodium intake from the processed food was 96.3% of total daily sodium intake. The intakes of nutrients from processed foods, excluding vitamins C, dietary fiber, iron, and vitamin A, were higher in men than in women. The intake of sodium from processed foods was highest for people of 30~ 49 years of age, and the intake of sodium from processed foods decreased for people over 50. Conclusion: Korean adults consumed more processed food than the natural food, consuming more calories and most of the nutrients from the processed food overall total daily intakes. The intake of processed foods is expected to further increase in the future, and nutritional education and research on the ingestion and selection of healthy processed foods are necessary.

한국인의 비타민 A, 비타민 D, 엽산 우수식품에 대한 연구 - 식품성분표와 중․고등학교 교과서 분석 -

고미선,김영남 제주대학교 교육과학연구소 2019 교육과학연구 Vol.21 No.2

Eating a balanced meal is a good way to maintain health. This study was performed to investigate the vitamin A, vitamin D, and folate’ rich foods, those Korean people’s intake did not meet the Dietary Reference Intakes(DRI) for Koreans. Among the 148 representative foods in the 2015 DRI for Koreans, vitamin A, vitamin D, and folate rich foods were selected based on the 100 g edible portion, single serving size, and the Index Nutritional Quality(INQ). The 9th revision of Korean Food Composition Table Ⅰ & Ⅱ were utilized as data base. Also as the reference food sources middle and high school textbooks were examined. The vitamin A richest food was cereal and 2nd was laver based on 100 g, while 1st rich food was cereal, 2nd was perilla leaf based on the single serving size. The highest INQ food of vitamin A was spinach. The most vitamin D rich food was egg by 100 g, single serving size, and INQ. The folate rich food was bracken by both 100 g and single serving size, and spinach by INQ. The rich food group were vegetables for vitamin A and folate, and meat․fish․egg․legume for vitamin D. While the most frequently referred in the textbooks was liver for vitamin A, mushroom for vitamin D, respectively. To keep the nutritional balance, increasing nutrient rich natural food intake may desirable rather than fortified food. 본 연구는 우리 국민의 섭취부족 영양소인 비타민 A, 비타민 D, 엽산의 우수 식품을 확인함으로써 균형 잡힌 식생활의 실천을 위한 교육 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. ‘2015 한국인 영양소 섭취기준’에 제시된 대표식품 148가지를 대상으로 제9개정판 국가표준 식품성분표 Ⅰ, Ⅱ를 활용하여 가식부 100 g당 함량과 1회 섭취분량 당 함량, 영양질적지수 적용 우수 식품을 선정하였다. 그리고 중․고등학교 가정 관련 교과서에 제시된 급원식품을 분석하였다. 비타민 A의 경우 가식부 100 g당 함량 1위는 시리얼, 2위는 김이었으며, 1회 섭취량당 함량은 1위 시리얼, 2위 깻잎이었고, 영양질적지수가 가장 높은 식품은 시금치이었다. 비타민 D의 경우 가식부 100 g당 함량, 1회 섭취량 당 함량, 영양질적지수 모두 1위 우수 식품은 달걀이었다. 그리고 엽산의 경우 가식부 100 g당 함량과 1회 섭취량당 함량 우수 식품 1위는 고사리, 영양질적지수 1위 식품은 시금치이었다. 또한 비타민 A와 엽산의 우수 식품은 채소군, 비타민 D의 우수 식품은 고기․생선․달걀․콩류군 식품이 많았다. 한편 중․고등학교 교과서에 제시된 대표 급원식품인 비타민 A의 간과 비타민 D의 버섯은 우수 식품에 포함되지 않았던 반면, 비타민 강화식품인 시리얼이 비타민 A와 비타민 D의 우수 식품으로 확인되었다.

국내 가공식품의 포장 재질, 형태 및 다양한 특징 분석 연구

송현주,장윤지,박세종,최재천,한재준 한국포장학회 2017 한국포장학회지 Vol.23 No.3

This study was conducted to investigate the packaging characteristics including pack sources and pack components of processed foods in Korea. For the survey, 704 food package samples were selected based on the consumption of top 10 brackets in each food item. They were consisted of 1,245 packaging components. Seven specific items were firstly investigated including product name, capacity of the food, package component, package source, food contact area, food contact ratio, and package thickness. The processed foods in Korea can be classified into 16 pack sources and 21 pack components, respectively. By using this information, the data were analyzed specifically. The collected data were analyzed in 8 major categories: frequency of use by pack components and pack sources, pack components by the products, pack sources by the products and pack components, pack thickness/food contact ratio by the products, food contact ratio by pack components and pack sources. Consequently, this survey will provide various information of the packaging characteristics of processed foods in Korea.

칼슘, 철, 칼륨의 우수식품에 대한 연구

고미선,김영남 경인교육대학교 교육연구원 2019 교육논총 Vol.39 No.4

The purpose of this study was to identify the calcium, iron and potassium rich foods for nutritional balance improvement for Koreans. Among the study subjects of 148 representative foods in the 2015 DRI for Koreans, 30 kinds of foods that are rich of calcium, iron and potassium were selected based on the amount per a single serving size, and the Index Nutritional Quality (INQ) of 1.0 and over foods as INQ rich foods. The 9th revision of Korean Food Composition Table was employed as nutrients content database. In addition, calcium, iron and potassium’ food sources in the middle and high school home economics textbooks were examined. The richest food was dried shrimp on calcium content, and radish leaf on iron content by both the single serving size and INQ. The richest food on potassium content was bracken by the single serving size, and kelp by INQ. A lot of calcium, iron and potassium rich foods were from vegetable food group, and vegetables such as spinach, lettuce, perilla leaf, radish leaf, bracken were selected as rich foods in all 3 mineral of calcium, iron, and potassium. The egg, written as calcium and iron food source in the middle and high school textbooks, was not selected as rich food of calcium and iron, instead kimchi, which was not introduced in any text book as food sources of those minerals, was selected as rich food in all 3 minerals. In conclusion, frequent and abundant intake of vegetable foods is the solution to better mineral balance. 본 연구는 우리 국민의 섭취부족 무기질인 칼슘, 철, 칼륨의 영양 개선을 위하여 이들 영양소의 우수식품을 조사하였으며, 식품 중량당 함량 대신 식품별 1회 섭취량당 함량과 영양질적지수를 적용하여 우수식품을 선정하였다. 그리고 현재 학교에서 시행되고 있는 급원식품에 관한 교육 자료를 검토하였다. 2015 한국인 영양소 섭취기준에 제시된 대표식품 148가지를 대상으로 제9개정판 국가표준 식품성분표 Ⅰ, Ⅱ를 활용하여 선정하였다. 칼슘의 최우수식품은 1회 섭취량당과 영양질적지수 모두 건새우이었고, 철은 무청이었다. 칼륨의 경우 1회 섭취량당 최우수식품은 고사리, 영양질적지수 최우수식품은 다시마로 조사되었다. 칼슘, 철, 칼륨의 우수식품 중 채소류 식품이 가장 많았으며, 특히 시금치, 상추, 깻잎, 무청, 고사리는 이들 무기질의 모두의 공통 우수식품으로 확인되었다. 그리고 중등 교과서에 칼슘과 철의 중요 급원식품으로 제시된 달걀은 칼슘, 철의 우수식품으로 선정되지 않았던 반면, 각종 김치가 칼슘, 철, 칼륨의 우수식품에 포함되었다. 결론적으로 채소군 식품을 자주 많은 양 섭취하는 것이 칼슘, 철, 칼륨의 효과적인 영양개선 방법이라 할 수 있다.

서울 · 경기지역 성인의 비타민 A와 E 섭취현황 및 급원식품 조사

노현희(Noh Hyun Hee),김영남(Kim Young-Nam),조윤옥(Cho Youn-Ok) 韓國營養學會 2010 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.43 No.6

To determine vitamin A and E intakes and their food sources, dietary intakes were collected by three consecutive 24- hour recalls from 192 adults living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The mean vitamin A, retinol and β-carotene intakes were 1240.1 ± 1101.1 ㎍ retinol equivalent/day (693.3 ± 563.2 ㎍ retinol activity equivalent/day), 182.6 ± 149.5 ㎍/ day and 5443.3 ± 6365.5 ㎍/day, respectively. Only 9.4% of the subjects consumed less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin A. The mean vitamin E intake was 6.03 ± 2.54 ㎎ α-tocopherol equivalent/ day. The α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol intakes were 4.83 ± 2.03 and 5.57 ± 3.41 ㎎/day, respectively. Most of the subjects (93.8%) consumed less than the Korean Adequate Intake for vitamin E. The major food sources of vitamin A were sweet potato, carrot, red pepper powder, spinach, and citrus fruit, and the top 30 foods provided 91.5% of total Plant foods provided 81.0% and animalderived foods 10.5% of the vitamin A intake from the top 30 foods. The major food sources of vitamin E were soybean oil, red pepper powder, Ramyeon (cup noodles), spinach, and egg. The top 30 foods provided 78.0% of total vitamin E intake. Plant foods provided 61.3% and animal-derived foods 15.9% of the vitamin E intake from the top 30 foods. In conclusion, the vitamin A intake of the Korean adults in this study was ge-nerally adequate, but the vitamin E intake of many subjects was inadequate. Therefore, nutritional education may be of benefit to Korean adults to increase their vitamin E intake.

The evaluation of metabolizable energy in traditional Korean food for protein sources

김은미,Jinho Choi 한국식품연구원 2015 Journal of Ethnic Foods Vol.2 No.4

Background: The validity of energy data in the composition table of Korean food has been in question due to possible differences in its chemical composition from that of western food. Traditional Korean food involves a diverse range of food ingredients so there has been considerable doubt regarding the accuracy of the energy level derived from chemical analysis and energy conversion factors. Methods: This study was undertaken to determine the metabolizable energy of Korean food by animal testing. Cooked foods (12 items) were freeze-dried and fed to Sprague–Dawley rats with body weight 200–300 g to measure apparent metabolizable energy values for 4 days after 3 days of preliminary adaptation to the diets. Results: When the apparent metabolizable energy values of Korean foods measured in this study were compared with energy values calculated by various conversion parameters such as those of Atwater, Rubner, Sochun, and the Food and Agriculture Organization, there were big differences indicating that the energy values calculated using the other conversion factors are hardly acceptable for many food items. Conclusion: The various food ingredients involved in the cooking process of traditional Korean food lead to differences between the energy level attained from chemical analysis and from actual animal testing.

충청 인근지역 어린이, 청소년의 엽산 섭취량과 급원식품 - 일부 식품의 엽산 분석으로 수정한 데이터베이스 활용

김지현,이은정,현태선 한국영양학회 2015 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.48 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate dietary folate intake and food sources of children and adolescentsusing a nutrient database revised based on measured folate in selected foods. Methods: Folate content in 51 foods knownas folate sources was measured by microbiological assay after trienzyme extraction. Folate intake was estimated from a partof the data of ‘Dietary Intake Survey of Infants, Children and Adolescents in 2007~2008’ conducted by the Korea Food andDrug Administration (KFDA) and the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI). The study subjects were 567children aged 1~19 years living in the Chungcheong area who completed two 24-hour recalls. Results: Folate values wererevised by replacing the values in the current database with the analyzed values except when the value in the currentdatabase was between the analytical values or was not different from the mean analytical value by more than 10%. Amongthe revised values of 40 food items, folate values of 36 foods were lower than the current values. Mean folate intakesestimated with the revised database were approximately 70~80% lower than those estimated with the current database. Mean folate intakes of males aged 12~14 and females aged 12~19 were lower than the 2010 Recommended Nutrient Intakes(RNIs). Chicken's eggs, Kimchi, rice, mandarin, and laver were found to be main food sources of folate. Conclusion: In thisstudy, mean dietary folate intakes were lower than those estimated with the current database. Further analyses for folatecontent especially in cooked foods commonly consumed in Korea are needed using a reliable assay in order to accuratelyassess folate intake of the Korean population. In addition, nutrition education should be provided for adolescent females inorder to increase consumption of folate-rich foods. 본 연구에서는 엽산의 급원식품으로 보고된 식품 51종의 엽산을 분석하고, 값에 차이가 많이 있는 경우 엽산 데이터베이스를 수정하여, 수정한 데이터베이스로 어린이와 청소년의 엽산 섭취량을 추산하고 급원식품을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상자는 대전, 충청도 및 전라도에 거주하는만 20세 미만 567명으로 비연속 2일 동안의 24시간 회상법에 의해 식품섭취조사를 실시하였다. 51종의 식품을 새롭게 분석하여 현재의 데이터베이스와비교한 결과 현재 값의 18.7%~322.9%의 결과를 얻었다. 기존의 값이 실험한 두 값 사이에 있거나, 기존값과의 차이가 10% 미만인 경우에는 수정하지 않았으며, 그 외에 차이가 있는 40종은 새로운 분석값으로 수정하였다. 수정한 데이터베이스로 대상자들의 엽산 평균섭취량을 성별, 연령별로 나누어 계산한 결과 모든 연령층에서 평균 엽산 섭취량이 권장섭취량보다 높았으나 12~14세 남자와 12~19세여자의 평균 엽산 섭취량은 권장섭취량보다 낮은 것으로나타났다. 계란, 배추김치, 쌀, 귤은 모든 연령층에서 엽산급원식품의 10위 안에 포함되었다. 본 연구에서는 일부 급원식품 51종만을 분석하였으나한국인들이 자주 먹는 식품의 조리 후 엽산 함량을 분석하여 보완해 나감으로써 더 정확한 엽산 섭취량을 추산할 수있도록 해야 할 것이다. 또한 12~19세 여자의 평균 엽산 섭취량이 다른 연령층에 비해 상대적으로 낮게 나타난 것을볼 수 있었는데, 엽산은 성장기 및 가임여성에게 특히 중요한 비타민으로써 이들을 위한 엽산 영양교육이 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

A Study of Mapping Between a Source Domain and a Target Domain in Food-Related Metaphors

이희철 ( Hee Chul Lee ),( Chonghyuck Kim ) 대한언어학회 2015 언어학 Vol.23 No.4

There are many expressions based on such food-related metaphors in Korean as HUMANS ARE FOOD, DEALING WITH HUMANS IS COOKING FOOD, HUMAN DISPOSITION IS FOOD TASTE, TYPES OF HUMAN EMOTIONS ARE WAYS OF FOOD INTAKE, HUMAN EXPERIENCES ARE FOOD TASTE, QUALITIES OF IDEAS ARE CONDITIONS OF FOOD, etc. (cf. Choi, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to show that these seemingly individual and isolated metaphors correlate highly with one another and to reach generalizations about some food-related metaphors in Korean. To this end, this research will exploit not only mapping processes between a source semantic domain and a target one, but also sub-mapping and sub-sub-mapping as in Khajeh and Abdullah (2012). The separate food-related metaphors mentioned above will be generalized, mapping the source domain of food onto the target domain of humans as a multi-dimensional structured whole.