Comparison of Sensory Traits and Preferences between Food Co-product Fermented Liquid (FCFL)-fed and Formula-fed Pork Loin

Sasaki, Keisuke,Nishioka, Terumi,Ishizuka, Yuzuru,Saeki, Mao,Kawashima, Tomoyuki,Irie, Masakazu,Mitsumoto, Mitsuru Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.8

Sensory traits and preferences regarding food co-product fermented liquid (FCFL)-fed pork loin were compared with those of formula-fed pork. The FCFL-fed pork was expected to have improved fat meltability. Thirty-nine laboratory panelists took part in a sensory test. The fat meat and the lean meat of FCFL-fed pig were judged more meltable and tender, respectively, than the corresponding meat from the formula-fed pig. These sensory traits agreed closely with the results of a mechanical investigation of fat melting patterns and with Warner-Bratzlar shear force values. However, the overall preference was not significantly associated with sensory fat meltability and meat tenderness, as assessed by chi-square and correspondence analyses, but it was significantly related to the whole fat preference and the fat texture preference. The fat texture preference, however, did not correlate with sensory fat meltability. These results indicated that FCFL feeding altered sensory fat meltability in pork loin, but the preference for such meltable fat differed among individual panelists.

발효쌀겨 배합사료 급여가 돈육의 육질 개선에 미치는 효과

김동엽(Dongyeop Kim),Fan Jiang Ping,최다혜(Dahei Choi),박현실(Hyunsil Park),한기동(Gi Dong Han) 한국식품과학회 2007 한국식품과학회지 Vol.39 No.6

본 연구는 발효쌀겨의 급여(10-20%)가 돈육의 품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 일반성분평가결과, 발효쌀겨 20% 급여구의 돈육이 급여하지 않은 대조구 돈육에 비하여 수분함량이 높고, 지방함량이 낮은 경향이었으나 유의적 차이는 없었다. 이화학적 특성결과, 가열감량은 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 유의적으로 낮았다(p < 0.01). 육질평가에서 가장 중요한 항목인 보수력은 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 높게 나타났다(p < 0.01). 돈육의 연도를 측정하는 전단력(shear force)은 대조구와 처리구 사이에서는 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 지방함량이 적고 보수력이 높은 발효쌀겨 20% 급여구에서 높은 특성을 나타내었다. 총 유리아미노산은 발효쌀겨의 첨가수준이 높을수록 그 양이 증가하였다. 육의 추출물에서 맛과 풍미에 중요한 역할을 하는 아미노산인 glutamic acid, glycine, alanine(16) 등의 함량이 발효 쌀겨를 급여한 돈육에서 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 지방산 조성은 처리구와 대조구간 유의적인 차이가 없었으나(p > 0.05) stearic acid(C18:0)에서 발효쌀겨의 급여수준에 따라 그 조성이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 관능평가 검사 결과, 육색, 냄새, 다즙성, 맛, 전체적 기호도에서 처리구가 다소 높은 점수를 얻었으나, 모든 관능검사항목에서 처리구와 대조구 간 유의적인 차이는 없었다 (p > 0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 발효쌀겨급여는 돈육의 육질개선에 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted to evaluate the meat quality of pork produced by feeding fermented rice bran (FRB) (10 to 20%). In the proximate composition analysis there were no significant differences, but the FRB treated groups showed a tendency for higher moisture content and a lower fat content. There were no significant changes found in the physicochemical property analysis, except for cooking loss and water holding capacity, which are the most important factors for estimating meat quality. The cooking loss of the FRB pork was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.01). The water holding capacity of the 20% FRB group was higher than that of the control group (p<0.01). The shear force value of the 20% FRB group was also higher than that of the control group, but the 10% FRB group showed no difference from the control group. The total free amino acid volume of the meat increased, depending on the volume of FRB added. The contents of glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine, which are important factors for taste and flavor, were higher in the FRB groups than the control group. In the sensory analysis, the FRB groups showed high scores for color, aroma, flavor, juiciness, taste, and overall acceptability. Taken together, adding FRB to the feed improved the quality of pork.

Selection of indigenous starter culture for safety and its effect on reduction of biogenic amine content in Moo som

Pussadee Tangwatcharin,Jiraroj Nithisantawakhup,Supaluk Sorapukdee 아세아·태평양축산학회 2019 Animal Bioscience Vol.32 No.10

Objective: The aims of this study were to select one strain of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) for a potential indigenous safe starter culture with low level antibiotic resistant and low biogenic amine production and evaluate its effect on biogenic amines reduction in Moo som. Methods: Three strains of indigenous L. plantarum starter culture (KL101, KL102, and KL103) were selected based on their safety including antibiotic resistance and decarboxylase activity, and fermentation property as compared with a commercial starter culture (L. plantarum TISIR543). Subsequently, the effect of the selected indigenous safe starter culture on biogenic amines formation during Moo som fermentation was studied. Results: KL102 and TISIR 543 were susceptible to penicillin G, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamycin, streptomycin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim (MIC90 ranging from 0.25 to 4 μg/mL). All strains were negative amino acid-decarboxylase for lysis of biogenic amines in screening medium. For fermentation in Moo som broth, a relatively high maximum growth rate of KL102 and TISIR543 resulted in a generation time than in the other strains (p<0.05). These strain counts were constant during the end of fermentation. Similarly, KL102 or TISIR543 addition supported increases of lactic acid bacterial count and total acidity in Moo som fermentation. For biogenic amine reduction, tyramine, putrescine, histamine and spermine contents in Moo som decreased significantly by the addition KL102 during 1 d of fermentation (p<0.05). In final product, histamine, spermine and tryptamine contents in Moo som inoculated with KL102 were lower amount those with TISIR543 (p<0.05). Conclusion: KL102 was a suitable starter culture to reduce the biogenic amine formation in Moo som.

새송이 버섯파치 발효액의 급이가 돈육의 품질에 미치는 영향

이수정(Soo-Jung Lee),강민정(Min-Jung Kang),정미자(Mi-Ja Chung),이현욱(Hyun-Uk Lee),서종권(Jong-Kwon Seo),성낙주(Nak-Ju Sung),신정혜(Jung-Hye Shin) 한국생명과학회 2008 생명과학회지 Vol.18 No.11

새송이 버섯파치 발효액(0, 0.5%, 1% 및 1.5%)의 급이가 돼지의 혈액 성분 및 돈육의 품질에 미치는 영향을 실험하였다. 돼지의 혈중 총 지질, 총콜레스테롤 및 중성지방은 대조군에 비해 1.5% 첨가군에서 유의적으로 감소되었다. HDL-, LDL-, VLDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 대조군과 처리군간의 유의차가 없었다. 동맥경화 지수 및 심혈관 질환 위험지수는 대조군에 비해 1.5% 발효액 급이군에서 유의적으로 낮았다. GOT, LDH 활성도는 1.5% 첨가군에서 대조군 및 0.5% 첨가군에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다. 혈중 항산화 활성은 45.92±2.46~47.25±1.64%의 범위로 유의차가 없었다. 돈육의 기호도는 대조군에 비해 새송이 버섯파치 발효액을 급이한 돈육에서 유의적으로 높았으나, 각 실험군간의 유의차는 없었다. 돈육 등심의 명도는 저장 1일에 유의차가 없었으나, 저장 20일에는 증가되는 경향이었고, 적색도는 새송이 버섯 발효액의 첨가량 및 저장기간에 따른 유의차가 없었다. 가열감량은 새송이 버섯파치 발효액 1% 및 1.5% 첨가 급이군에서 저장 10일부터 감소하다가 저장 20일에는 다소 증가하였다. 전단가는 저장 20일에 대조군에 비해 새송이 버섯파치 발효액 1% 및 1.5% 첨가 급이군에서 유의적으로 낮았다. 저장기간 동안 돈육의 수분, 조지방 함량 및 pH의 변화는 유의차가 없었다. TBARS의 함량은 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 모든 처리군에서 증가되었으나, 대조군에 비해 새송이 버섯파치 발효액 첨가 급이군에서 다소 낮았다. 새송이 버섯파치 발효액 첨가 급이 시 포화지방산에 대한 불포화 지방산의 비율(UFA/SFA)은 1% 및 1.5% 첨가군에서는 저장 15일까지 감소되다가 저장 20일에는 다시 증가되어 대조군과 비슷한 경향이었다. After pigs was fed by commercial diets supplemented with various concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5%) of the fermented mushroom by-product of Pleurotus eryngii, the meat qualities and the serum lipid compositions of the individual pig groups were investigated. The levels of total lipid, total cholesterol, and triglyceride in the serum were significantly lower when the pigs were fed with the diet supplemented with 1.5% fermented mushroom by-product than those of the control pigs. HDL-, LDL-, and VLDL-cholesterol contents in the serum exhibited no significant difference between the pig group fed by the diet containing the fermented mushroom by-product and the control group. In comparison to the control group, the pig group fed by the diet supplemented with 1.5% fermented mushroom by-product showed significantly lower level of AI, CRF, GOT, and LDH values in the serum, whereas the difference in the level of antioxidant activity of the serum was not significant. Sensory evaluation regarding color, off-flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability also showed that the pork from the pig group fed by the diet supplemented with the fermented mushroom by-product (0.5~1.5%) was better than that from the control group. Although enhancement in the lightness (L<SUP>*</SUP>) value of the pork was significant in 20 days of storage at 4℃, the redness (a<SUP>*</SUP>) value was not significantly differential during the storage periods regardless of the supplementation of the fermented mushroom by-product into the diet. The cooking loss of the pork from the pig group fed by the diet supplemented with the fermented mushroom by-product (1% and 1.5%) decreased in the storage 10 days, but it increased in the storage 20 days. After storage for 20 days at 4℃, shear force of the pork obtained from the pigs fed by the diet supplemented with 1%~1.5% fermented mushroom by-product appeared to become significantly lower than that of the control. There were, however, no significant changes between two groups in the level of moisture content, crude lipid, and pH during the storage period. Although the TBARS content was enhanced in all groups during the storage period, the enhancement appeared to be more significant in the pork from the pig group fed by the diet containing the fermented mushroom by-product in comparison to the control. On the other hand, the ratio of UFA/SFA for the pork obtained from the individual pig groups showed no considerable diet-associated alterations during the storage period.

발효 머루 부산물을 급여한 돈육의 품질 및 기호성

박경숙,정인철,Park Kyung-Sook,Jung In-Chul 동아시아식생활학회 2005 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.15 No.6

This study was carried out to investigate the feeding effects of fermented wild grape by-product on pork meat qualities. The samples consisted of the pork not fed fermented wild grape byproduct(FWG-X) and the pork fed fermented wild grape byproduct(FWG-O). The moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash were not significantly different between samples. The cholesterol and TBARS of FWG-O were lower than those of the FWG-X, and the salt soluble protein extractability of FWG-O was higher than that of the FWG-X(p<0.05). The calorie, cooking loss, water holding capacity, pH and volatile basic nitrogen were not significantly different between FWG-X and FWG-O. The meat colors of the a and b value of FWG-O were higher than those of the FWG-X, and in case of the fat color, the a value of FWG-O was higher than that of the FWG-X. The hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and shear force were not significantly different between FWG-X and FWG-O. The total amino acid contents of FWG-X and FWG-O were 74.35 and 69.59g/100g protein, respectively, The raw meat color of FWG-O was higher than that of the FWG(p<0.01), and the cooked meat color(p<0.05), taste(p<0.001), flavor(p<0.001), juiciness(p<0.01) and palatability(p<0.01) were superior to those of the FWG-X. This study showed that fermented wild grape by-product decreased the cholesterol content and lipid oxidation with enhancing the sensory score.

남은 음식물 발효사료 급여가 돈육 삼겹살의 소비자 기호도에 미치는 영향

박홍양,박근규,정영철,이의수,양시용,임병순,김천제,Park Hong-Yang,Park Keun-Kyu,Jung Young-Chul,Lee Eui-Soo,Yang Si-Yong,Im Byoung-Soon,Kim Cheon-Jei 한국축산식품학회 2004 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.24 No.4

The objective of this experiment was to compare tile effect of feeding the commercial feeds (control) or fermented food waste feeds (FEWF) on consumer's acceptability and preference of pork belly. The bellies from carcasses of gilts and barrows were used. The consumers evaluated raw meat for color, freshness, fat amount (5=too much fat; 1= not enough fat), fat acceptability and overall acceptability on 5-point stale (5=most desirable; 3=moderate; 1=least desirable) and grilled belly for flavor, taste, texture, juiciness and overall acceptability on 5-point scale (5=most desirable; 3=moderate: 1=least desirable). Raw belly of control had higher scores in color than belly fed FFWF. However, there were no differences between treatments for freshness, fat contents, acceptability of fat contents and overall acceptability (p>0.05). There were no differences in any sensory trait between control and FFWF belly after cooking (p>0.05). Mean scores for preference or overall-liking of raw and cooked belly also were not significantly different between two groups (p>0.05). This results mean that feeding FFWF to pork didn't change the sensory Properties of belly meat.

한국 전통양념이 발효돈육의 병원성 미생물 성장에 미치는 영향

진상근,김철욱,이상원,송영민,김일석,박석규,하경희,배대순 한국축산식품학회 2004 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.24 No.2

This study was carried out to investigate the growth of pathogenic germ in fermented pork with Korean traditional seasonings. The samples, outside muscle of pork ham were cut by the shape of cube (7${\times}$12${\times}$2cm) and seasoned with five Korean traditional seasonings such as garlic paste (Tl), pickled Kimchi (T2), pickled Kimchi juice (T3), soybean paste (T4), red pepper paste (T5). The rate of meat to seasonings was same. The seasoned samples were fermented at -1${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. Microbial pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis were not detected in all paste and samples. When 1.5${\times}$l0$^3$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of Escherichia coli O157 was inoculated, the numbers were slightly increased to 10$^3$-10$^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 3 days and gradually decreased to the level of inoculation at 18 days in all samples. In the inoculation with Listeria monocytogenes (8${\times}$l0$^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$), the numbers were below 10$^3$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ during 28 days in T3 and T4, while they were increased to 10$\^$6/ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in Tl and T2 at 3 and 13 days respectively, and decreased to 10$^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$. In the inoculation with Salmonella enteritidis (3${\times}$l0$^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$), the numbers increased to 10$\^$5/ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 18 days, but they were rapidly decreased to the level of initial inoculation at 23 days.

남은 음식물 발효사료 급여가 도체 특성 및 돈육품질에 미치는 영향

박근규,박홍양,정영철,이의수,양시용,임병순,김천제,Park, Keun-Kyu,Park, Hong-Yang,Jung, Young-Chul,Lee, Eui-Soo,Yang, Si-Yong,Im, Byoung-Soon,Kim, Cheon-Jei 한국식품과학회 2005 한국식품과학회지 Vol.37 No.1

Effects of fermented food waste feeds on meat quality and physico-chemical characteristics of fully grown pigs were investigated. Two treatments were tried in this study; commercial feed (control) and fermented food waste feed(FFWF). Except for much thicker backfat of control, carcass traits, carcass weight, dressing percentage, carcass grade, cooking loss, shear force, water-holding capacity, drip loss, NPPC meat color, and marbling score of commercial feed(control)- and fermented food waste feed (FFWF)-fed pigs were not significantly different. Primal cut weights and meat percentages were significantly different (p<0.05) between control and FFWF. pH of FFWF loin was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of control. FFWF loin showed higher L*-value and lower a*-value compared to control.

축산물 및 가공 : 한국 전통 양념을 이용한 발효 돼지고기의 품질 특성

진상근 ( Jin Sang Geun ),김철욱 ( Kim Cheol Ug ),이상원 ( Lee Sang Won ),송영민 ( Song Yeong Min ),김일석 ( Kim Il Seog ),박석규 ( Park Seog Gyu ),하경희 ( Ha Gyeong Hui ),배대순 ( Bae Dae Sun ) 한국축산학회 2004 한국축산학회지 Vol.46 No.2

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality characteristics of the fermented pork with Korean traditional seasoning. The samples, outside muscle of pork ham were cut to cube(7×12×2㎝) and five Korean traditional seasonings such as garlic paste(T1), pickled Kimchi(T2), pickled Kimchi juice(T3), soybean paste(T4), red pepper paste(T5) were seasoned by the proportions of meat to seasonings(1:1). The seasoned samples were fermented at -1±1℃ for 20 days. According to proximate composition analysis, all pork samples contained protein 20~22%, fat 3~5%, moisture 64~70% and ash 1.8~2.0%. However, T5 had high crude fat level and relatively low moisture content. The highest pH among treatments was shown in T1 whereas T3 showed the lowest. Water holding capacity(WHC) of T4 and T5 were higher, while those values were lower in T3 compared with other treatment. Shear force value was the higher in T5, while it was the lowest in T4. TBARS value of T3 was the highest, while that was the lowest in T4. Moreover the highest VBN value was observed in T4 due to fermentation of soy protein. However, the lowest VBN value shown in T1 indicated the inhibition of protein degradation by the garlic. The highest saccarinity was shown in T5 but it was the lowest of in T3. Salinity was shown to be high in T2 and low in T5. L* values of T4 was higher both at the surface and inner side of samples than the others but T5 showed the lowest value. T2 showed the highest a* value but T4 and T5 showed the lowect. In the result of sensory evaluation for cooked meat, T5 had the highest score in all item including overall acceptability, while T4 had the lowest score. Unsaturated fatty acid(UFA) ratio of T5 and T2 were 72.16 and 69.93 respectively, and the ratio of UFA/Saturated fatty acid(SFA) were higher in the order of T5> T4> T3> T2. Overall quality characteristics were higher in the order of T5> T2> T1> T4> T3.

Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and associated risk factors in Nham, a Thai fermented pork product

Chokesajjawatee, N.,Pornaem, S.,Zo, Y.G.,Kamdee, S.,Luxananil, P.,Wanasen, S.,Valyasevi, R. Academic Press 2009 FOOD MICROBIOLOGY Vol.26 No.5

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent bacterial pathogens causing food-borne disease worldwide. Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) pre-formed in the implicated food. In this study, the incidences of S. aureus and classical SEs (SEA-SEE) contamination in 'Nham', a traditional Thai fermented pork product, were determined. Among 155 Nham samples tested, as high as 39.35% of the samples were positive for S. aureus (2-3500 MPN/g), but none were positive for the SEs. The risk factors for S. aureus contamination were highly correlated with the manufacturer and the pH of the product. A predictive model determined the probability of the presence of S. aureus to be @?0.24 at the pH @? 4.6. During the fermentation process, the number of S. aureus slightly increased in the first day and decreased afterward. S. aureus counts continued to decrease when Nham was stored refrigerated. The negative result for enterotoxins and low counts of S. aureus in Nham surveyed in this study, and reduction of the pathogen counts during fermentation and storage suggested that there is very low risk of staphylococcal food poisoning from consuming properly fermented Nham.