Comparison of Sensory Traits and Preferences between Food Co-product Fermented Liquid (FCFL)-fed and Formula-fed Pork Loin

Sasaki, Keisuke,Nishioka, Terumi,Ishizuka, Yuzuru,Saeki, Mao,Kawashima, Tomoyuki,Irie, Masakazu,Mitsumoto, Mitsuru Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.8

Sensory traits and preferences regarding food co-product fermented liquid (FCFL)-fed pork loin were compared with those of formula-fed pork. The FCFL-fed pork was expected to have improved fat meltability. Thirty-nine laboratory panelists took part in a sensory test. The fat meat and the lean meat of FCFL-fed pig were judged more meltable and tender, respectively, than the corresponding meat from the formula-fed pig. These sensory traits agreed closely with the results of a mechanical investigation of fat melting patterns and with Warner-Bratzlar shear force values. However, the overall preference was not significantly associated with sensory fat meltability and meat tenderness, as assessed by chi-square and correspondence analyses, but it was significantly related to the whole fat preference and the fat texture preference. The fat texture preference, however, did not correlate with sensory fat meltability. These results indicated that FCFL feeding altered sensory fat meltability in pork loin, but the preference for such meltable fat differed among individual panelists.

발효쌀겨 배합사료 급여가 돈육의 육질 개선에 미치는 효과

김동엽(Dongyeop Kim),Fan Jiang Ping,최다혜(Dahei Choi),박현실(Hyunsil Park),한기동(Gi Dong Han) 한국식품과학회 2007 한국식품과학회지 Vol.39 No.6

본 연구는 발효쌀겨의 급여(10-20%)가 돈육의 품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 일반성분평가결과, 발효쌀겨 20% 급여구의 돈육이 급여하지 않은 대조구 돈육에 비하여 수분함량이 높고, 지방함량이 낮은 경향이었으나 유의적 차이는 없었다. 이화학적 특성결과, 가열감량은 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 유의적으로 낮았다(p < 0.01). 육질평가에서 가장 중요한 항목인 보수력은 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 높게 나타났다(p < 0.01). 돈육의 연도를 측정하는 전단력(shear force)은 대조구와 처리구 사이에서는 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 지방함량이 적고 보수력이 높은 발효쌀겨 20% 급여구에서 높은 특성을 나타내었다. 총 유리아미노산은 발효쌀겨의 첨가수준이 높을수록 그 양이 증가하였다. 육의 추출물에서 맛과 풍미에 중요한 역할을 하는 아미노산인 glutamic acid, glycine, alanine(16) 등의 함량이 발효 쌀겨를 급여한 돈육에서 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 지방산 조성은 처리구와 대조구간 유의적인 차이가 없었으나(p > 0.05) stearic acid(C18:0)에서 발효쌀겨의 급여수준에 따라 그 조성이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 관능평가 검사 결과, 육색, 냄새, 다즙성, 맛, 전체적 기호도에서 처리구가 다소 높은 점수를 얻었으나, 모든 관능검사항목에서 처리구와 대조구 간 유의적인 차이는 없었다 (p > 0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 발효쌀겨급여는 돈육의 육질개선에 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted to evaluate the meat quality of pork produced by feeding fermented rice bran (FRB) (10 to 20%). In the proximate composition analysis there were no significant differences, but the FRB treated groups showed a tendency for higher moisture content and a lower fat content. There were no significant changes found in the physicochemical property analysis, except for cooking loss and water holding capacity, which are the most important factors for estimating meat quality. The cooking loss of the FRB pork was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.01). The water holding capacity of the 20% FRB group was higher than that of the control group (p<0.01). The shear force value of the 20% FRB group was also higher than that of the control group, but the 10% FRB group showed no difference from the control group. The total free amino acid volume of the meat increased, depending on the volume of FRB added. The contents of glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine, which are important factors for taste and flavor, were higher in the FRB groups than the control group. In the sensory analysis, the FRB groups showed high scores for color, aroma, flavor, juiciness, taste, and overall acceptability. Taken together, adding FRB to the feed improved the quality of pork.

원주지역 남은 음식물의 계절별 성분 함량 및 비육돈에 대한 건조 남은 음식물 급여 효과

채병조,주지환,심영호,권일경,김상헌 한국동물자원과학회 2003 한국축산학회지 Vol.45 No.3

본 연구는 남은 음식물(FW)의 성분변이를 조사하고, 그것이 급여시 비육돈의 성장과 육질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 사료화를 위해 기초자료로 활용하고져 FW를 1년간 (월 6회) 수집하였다. 8주간의 사양시험을 위해 삼원교잡종(LxYxD) 비육돈 (54.80±4.60㎏) 117두를 공시하였다 (3처리 3반복, 반복당 13두). 처리는 대조구 (옥수수-대두박 위주사료), 건조 방법에 따른 단순 건조 (simple dry : SD) 및 진공발효 (vacuum fermentation: VF)로서 구분하였다. FW의 건물기준으로 에너지, 조단백질, 조지방, 화분, 칼슘 및 인의 4계절 평균치는 각각 5,11kcal/㎏, 22.92%, 14.31%, 15.48%, 2.7% 및 1.05%였다. 에너지와 단백질 함량은 각각 겨울과 여름에 가장 높았다 (p<0.05). 건조한 FW의 유산균 함량은 SD와 VF 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 사양성적에서는 ADG에서 대조구가 FW이 첨가된 사료에 비해 유의적으로 높았으나 (p<0.05), FCR에서는 처리간에 차이가 없었다. SD와 FD와의 생산성 비교에서는 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 지육율, 등지방두께, 그리고 기타육질(색깔, drip loss 및 TBARS)에서 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 전 시험기간의 증체 ㎏당 사료비를 살펴보면, FW가 포함된 사료급여군이 대조구에 비해 낮았다. 이상의 결과를 요약해 보면, 남은 음식물을 건조한 후 사료에 20% 이내를 첨가하여 펠렛사료로 급여할 경우 비육돈의 사료비를 절감할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 FW의 가공시 FD공정은 필요치 않을 것으로 사료된다. A study was conducted to evaluate seasonal variations in chemical composition of food waste (FW) and its feeding effects on growth performance and pork quality in finishing pigs. FW was collected for 1 year ( 6 times a month ) to establish a database for use of FW as a feed ingredient. For a feeding trial (8 weeks), a total of 117 pigs (L×Y×D; 54.80±4.60㎏) were used to evaluate the processing effects of FW. Treatments were: Control (a corn-soybean meal diet without FW), simple dried FW (SD) and vacuum fermented FW (VF). The gross energy, crude protein, crude fat, ash, calcium and phosphorus in FW (DM, average of 4 seasons) were 5,111㎉/㎏, 22.92%, 14.31%, 15.48%, 2.7% and 1.05%, respectively. Among seasons, the energy and crude protein contents were the highest (p<0.05) in winter and summer, respectively. In lactic acid bacterial counts, there was no difference between SD and VF. Pigs fed the control diet grew faster (p<0.05) than those fed diets containing food waster, but not feed conversion ratio. There were no differences in production traits between SD and VF. No differences were also found in dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and pork quality (color, drip loss and TBARS) among treatments. The feed cost (￦/㎏ body weight) was lower in pigs fed FW than those fed a control diet. In conclusion, a pelleted diet containing food waste less than 20% would reduce feed cost in finishing pigs. However, it seems that a vacuum fermentation of food waste is not necessary for diet processing.

Selection of indigenous starter culture for safety and its effect on reduction of biogenic amine content in Moo som

Pussadee Tangwatcharin,Jiraroj Nithisantawakhup,Supaluk Sorapukdee 아세아·태평양축산학회 2019 Animal Bioscience Vol.32 No.10

Objective: The aims of this study were to select one strain of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) for a potential indigenous safe starter culture with low level antibiotic resistant and low biogenic amine production and evaluate its effect on biogenic amines reduction in Moo som. Methods: Three strains of indigenous L. plantarum starter culture (KL101, KL102, and KL103) were selected based on their safety including antibiotic resistance and decarboxylase activity, and fermentation property as compared with a commercial starter culture (L. plantarum TISIR543). Subsequently, the effect of the selected indigenous safe starter culture on biogenic amines formation during Moo som fermentation was studied. Results: KL102 and TISIR 543 were susceptible to penicillin G, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamycin, streptomycin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim (MIC90 ranging from 0.25 to 4 μg/mL). All strains were negative amino acid-decarboxylase for lysis of biogenic amines in screening medium. For fermentation in Moo som broth, a relatively high maximum growth rate of KL102 and TISIR543 resulted in a generation time than in the other strains (p<0.05). These strain counts were constant during the end of fermentation. Similarly, KL102 or TISIR543 addition supported increases of lactic acid bacterial count and total acidity in Moo som fermentation. For biogenic amine reduction, tyramine, putrescine, histamine and spermine contents in Moo som decreased significantly by the addition KL102 during 1 d of fermentation (p<0.05). In final product, histamine, spermine and tryptamine contents in Moo som inoculated with KL102 were lower amount those with TISIR543 (p<0.05). Conclusion: KL102 was a suitable starter culture to reduce the biogenic amine formation in Moo som.

새송이 버섯파치 발효액의 급이가 돈육의 품질에 미치는 영향

이수정(Soo-Jung Lee),강민정(Min-Jung Kang),정미자(Mi-Ja Chung),이현욱(Hyun-Uk Lee),서종권(Jong-Kwon Seo),성낙주(Nak-Ju Sung),신정혜(Jung-Hye Shin) 한국생명과학회 2008 생명과학회지 Vol.18 No.11

새송이 버섯파치 발효액(0, 0.5%, 1% 및 1.5%)의 급이가 돼지의 혈액 성분 및 돈육의 품질에 미치는 영향을 실험하였다. 돼지의 혈중 총 지질, 총콜레스테롤 및 중성지방은 대조군에 비해 1.5% 첨가군에서 유의적으로 감소되었다. HDL-, LDL-, VLDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 대조군과 처리군간의 유의차가 없었다. 동맥경화 지수 및 심혈관 질환 위험지수는 대조군에 비해 1.5% 발효액 급이군에서 유의적으로 낮았다. GOT, LDH 활성도는 1.5% 첨가군에서 대조군 및 0.5% 첨가군에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다. 혈중 항산화 활성은 45.92±2.46~47.25±1.64%의 범위로 유의차가 없었다. 돈육의 기호도는 대조군에 비해 새송이 버섯파치 발효액을 급이한 돈육에서 유의적으로 높았으나, 각 실험군간의 유의차는 없었다. 돈육 등심의 명도는 저장 1일에 유의차가 없었으나, 저장 20일에는 증가되는 경향이었고, 적색도는 새송이 버섯 발효액의 첨가량 및 저장기간에 따른 유의차가 없었다. 가열감량은 새송이 버섯파치 발효액 1% 및 1.5% 첨가 급이군에서 저장 10일부터 감소하다가 저장 20일에는 다소 증가하였다. 전단가는 저장 20일에 대조군에 비해 새송이 버섯파치 발효액 1% 및 1.5% 첨가 급이군에서 유의적으로 낮았다. 저장기간 동안 돈육의 수분, 조지방 함량 및 pH의 변화는 유의차가 없었다. TBARS의 함량은 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 모든 처리군에서 증가되었으나, 대조군에 비해 새송이 버섯파치 발효액 첨가 급이군에서 다소 낮았다. 새송이 버섯파치 발효액 첨가 급이 시 포화지방산에 대한 불포화 지방산의 비율(UFA/SFA)은 1% 및 1.5% 첨가군에서는 저장 15일까지 감소되다가 저장 20일에는 다시 증가되어 대조군과 비슷한 경향이었다. After pigs was fed by commercial diets supplemented with various concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5%) of the fermented mushroom by-product of Pleurotus eryngii, the meat qualities and the serum lipid compositions of the individual pig groups were investigated. The levels of total lipid, total cholesterol, and triglyceride in the serum were significantly lower when the pigs were fed with the diet supplemented with 1.5% fermented mushroom by-product than those of the control pigs. HDL-, LDL-, and VLDL-cholesterol contents in the serum exhibited no significant difference between the pig group fed by the diet containing the fermented mushroom by-product and the control group. In comparison to the control group, the pig group fed by the diet supplemented with 1.5% fermented mushroom by-product showed significantly lower level of AI, CRF, GOT, and LDH values in the serum, whereas the difference in the level of antioxidant activity of the serum was not significant. Sensory evaluation regarding color, off-flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability also showed that the pork from the pig group fed by the diet supplemented with the fermented mushroom by-product (0.5~1.5%) was better than that from the control group. Although enhancement in the lightness (L<SUP>*</SUP>) value of the pork was significant in 20 days of storage at 4℃, the redness (a<SUP>*</SUP>) value was not significantly differential during the storage periods regardless of the supplementation of the fermented mushroom by-product into the diet. The cooking loss of the pork from the pig group fed by the diet supplemented with the fermented mushroom by-product (1% and 1.5%) decreased in the storage 10 days, but it increased in the storage 20 days. After storage for 20 days at 4℃, shear force of the pork obtained from the pigs fed by the diet supplemented with 1%~1.5% fermented mushroom by-product appeared to become significantly lower than that of the control. There were, however, no significant changes between two groups in the level of moisture content, crude lipid, and pH during the storage period. Although the TBARS content was enhanced in all groups during the storage period, the enhancement appeared to be more significant in the pork from the pig group fed by the diet containing the fermented mushroom by-product in comparison to the control. On the other hand, the ratio of UFA/SFA for the pork obtained from the individual pig groups showed no considerable diet-associated alterations during the storage period.

Effect of Doenjang (Korean Fermented Soybean Paste) on Lipid Oxidation and Cooking Properties of Pork Patties

Hyun-Ju Oh,Chang-Soon Kim 한국식품과학회 2009 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.18 No.5

This study was carried out to investigate the cooking properties and lipid oxidation stability during storage at 4±1℃ when the various levels (5 to 20%) of doenjang (Korean fermented soybean paste) were added to pork patties cooked by pan frying (PF) and convection oven (CO). With increasing the addition of doenjang, cooking properties of pork patties revealed the improved cooking yield, less diameter reduction, and less thickness increase. Also, the shear force, hardness, and chewiness of pork patties were reduced. The PF cooking method showed better cooking properties than CO. Lipid oxidation expressed by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values was significantly reduced by the addition of more than 5% doenjang (p<0.05). The TBARS values of cooked pork patties by PF were significantly lower than CO during the 8 days of the storage (p<0.05). The development of warmed-over flavor (WOF) in cooked pork patties was delayed as the amount of the doenjang was increased. It was suggested that the addition of doenjang and PF favorably affected the cooking properties and stability of lipid oxidation in pork patties.

한국 전통양념이 발효돈육의 병원성 미생물 성장에 미치는 영향

진상근,김철욱,이상원,송영민,김일석,박석규,하경희,배대순 한국축산식품학회 2004 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.24 No.2

이 연구는 한국 전통 양념을 이용한 발효 돼지고기가 병원성 미생물의 성장에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위한 연구로 돼지고기의 바깥 볼깃살을 채취하여 7${\times}$12${\times}$2cm 크기로 자른 후육을 동일한 비율의 양념액에 침지하여 병원성 미생물을 접종한 후 -1$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$에서 28일간 발효숙성하면서 발효육[T1(마늘소스 돼지고기), T2(제육김치 돼지고기), T3(김치소스 돼지고기), T4(된장소스 돼지고기), T5(고추장소스 돼지고기)의 병원성 미생물의 성장 특성을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 발효용 양념반죽과 원료 돼지고기 5종 모두에서 Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella은 발견되지 않았다. $1.5{\times}$$10^3$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ E. coli O-157를 인위적으로 접종시 5가지 발효돼지고기 모두 접종 후 3일째 $10^3$-$10^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$까지 약간 증가한 후 감소하여 18일경 모두 접종 수준으로 낮아졌다. 8${\times}$$10^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ Listeria monocytogenes를 접종 시 T3와 T4는 28일 동안 $10^3$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 이하의 아주 낮은 수를 나타낸 반면 T1과 T2는 $10^{6}$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$까지 증가한 후 $10^4$CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 이하로 감소하였다. 3${\times}$$10^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ Salmonella enteritidis를 접종 시 모든 구가 18일째 $10^{5}$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 수준까지 증가한 이후 급격히 낮아져 23일 이후 접종 수준으로 낮아졌다. 향후 이들 전통 발효식품에서 병원성 미생물에 관여하는 균의 분리 기술에 관한 연구가 이루어져야 하겠으며 이러한 연구들의 축적으로 육가공 산업에 있어서 전통 장류를 이용한 제품화와 산업화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.다. This study was carried out to investigate the growth of pathogenic germ in fermented pork with Korean traditional seasonings. The samples, outside muscle of pork ham were cut by the shape of cube (7${\times}$12${\times}$2cm) and seasoned with five Korean traditional seasonings such as garlic paste (Tl), pickled Kimchi (T2), pickled Kimchi juice (T3), soybean paste (T4), red pepper paste (T5). The rate of meat to seasonings was same. The seasoned samples were fermented at -1${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. Microbial pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis were not detected in all paste and samples. When 1.5${\times}$l0$^3$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of Escherichia coli O157 was inoculated, the numbers were slightly increased to 10$^3$-10$^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 3 days and gradually decreased to the level of inoculation at 18 days in all samples. In the inoculation with Listeria monocytogenes (8${\times}$l0$^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$), the numbers were below 10$^3$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ during 28 days in T3 and T4, while they were increased to 10$\^$6/ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in Tl and T2 at 3 and 13 days respectively, and decreased to 10$^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$. In the inoculation with Salmonella enteritidis (3${\times}$l0$^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$), the numbers increased to 10$\^$5/ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 18 days, but they were rapidly decreased to the level of initial inoculation at 23 days.

천연의 점토광물질 발효산물 급여에 의한 친환경 고품질 원료돈육 생산

조진국,양승학,황성구,Cho, Jin Kook,Yang, Seung Hak,Hwang, Seong Gu 한국축산환경학회 2012 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.18 No.suppl.

축산물 생산은 집약적 사육환경으로 인한 각종 병원균이 내재한 가운데 이루어지고 있어 항생제 및 각종 사료첨가제등의 사용이 날로 증가해왔다. 한편, 축산물의 안전성에 대한 인식이 높아짐에 따라 농축산물 생산에 있어서 안전성 확보에 대한 연구가 절실히 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서 특수발효 미생물을 이용하여 복합미량원소(Se, Ge, Zn, S)를 강화시킨 점토광물질 발효 산물이 돈육의 생산성 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 공시동물은 Large White와 Yorkshire 교잡종 80두를 대조구와 실험구로 임의 배치해 실험하였다. 실험 결과, 점토광물질 발효산물을 사료 내 0.3% 첨가 급여했을 때 사료섭취량 및 증체량, 사료효율, 도체의 pH, 육색의 명도와 대퇴부의 밝기 등은 일반사료를 급여한 군과 비슷하였으나, 지육율은 2.7%, 도체육의 적색도는 12%, 보수력은 10% 개선되고 가열감량은 6% 감소하였다. 또한 면역기능조절효과를 조사하기 위해 비육돈의 혈액을 채취하여 혈액 내 말초혈액단핵세포의 증식 및 cytokine 분비 능을 조사한 결과, PBMC는 증식정도가 유의하게 증가하였고, LPS와 Con A를 처리하였을 때 대조구에 비해 더욱 뚜렷이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. cytokine의 분비량도 TNF-${\alpha}$의 경우 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 양이온 치환능력이 높고 원적외선 수치가 높은 점토광물 발효산물을 급여함으로써 면역능력이 강화되어 항생제를 사용하지 않고도 안전성 높은 고품질 친환경 돈육을 생산할 수 있는 가능성이 시사되었다. We investigated the effect of the clay mineral fortified with complex trace elements by specific fermentation microbes on growth performance and a quality of pork in this study. For the declared experimental animal, 80 heads of crossbred with Large White and Yorkshire were randomly splitted into a control group and a test group. Each group were assigned with 4 replicates and 10 heads of each replicate. When 0.3% of the fermentation product of the clay mineral (FCM) was added into feed stuff and fed for 9 weeks of experimental feeding period, the results of the feed intake, weight gains, pH of carcass, lightness of meat color, and brightness of the muscle semimembranosus were similar to those of the control group. However, dressing percentage, reddishness of carcass, and water holding capacity were improved, respectively, as much as 2.7%, 12%, and 10%, and reduced by 6% in cooking loss. In order to investigate the immune modulatory effect of fermented clay mineral, pheripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and Immune modulatory parameters were measured. The proliferation activity of PBMC from pigs fed the fermented clay mineral were significantly increased compared to control group pigs, and also those results were more clearly observed as activated with lipopolysaccharide and concanavaline A. The secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ of the FCM group pigs showed an increasing tendency. Therefore it was suggested that the feeding of FCM which was high in cation metathesis and the value of infrared ray, activated the immune responses, and thus the production of the environment-friendly high quality pork without the use of antibiotics would be possible.

발효 머루 부산물을 급여한 돈육의 품질 및 기호성

박경숙,정인철,Park Kyung-Sook,Jung In-Chul 동아시아식생활학회 2005 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.15 No.6

This study was carried out to investigate the feeding effects of fermented wild grape by-product on pork meat qualities. The samples consisted of the pork not fed fermented wild grape byproduct(FWG-X) and the pork fed fermented wild grape byproduct(FWG-O). The moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash were not significantly different between samples. The cholesterol and TBARS of FWG-O were lower than those of the FWG-X, and the salt soluble protein extractability of FWG-O was higher than that of the FWG-X(p<0.05). The calorie, cooking loss, water holding capacity, pH and volatile basic nitrogen were not significantly different between FWG-X and FWG-O. The meat colors of the a and b value of FWG-O were higher than those of the FWG-X, and in case of the fat color, the a value of FWG-O was higher than that of the FWG-X. The hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and shear force were not significantly different between FWG-X and FWG-O. The total amino acid contents of FWG-X and FWG-O were 74.35 and 69.59g/100g protein, respectively, The raw meat color of FWG-O was higher than that of the FWG(p<0.01), and the cooked meat color(p<0.05), taste(p<0.001), flavor(p<0.001), juiciness(p<0.01) and palatability(p<0.01) were superior to those of the FWG-X. This study showed that fermented wild grape by-product decreased the cholesterol content and lipid oxidation with enhancing the sensory score.

Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and associated risk factors in Nham, a Thai fermented pork product

Chokesajjawatee, N.,Pornaem, S.,Zo, Y.G.,Kamdee, S.,Luxananil, P.,Wanasen, S.,Valyasevi, R. Academic Press 2009 FOOD MICROBIOLOGY Vol.26 No.5

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent bacterial pathogens causing food-borne disease worldwide. Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) pre-formed in the implicated food. In this study, the incidences of S. aureus and classical SEs (SEA-SEE) contamination in 'Nham', a traditional Thai fermented pork product, were determined. Among 155 Nham samples tested, as high as 39.35% of the samples were positive for S. aureus (2-3500 MPN/g), but none were positive for the SEs. The risk factors for S. aureus contamination were highly correlated with the manufacturer and the pH of the product. A predictive model determined the probability of the presence of S. aureus to be @?0.24 at the pH @? 4.6. During the fermentation process, the number of S. aureus slightly increased in the first day and decreased afterward. S. aureus counts continued to decrease when Nham was stored refrigerated. The negative result for enterotoxins and low counts of S. aureus in Nham surveyed in this study, and reduction of the pathogen counts during fermentation and storage suggested that there is very low risk of staphylococcal food poisoning from consuming properly fermented Nham.