대도시 지역 성인의 식이 섭취 조사를 위한 간소화된 반정량 빈도 조사 도구의 개발 및 평가

이희자,이행신,하명주,계승희,김초일,이충원,윤진숙 대한지역사회영양학회 1997 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.2 No.3

Using data obtained from 1, 473 adults aged 18-68 yrs, residing in large cities and by use of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, we assessed the relative importance of various foods as indicators of both the amount and the variability of selected nutrient intake to develop a simple food frequency questionnaire. Since Cronba- ch's alpha value of the questionnaire including 78 food items was 0.76, the reliability of this questionnaire was acceptable. A large fraction of the variability of nutrient intake in this population could be explained by the small number of food items. The estimation of dietary nutrient intake such as total calories or protein content, which are derived from almost all foods, will require more food items with nutrients such as calcium or vitamin A, which are concentrated in a few food items. A dietary history ascertaining the intake of as few as 5-19 food items mighted be all needed in order to determent the associa- tion between disease outcome and the intake of a single nutrient. There was certainly a high level of agreement with nutrient intake by the sbujects who were cross-classified by quartiles of nutrient indices based on all the food items(78) and by quartiles of nutrient indices based on food items selected by stepwise multiple regression for selected nutrients. The data provided further evidence that useful information on dietary intake over an extended period can be obtained by a simple and relatively inexpensive food frequency questionnaire.

식품섭취빈도조사법의 1회 섭취분량 제시여건에 따른 정확도에 관한 연구

김미자,김영옥,김석일 대한지역사회영양학회 1998 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.3 No.2

This study was designed to estimate the improvement of Validity for food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) by offering multiple choice portion size in developing a questionnaire. Validity of the two methods(food frequency questionnaire I=FFQ I & Food frequency questionnaire II=FFQ II) was tested in comparison with reference method of the 7-day weighed record(7DWR). Dietary consumption data of the three methods(FFQ I, FFQ II & 7DWR) were collected from 101 female university students for the analysis. Validity was measured in two categories : One was the nutrient intake value from the three methods, the other was the identification of between individual variation within the group. Spearman's rank order correlation test and distribution graphs were used for the analysis. The result showed that individual intake value of the FFQII was closer to that of the 7DWR than that of the FFQ I.Spearman's rank order correlation between the FFQII and the 7DWR did not show any improved correlation. The distribution graphs of nutrient intake derived from both the FFQ I and the FFQII were different from that of the 7DWR. Therefore, it could be suggested that single one portion size food frequency questionnaire is an equally efficient method as a multiple choice food frequency questionnaire to be adopted in epidemiologic studies.

노년기 여성의 식이 섭취실태와 주요 음식의 1일 1회 섭취분량 조사연구

김상연,정경아,이보경,장유경 대한지역사회영양학회 1997 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.2 No.4

The use of semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires to estimate dietary intake has become widespread in nutritional epidemiologic studies. It had been suggested that knowledge about a person's usual portion size of each meal in addition to consumption frequency will improve the accuracy of this method. This study was performed to investigate the dietary intake status(nutrient, food, and dish intake) and one portion size of commonly consumed food and dishes to develop a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire that will be used to expore the relationship between the incidence of cardiovascular disease and diet in Korean women after menopause. Intake of food or dish in 123 elderly women were measured by 3-day food records in March to May, 1996. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follow : 1) Calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin E intakes were less adequate than Recommended dietary allowances(RDA). 2) The subjects who consumed more than 20% of the energy from fat were 35% and the subjects consumed dietary cholesterol more than 300mg were 18$\%$. 3) The most frequently consumed foods or dishes by the subjects were Korean cabbage kimchi〉cooked rice, well-milled〉laver〉apple〉strawberry〉mixed rice〉soybean soup. 4) The major dish groups which contributed to most daily nutrient intakes were cooked rice, Korean cabbage kimchi, soybean soup because of large amount and high frequency of intake although they do not contain large amount of most nutrients. 5) One portion size of commomly consumed foods and dishes in elderly women was different from one portion size suggested in the Korean nutrition society. This study provides information for the design of data-based semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. for Korean elderly women. In addition, they may be useful to health care planners or nutrition educators. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 578-592, 1997)

미취학 어린이를 위한 반정량적 식품섭취 빈도조사지 개발

임영,오세영,Lim, Young,Oh, Se-Young 대한지역사회영양학회 2002 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate the reliability of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) intended to measure mainly nutrient intake (energy, protein, fat, calcium and iron) related to growth in pre-schoolers in Korea. Based on foods with up to 90 cumulative percent contribution of the 5 nutrients, we developed a SFFQ for 86 foods. In order to evaluate the reliability of both nutrient and food intakes, caregivers of a sample of 101 children aged 4 to 6 years completed the SFFQ repeatedly at 3 month intervals. There were small differences in the nutrient intakes assessed by the SFFQ ranging from 0.55% to 9.91%. There were no significant differences in nutrient values calculated from the repeat questionnaires, except in the case of niacin and vitamin C. The Pearson correlation coefficients of most of the nutrients ranged form 0.54 to 0.75 (mean = 0.66). When energy intake was adjusted, there was approximately a 0.2 decrease in the correlation coefficient of most nutrients, due to the high correlation of energy intake with other nutrients (r=0.7-0.9). The amount of food intake differed by 0.1 to 66.4% (mean = 17.5%), depending on the food item. Out of 86 foods, 74 foods (86%) showed less than a 30% difference in intake and 30 foods (35%) showed less than a 10% difference. Only 6 (7%) out of the 86 foods presented statistically significant differences in intake. The Spearman correlation coefficients of most food intakes assessed repeatedly by the SFFQ ranged from 0.4 to 0.7. Reproducibility of the nutrient and food intakes found in this study was better or similar to those found in cases of Korean adults. Therefore, the SFFQ developed in the present study can be a useful tool to assess the dietary intake of pre-schoolers in Korea.

미취학 어린이를 위한 반정량식 식품섭취 빈도 조사지 개발

임영,오세영 대한지역사회영양학회 2002 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate the reliability of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) intended to measure mainly nutrient intake (energy, protein, fat, calcium and iron) related to growth in pre-schoolers in Korea. Based on foods with up to 90 cumulative percent contribution of the 5 nutrients, we developed a SFFQ for 86 foods. In order to evaluate the reliability of both nutrient and food intakes, caregivers of a sample of 101 children aged 4 to 6 years completed the SFFQ repeatedly at 3 month intervals. There were small differences in the nutrient intakes assessed by the SFFQ ranging from 0.55% to 9.91%. There were no significant differences in nutrient values calculated from the repeat questionnaires, except in the case of niacin and vitamin C The Pearson correlation coefficients of most of the nutrients ranged from 0.54 to 0.75 (mean = 0.66). When energy intake was adjusted, there was approximately a 0.2 decrease in the correlation coefficient of most nutrients, due to the high correlation of energy intake with other nutrients (r = 0.7 - 0.9). The amount of food intake differed by 0.1 to 66.4% (mean = 17.5%), depending on the food item. Out of 86 foods, 74 foods (86%) showed less than a 30% difference in intake and 30 foods (35%) showed less than a 10% difference. Only 6 (7%) out of the 86 foods presented statistically significant differences in intake. The Spearman correlation coefficients of most food intakes assessed repeatedly by the SFFQ ranged from 0.4 to 0.7. Reproducibility of the nutrient and food intakes found in this study was better or similar to those found in cases of Korean adults. Therefore, the SFFQ developed in the present study can be a useful tool to assess the dietary intake of pre-schoolers in Korea. (Korean J Community Nutrition 7(1): 58~66, 2002)

국민건강영양조사 식품섭취빈도조사지 개발

윤성하(Yun, Sung Ha),심지선(Shim, Jee-Seon),권상희(Kweon, Sanghui),오경원(Oh, Kyungwon) 한국영양학회 2013 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.46 No.2

본 연구는 성인의 일상적인 식품 및 영양소 섭취량 평가를 목적으로 국민건강영양조사에서 활용할 수 있는 음식기반 반정량 식품섭취빈도조사지를 개발하고자 수행되었다. 식품섭취빈도조사 항목은 국민건강영양조사 제4기 1차년도 (2007)만 19세 이상 대상자의 식품섭취조사 자료를 이용하여 에너지와 14종 영양소 (탄수화물, 단백질, 지방, 조섬유, 칼슘, 인, 철, 나트륨, 칼륨, 비타민 A, 티아민, 리보플라빈, 나이아신, 비타민 C) 섭취의 주요 급원이거나 섭취량의 개인 간 변이가 크며, 대상자의 1% (30명) 이상이 섭취하는 음식으로 구성하였고 2005년 계절별 영양조사와 국민건강영양조사 제4기 2, 3차년도(2008, 2009) 만 19~64세 대상자의 식품섭취조사 자료를 검토하여 추가·보완하였다. 최종 설문항목은 112개로 구성되었으며, 밥류 (5개), 면·만두류 (6개), 빵·떡류 (8개), 국·찌개류 (12개), 콩·달걀·고기·생선류 (23개), 채소·해조류·서류 (27개), 우유류 (4개), 과일류 (13개), 음료류 (5개), 과자류 (6개), 주류 (3개) 순서로 나열하였다. 에너지와 14종 영양소 섭취량과 개인 간 변동 설명력은 각각 87.0%, 81.7%였다. 식품섭취빈도조사의 준거기간은 최근 1년이며, 섭취빈도 응답은 9개의 빈도구간 (거의 안 먹음, 월 1회, 월 2~3회, 주 1회, 주 2~4회, 주 5~6회, 일 1회, 일 2회, 일 3회)으로 구성하였고, 섭취분량은 기준분량 대비 소 (0.5), 중 (1.0), 대 (1.5~2.0)의 3가지 응답보기로 구성하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 식품섭취빈도조사지는 우리나라 성인의 일상적인 식품 및 영양소 섭취수준 파악과 관련 역학 연구에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. The objective of this study was to develop a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for an adult population for use in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The 24-hour recall data for 2,939 subjects aged 19 years and over from the fourth KNHANES first year (2007) were used to extract the items included in the questionnaire. The FFQ items were developed by selection of major dishes based on the cumulative contribution rate, between-person variability based on the cumulative R2 of energy and 14 nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorous, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C) and the number of consumers of each dish. In addition, the FFQ items were revised with analysis of 24-hour recall data of the fourth KNHANES second and third year (2008, 2009). Finally, 112 items were included in the FFQ and grouped as follows: rice (5 items), noodles and dumplings (6), breads and rice cakes (8), soups and stews (12), soybeans, eggs, meat and fish (23), vegetables, seaweed and potatoes (27), milk and dairy products (4), fruits (13), beverages (5), snacks (6) and alcoholic beverages (3). The food items of FFQ accounted for an average of 87.0% of energy and 14 nutrient intakes and also accounted for 81.7% of the between-person variability. The frequency range of the FFQ items was classified into nine categories (never or seldom, once per month, 2-3 times per month, once per week, 2-4 times per week, 5-6 times per week, once per day, twice per day and three times per day) and the portion size was divided into three categories (small, medium and large). We expect that this developed dish-based FFQ could be used in assessment of long-term dietary intakes of Korean adults. (Korean J Nutr 2013; 46(2): 186 ~ 196)

대전지역 대학생의 식품섭취빈도에 영향을 미치는 요인 연구

이미숙,이정원,우미경 대한지역사회영양학회 2001 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.6 No.2

The purpose of this study is to analyze the foods which 424(male 171, female 253) university students surveyed consumed frequently and to evaluate and the factors affecting their food consumption patterns. The survey was conducted at the beginning of nutrition courses each semester, March and September, 1998, with the questionnaire composed of general information, food, drinking and smoking habits, nutrition knowledge/attitude and food frequency questionnaire. The rates of alcohol drinking in male and female students were 89.2% and 78.1% respectively, and the rates of smoking were 68.1% and 1.6% in males and female. The nutrition knowledge score was higher in females than in males, but the nutrition attitude score was not significantly different between the male and female groups. The foods frequently consumed among students were cooked rice(14.3/week), kimchi(11.1/week), coffee(5.7/week), vegetables in soup, jjigae and jorim(3.5/week), carbonated beverages(3.3/week), cooked mixed rice(3.2/week). Ramyun and chocolate·candies·biscuits were frequently consumed, too. There were several factors influencing food consumption patterns. These were gender, regularity of mealtimes, the status of alcohol drinking and smoking, residence type and the levels of nutrition knowledge and attitude. Males ate more frequently cooked rice, coffee, carbonated beverages, ramyun, functional beverages and ham·sausage, while females ate more frequently cooked mixed rice and fruits. Those who had the habits of irregular mealtimes seemed to eat more soft drinks, instant foods and snacks. These trends were also found in the alcohol drinking and smoking groups. High level groups for nutrition knowledge of attitude score chose raw yellow green and green vegetables, cooked mixed rice, soybeans and seaweeds more frequently than the other groups. On the other hand, low level groups for nutrition knowledge or attitude score were apt to eat carbonated beverages and ramyun more frequently. Therefore, more attention should be taken to males, having habits of irregular mealtimes, alcohol drinking and smoking, and low level groups for nutrition knowledge or attitude score so as to improve their health.

Development and evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire for Vietnamese female immigrants in Korea: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)

Kim, Sun-Hye,Choi, Ha-Ney,Hwang, Ji-Yun,Chang, Nam-Soo,Kim, Wha-Young,Chung, Hye-Won,Yang, Yoon-Jung The Korean Nutrition Society 2011 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol. No.

The objectives of this study were to develop a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Vietnamese female immigrants in Korea and to evaluate the validity of the FFQ. A total of 80 food items were selected in developing the FFQ according to consumption frequency, the contribution of energy and other nutrients, and the cooking methods based on one-day 24 hour recall (24HR) from 918 Vietnamese female immigrants between November 2006 and November 2007. The FFQ was validated by comparison with 24HR of 425 Vietnamese female immigrants between November 2008 and August 2009. The absolute nutrient intake calculated from the FFQ was higher than that estimated by 24HR for most nutrients. The correlation coefficients between 24HR and FFQ ranged from 0.10 (vitamin C) - 0.36 (energy) for crude intake, 0.05 (vitamin E) - 0.32 (calcium) for per 1000 kcal, and 0.08 (zinc) - 0.34 (calcium) for energy-adjusted, respectively. More than 70% of subjects were classified into the same or adjacent agreement groups for nutrients other than fiber, sodium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E, while less than 10% of subjects were classified into complete disagreement groups. We conclude that the FFQ appears to be an acceptable tool for estimating nutrient intake and dietary patterns of Vietnamese female immigrants in Korea. Future studies to validate the FFQ using various biomarkers or other dietary assessment methods are needed.

Estimated Carotenoids Intake in Korean Adults Using Food-frequency Questionnaire: Association with Smoking, Drinking and Other Life-style Factors

Park, Yoo-Kyoung,Kim, Yoona,Park, Eunju,Kang, Myung-Hee The Korean Nutrition Society 2001 Nutritional Sciences Vol.4 No.2

The aim of this study was to determine the association between, smoking, exercise, sex, and dietary carotenoids ($\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene, $\beta$-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopne) intake in Korean middle-aged adults. Food-frequency questionnaire were analyzed from 304 healthy adults (115 men, 189 women) aged 20 - 59. The self-administered questionnaire contained subject s habitual diet and alcohol intake were the previous 3 months. Data on frequency of 102 foods, including vegetables, fruits, beverages and legumes were analyzed. Total dietary carotenoids intake were 27.13 $\pm$ 3.09 mg/d for men and 26.71$\pm$ 2.82 mg/d for women. It was found that smoking had no significant contribution to the dietary intake of carotenoids. Among other lifestyle factors that had significant correlation was the amount of exercise time. The increases in exercise time was associated with increase in carotenoids intake (r= 0.121, p : 0.04). The major contributors of $\alpha$-carotene and $\beta$-carotene were carrots consumed as single-food item or carrot juice. Lutein and Zeaxanthin intake mainly came from spinach and most lycopene intake was derived from tomato products not fresh tomatoes. Persimmon was the major contributor of $\beta$-cryptoxanthin. These findings provide valuable information on understanding the unique pattern of dietary intake of Korean, which might help identify the risks for developing various diseases.

임신성 당뇨병 환자의 식습관 및 식이섭취에 관한 환자-대조군 연구

지선경(Ji Sun-Kyung),장학철(Jang Hak C),최혜미(Choi Haymie) 韓國營養學會 2008 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.41 No.1

임신성 당뇨병의 발병에 영향을 미치는 식이 인자를 알아보고자 컴퓨터용 식품섭취빈도조사지와 설문지 등을 이용하여 임신성 당뇨병의 환자군-대조군 연구를 시행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 임신성 당뇨병군이 대조군보다 연령과 BMI가 높았고, 당뇨병의 가족력이 많았다. 임신전의 식습관은 임신성 당뇨병군이 대조군보다 1일 식사횟수가 적었고, 식사 시간이 불규칙하고 식사속도가 빨랐으며 채식을 적게 하고 기름진 음식을 싫어하는 경향이었으며, 식습관점수가 낮았다. 식품섭취빈도법으로 조사한 영양소 섭취량에서는 임신성 당뇨병군이 대조군보다 탄수화물의 섭취량이 유의적으로 많았고 단백질의 에너지 섭취비율이 유의적으로 낮았다. 지방의 섭취량에는 두 군 간에 차이가 없었으며 임신성 당뇨병군이 대조군보다 단백질과 칼슘, 인, 비타민 B₁의 영양밀도가 유의적으로 낮았다. 두 그룹 간에 섭취량에 유의적 차이를 보이는 식품 중 쌀, 중국국수, 돼지고기 등은 임신성 당뇨병군에서 대조군보다 많이 섭취하였고, 옥수수, 오정어채, 큰멸치, 수박, 포도, 복숭아, 밤, 땅콩, 호상 요구르트, 치즈, 검정콩, 당근 등은 대조군에서 섭취량이나 섭취빈도가 많았다. 두 군 사이에 섭취량에 유의적 차이를 보이는 음식 중 온면, 시루떡, 햄버거, 돼지고기편육, 삶은 계란 등은 임신성 당뇨병군에서 섭취량이 많았고, 전병, 두부조림, 오징어채무침, 깍두기, 야채샐러드, 김치국, 과일샐러드, 콩밥, 콩조림, 토마토쥬스 등은 대조군에서 섭취량이나 섭취빈도가 많았다. 특히 쌀의 경우에는 임신성 당뇨병군이 대조군보다 섭취량은 많았으나 섭취빈도는 적어 임신성 당뇨병군에서 1회의 섭취분량이 많았던 것으로 생각할 수 있다. 영양소 중에서는 탄수화물이나 에너지의 섭취량이 많을 때 임신성 당뇨병의 odds ratio가 증가하였고, 식품이나 음식은 쌀, 국수, 돼지고기, 온면, 시루떡, 햄버거, 삶은 계란, 돼지고기편육 등의 섭취량이 많을 때 임신성 당뇨병의 odds ratio가 증가하였다. 상관관계의 분석결과 에너지 섭취량, 탄수화물 섭취량 등이 혈액의 포도당농도와 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이상으로 본 연구 결과를 종합해 볼 때 임신성 당뇨병에 영향을 미치는 식이 인자는 지방보다는 탄수화물의 섭취량으로 생각되어지며 단백질을 포함한 식사의 질과 바람직하지 않은 식습관이 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 생각해 볼 수 있다. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance discovered or onset during pregnancy and attention is needed because of increased risk of perinatal morbidties and higher incidence of diabetes afterward. This study was performed to identify dietary factors associated with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Developed food frequency questionnaire containing 192 food items were used to assess nutritional status of 246 control subjects and 104 GDM subjects. Food habits of subjects were examined in the questionnaire. The more irregularity and less variety of meal were found in GDM group compared to control group and GDM group tended to eat rapidly and do not like vegetables and greasy foods. Total score of food habits in GDM was lower than control group, which suggests that GDM group have undesirable food habits. Mean daily energy and carbohydrate intakes of GDM group were higher than those of control group, and percent energy from protein was significantly higher in control. Nutrient density of protein, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin B₁ of GDM group was significantly lower than those of control group. Therefore dietary quality of GDM group was lower than that of control group. Odds ratio for GDM was high when energy and carbohydrate intakes were high. And when the intakes of rice, noodle, shiruduk, hamburger, boiled egg, steamed pork shank were high, the odds ratio for GDM was high. These results indicate that the amount and frequencies of several foods and dish items were related with the occurrence of GDM subjects. On the whole, GDM subjects consumed more cereals and less vegetables and less legumes. From these results, pregnant women with GDM tended to have unhealthy food habits, and carbohydrate intake was important dietary factors on the onset of GDM. (Korean J Nutr 2008; 41(1): 41~53)