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Feng Ding,Shuwei Zhang,Houbin Chen,Hongxiang Peng,Jiang Lu,Xinhua He,Jiechun Pan 한국유전학회 2018 Genes & Genomics Vol.40 No.12
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is an important subtropical fruit crop with high commercial value due to its high nutritional values and favorable tastes. However, irregular bearing attributed to unstable flowering is a major ongoing problem for litchi producers. Previous studies indicate that low-temperature is a key factor in litchi floral induction. In order to reveal the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the reproductive process in litchi, we had analyzed the transcriptome of buds before and after low-temperature induction using RNA-seq technology. A key flower bud differentiation associated gene, a homologue of FLORICAULA/LEAFY, was identified and named LcLFY (GenBank Accession No. KF008435). The cDNA sequence of LcLFY encodes a putative protein of 388 amino acids. To gain insight into the role of LcLFY, the temporal expression level of this gene was measured by real-time RT-PCR. LcLFY was highly expressed in flower buds and its expression correlated with the floral developmental stage. Heterologous expression of LcLFY in transgenic tobacco plants induced precocious flowering. Meantime, we investigated the sub-cellular localization of LcLFY. The LcLFY-Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was found in the nucleus. The results suggest that LcLFY plays a pivotal role as a transcription factor in controlling the transition to flowering and in the development of floral organs in litchi.
Seyed Morteza Zahedi,Hassan Sarikhani 한국원예학회 2016 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.57 No.4
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementary far-red light on floral induction in the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). The plants were grown in summer conditions with naturaldaylight and an end-of-day far-red (EOD FR; 735 nm) light treatment. In experiments 1 and 2, the plants were exposed to EOD FR for 0, 2, 4, and 6 h daily for 8, 16, 24, and 32 days in July and August. In experiment 3,plants aged 8-, 10-, and 12-weeks old were treated with 32 daily cycles of EOD FR for 6 h. The plants exposed to high temperatures in July did not flower, although their morphological traits were altered by EOD FR. In the coolertemperatures of August, besides significant morphological changes, plants exposed to 6 h of EOD FR for 32 daily cycles produced flowers. The last experiment revealed a significant induction of flowering in the 12-week-old runnerplants, which was absent in the younger plants. These results clearly demonstrate the effect of EOD FR treatment duration, temperature, and plant age on morphological traits and flowering. It can be concluded that flowering in12-week old and older ‘Paros’ strawberries can be induced by 32 daily cycles of 735 nm far-red light in August and September.
Flowering and flowering genes: from model plants to orchids
Shan-Li Wang,Hye Ryun An,Chii-Gong Tong,Seonghoe Jang 한국원예학회 2021 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.62 No.2
Floral transition in model plants including Arabidopsis and rice has been studied extensively through molecular geneticapproaches. Many genetic factors in diff erent fl owering pathways, which depend mainly on photoperiod, vernalization,autonomous and ambient temperature are regulated coordinately to control fl oral induction. However, for the ornamentalplants orchids, the molecular mechanisms underlying the fl oral transition are still unclear. Recently, genes with potentialfl owering-related functions have been identifi ed in diff erent orchid species and their functional roles have also been characterized/examined using homologous or heterologous systems. In this review, we summarize the molecular networks offl owering genes and their regulation as revealed in model plants such as Arabidopsis and rice, and also describe the recentdiscoveries/studies on fl owering genes in several commercially representative orchid species providing a perspective onorchid fl owering research. In addition, our recent results through transgenic approaches with ectopic expression of Hd3a , arice fl origen gene for the induction of precocious fl owering in Phalaenopsis orchids are also discussed.
Shigeru Satoh,Yuino Murakoshi,Ai Hojo,Keiko Chisaka,Taro Harada,Shigeru Satoh 한국식물학회 2012 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.55 No.5
Ethylene has an inhibitory effect on flowering in a short-day (SD) plant chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). In this study, we used a hexaploid chrysanthemum ‘Sei-Marine’and found that its transgenic lines transformed with a mutated ethylene receptor gene mDGERS1(etr1-4), which conferred reduced ethylene sensitivity (J. Plant Biol. 51: 424-427, 2008), opened flowers earlier than the non-transformed control. We examined whether the accelerated flower induction in the transformant occurred through the enhanced expression of chrysanthemum genes homologous to FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a floral inducer gene in Arabidopsis. We cloned three cDNAs for FT homologs (CmFTL1, CmFTL2, and CmFTL3) from ‘Sei-Marine’. CmFTL2 putatively encodes a non-functional gene product due to a frame shift caused by a 2 bp-deletion in the coding region. RT-PCR analysis revealed differential expression patterns of CmFTL genes in the transgenic and control lines,suggesting that these genes might be under the control of ethylene. CmFTL1/2 mRNA level was lower in a SD condition than a long-day (LD) condition. CmFTL3 mRNA accumulated abundantly under SD condition as compared with LD condition in the transgenic line. These results suggest the association of increased expression of CmFTL3gene with the accelerated flowering in the transgenic line with reduced ethylene sensitivity.
애기장대(Arabidopsis thaliana)의 현탁배양세포괴로부터 식물체 재분화
김명덕,김준철,진창덕,임창진,한태진 한국식물생명공학회 1998 식물생명공학회지 Vol.25 No.3
기내에서 발아시킨 애기장대(Arabidopsis thaliana)의 잎과 줄기 절편체로부터 캘러스 유도는, 잎절편체의 경우 2mg/L 2,4-D가 첨가된 MS 고체배지에서 유도되었고, 줄기절편체의 경우는 0.5mg/L 2,4-D와 0.1mg/L BAP가 첨가된 CP 고체배지에서 배양 4주 후 다량의 캘러스가 유도되었다. 유도된 캘러스를 잘게 자르고 0.5mg/L 2,4-D와 0.1mg/L BAP가 첨가된 CP 액체배지에서 7일 간격으로 암조건에서 4개월간 배양하였을 때 균일한 shoot-forming(SF)캘러스를 얻을 수 있었다. 액체배지에서 유도된 SF 세포괴는 0.05 mg/L IAA, 7.0mg/L 2-iP, 30g/L sucrose가 첨가된 MS 재분화배지에서 광조건으로 배양하였을 때 캘러스를 거쳐 녹화되기 시작하였으며 배양 4주 후부터는 전체적으로 녹화된 SF캘러스로부터 shoot가 형성되어 식물체 재분화가 가능하였다. 또한 재분화 배지에 옮겼을 때 IAA와 2-iP가 첨가된 배지에서 50% 이상의 shoot 형성률(SF 캘러스당 한 개 이상의 shoot가 형성된 캘러스의 백분율)을 보였다. 절단된 shoot는 호르몬이 첨가되지 않은 배지에서 4주 후 뿌리를 형성하였으며, 재분화된 식물체는 기내에서 6주 후부터 화뢰가 형성되고 꽃이 피기 시작하였다. Callus induction from leaf and stem explants of Arabidopsis thaliana was successfully obtained when leaf explants were cultured on MS medium containing 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D in the dark and also, when stem explants were cultured on CP medium containing 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L BAP. Explant-derived sliced calli were suspension-subcultured every week in CP liquid medium with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L BAP in the dark, and shoot-forming cell clusters of nodular, pale yellow and knobby type were selected after 7-8 weeks of culture. Shoots were initiated from the green spots of the selected shoot forming calli cultured on MS regeneration medium containing 0.05 mg/L IAA, 7.0 mg/L 2-iP and 30 g/L sucrose under continous illumination for four weeks. Shoot regeneration frequency (calli regenerating at least one shoot) was more than 50%. For plant regeneration, excised shoots were trnasferred to hormone free medium for root initiation after 4 weeks of culture. The regenerants were bolting after 2 weeks of culture and formed in vitro flowering buds within bracts after 4 weeks of culture.
Benlloch, Reyes,Kim, Min Chul,Sayou, Camille,Thé,venon, Emmanuel,Parcy, Francois,Nilsson, Ove Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 The Plant journal Vol.67 No.6
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>The transition to flowering in <I>Arabidopsis</I> is characterized by the sharp and localized upregulation of <I>APETALA1</I> (<I>AP1</I>) transcription in the newly formed floral primordia. Both the flower meristem‐identity gene <I>LEAFY</I> (<I>LFY</I>) and the photoperiod pathway involving the <I>FLOWERING LOCUS T</I> (<I>FT</I>) and <I>FD</I> genes contribute to this upregulation. These pathways have been proposed to act independently but their respective contributions and mode of interaction have remained elusive. To address these questions, we studied the <I>AP1</I> regulatory region. Combining <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> approaches, we identified which of the three putative LFY binding sites present in the <I>AP1</I> promoter is essential for its activation by LFY. Interestingly, we found that this site is also important for the correct photoperiodic‐dependent upregulation of <I>AP1</I>. In contrast, a previously proposed putative FD‐binding site appears dispensable and unable to bind FD and we found no evidence for FD binding to other sites in the <I>AP1</I> promoter, suggesting that the FT/FD‐dependent activation of <I>AP1</I> might be indirect. Altogether, our data give new insight into the interaction between the FT and LFY pathways in the upregulation of <I>AP1</I> transcription under long‐day conditions.</P>