일반연구논문 ; 마약 투약사범의 공소사실 특정 -모발 투약시기 추정과 관련하여-

예상균 ( Sang Kyun Ye ) 한국법정책학회 2014 법과 정책연구 Vol.14 No.4

Drug investigations is formal, but also specialized field in some sense, so it can be a very special experience of these cases with lawyers. However, it may require more research in that lawyers can judge wrongly only if they access to the drug case by using only general law logic. The facts say there are many controversies in the future that the Supreme Court decision on count specification focused on drug cases. In this paper, many practice cases which were not dealt with in other papers will be broadly discussed. Thus it can be understood why count specification in drug cases is more considered any other crime, despite the protection of defendant``s right to defend himself isn’t absolutely waived. As is pointed out in the Supreme Court judgment, drug use crimes take place in the secret place without witnesses and would be difficult to assess the relevant evidence in most cases. So it is necessary to consider the nature of the crime in determining whether count specification is satisfied. If it could at least meet some standards, it would be admitted that count specification could be fulfilled. One standard is a drug violation record. If the person with a drug violation record, he would fully understand the meaning of the positive result in the hair analysis. The other is the positive result in two or more sections of the hair analysis. Eventually, the court should not dismiss a prosecution but hold a plea by the substantive trial, if the defendant is confirmed as a drug addict according to the above standards. Without strict control of drug, our country may be dangerous in traffic of drug. If there are many consumers, it is inevitable that there are many smuggling of drugs in our country. It is the prerequisite condition of preventing of drug spread that the first step of drug use must be punished.

호흡기질환 환자에서 분리한 Mycoplasma pneumoniae의 Quinolone계와 Macrolide계 항생물질에 대한 다제 저항성

전성곤,장명웅,Jun, Sung-Gon,Chang, Myung-Woong 한국생명과학회 2007 생명과학회지 Vol.17 No.3

Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the 116 strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates were performed by a broth micro-dilution method against to moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin minocycline, erythromycin, josamycin, and tetracycline. The initial-minimum inhibitory concentration (I-MIC) was evaluated as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that prevented a color change in the medium at that time when the drug-free growth control, about 7 days after incubation, and the final-minimum inhibitory concentration (F-MIC) was defined a color change about 14 days after incubation. The evaluation to the drug-resistant M. pneumoniae isolates were determined the $MIC{\pm}1.0$ ${\mu}g/ml$ of each antimicrobial agent. According to the I-MIC, single drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, clarithromycin and erythromycin were 79.3, 53.5, 10.3, and 7.8%, respectively. Two kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, or ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin were 42.2 and 9.5%. Three kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains to erythromycin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, or ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin were 6.9 and 6.0% . According to the F-MIC, single drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, minocycline,erythromycin, josamycin, clarithromycin and sparfloxacin were 91.4, 91.4, 91.4, 89.7, 68.1, 52.6, 28.5, and 11.2%, respectively. The incidence of two kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were from 20.7% to 91.4%, three kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were from 28.5% to 89.7%, four kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were 2.6%, five kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae were from 2.6% to 21.6%, six kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were from 0.9% to 24.1%, seven kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were from 0.9% to 2.6%, and eight kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were 1.7%. These results suggest that sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin and levofloxacin might be promising antimicrobial agents for the treatment of M. pneumoniae infection in Korea. However, most strains of M. pneumoniae isolates were single or multi-resistance pattern to the other tested antimicrobial agents. Therefore, tetracycline, minocycline, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and second-generation quinolones are more carefully used to patients with M. pneumoniae infection in Korea.

내외과계 환자의 정신과 약물치료에서 약물-약물 상호작용 - 고려대학교 부속병원의 자문조정의 경험을 통하여 -

이민수,이헌정,Lee, Min Soo,Lee, Heon-Jeong 대한생물정신의학회 1999 생물정신의학 Vol.6 No.1

Polypharmacotherapy, both psychotropic and nonpsychotropic, is widespread in various situations including psychiatric hospitals and general hospitals. As the clinical practice of using more than one drug at a time increase, the clinician is faced with ever-increasing number of potential drug interactions. Although many interactions have little clinical significances, some may interfere with treatment or even be life-threatening. The objective of this review is evaluation for drug-drug interactions often encountered in psychiatric consultation. Drug interactions can be grouped into two principal subdivisions : pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. These subgroups serve to focus attention on possible sites of interaction as a drug moves from the site of administration and absorption to its site of action. Pharmacokinetic processes are those that include transport to and from the receptor site and consist of absorption, distribution on body tissue, plasma protein binding, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacodynamic interactions occur at biologically active sites. In psychiatric consultation, these two subdivisions of drug interactions between psychotropic drugs and other drugs are likely to happen. We gathered informations of the drugs used in physically ill patients who are consulted to psychiatric department in Korea University Hospital. And we reviewed the related literatures about the drug-drug interactions between psychotropic drugs and other drugs.

신종마약류 범죄의 특징에 따른 제도적 대응방안 연구

염건웅 한국법학회 2019 법학연구 Vol.76 No.-

In order to study the institutional countermeasures according to the characteristics of new drug crimes, this study identifies the characteristics and status of traditional drug types and new drug types and compares the current status of overseas responses such as the United States, EU, and U.K. and domestic responses. The emergence of the dark Web, social networking services, bitcoin and new drugs has led to Korea being removed from its status as a drug purveyor at a time when the age range of first-time drug users is decreasing to those in their teens and 20s, and ordinary-looking people such as office workers and students become drug-related criminals. To cope with these new drugs, therefore, transnational institutions with a unified one-stop system, such as the U.S. Presidential Committee on Drug Control (PCCN) and the National Organization for Drug Control (ONDCP), should be introduced in the country to help integrate the current system of crackdowns divided into police, prosecution, maritime police and customs offices. In addition, the government should analyze the characteristics of new drug crimes to refine the criteria for punishment for temporary drugs and seek legislative measures to punish the inhalation of unspecified hallucinogenic substances. Drug crimes have the characteristic that they cannot distinguish between perpetrators and victims. This means that drug dealers can make financial gains and buyers can experience pleasure with drugs, so there is nothing to lose from each other. Because of the nature of these drug crimes, such close-knit trading relationships will inevitably last unless they are caught in the investigative network. In particular, since narcotics are addictive drugs, even if they are subject to legal punishment, they often fall back into narcotics after returning to society. In the end, the launch of a one-stop integration agency that can manage the entire drug supply is seen as essential, given that rehabilitation and ongoing management of drug crimes is crucial. 본 연구는 신종마약류 범죄의 특징에 따른 제도적 대응방안을 연구하기 위해 전통적인 마약류의 종류와 신종마약류의 특징과 현황을 파악하고 미국, EU, 영국 등 해외의 대응 현황과 국내의 대응 현황을 비교한다. 마약류을 처음 접하는 연령대가 10대~20대로 낮아지고 있고 사무직과 학생 등 평범해 보이는 사람이 마약류 관련사범이 되는 현실에서 다크웹과 SNS, 비트코인과 신종마약류의 등장은, 결국 한국을 마약청정국 지위에서 내려오게 만들었다. 따라서 이러한 신종마약류에 대처하기 위해서는 미국의 마약퇴치대통령위원회(PCCN)와 국가마약통제정책기구(ONDCP)와 같은 일원화된 원스톱(One-Stop)시스템을 갖춘 초국가적 기관을 국내에도 도입하여 현재 경찰, 검찰, 해양경찰청, 관세청 등으로 나누어져 있는 단속 기관의 시스템을 통합할 수 있는 계기를 마련해야 한다. 또한 신종마약류 범죄의 특성을 분석하여 임시마약류에 대한 처벌기준을 세분화하고 지정되지 않은 환각물질의 흡입 등에 대해서도 처벌할 수 있는 입법방안을 모색해야 한다. 마약류 범죄는 가해자와 피해자를 구분할 수 없다는 특성이 있다. 마약류 판매자는 금전적 이득을 취할 수 있고 구매자는 약물로 쾌락을 경험할 수 있으니 서로에게 손해 볼 것이 없다는 의미이다. 이런 마약류 범죄의 특성 때문에 수사망에 걸리지 않는 한 이와 같은 친밀한 거래 관계는 지속될 수밖에 없다. 특히 마약류는 중독성 약물이기 때문에 법적 처벌을 받는다 해도 사회로 복귀한 이후 다시 마약류에 빠지는 경우가 많다. 결국 마약사범에 대해 치료재활과 지속적인 관리가 중요하게 요구된다는 점에서 마약류 전반을 관리할 수 있는 원스톱 통합기관의 출범은 반드시 필요하다고 보여지는 대목이다.

마약류 범죄의 문제와 대응방안

구효송,신승균 한국범죄심리학회 2019 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.15 No.2

Recently, drug crime has become a major issue in our society, and the purpose of research has been to identify the actual situation of drug crime and to find ways to reduce and prevent social risks caused by drug crime. Through the theoretical discussion of drug crime and the analysis of the situation, identified the characteristics and problems of drug crime, and based on this, we conducted discussions on the direction of improvement and countermeasures for the policy. The following measures were presented to solve the identified problem. First, it is necessary to change the social awareness of the dangers and harms of drug crime. Second, the punishment standards for drug traffickers should be strengthened so that the suppression effect of the control policy can be secured, and the level of actual punishment should also be strengthened.Third, in order to ensure the efficiency of the response policy against drug crime, a balanced policy should be prepared to simultaneously punish and treat criminal acts. Finally, an integrated, pan-government body should be set up and operated for active and organic policy implementation on drug-related crimes. 최근 마약류 범죄가 우리사회의 주요한 이슈로 부각되고 있어, 마약류 범죄의 실태확인 및 마약류 범죄로 인한 사회적 위험성 감소와 예방을 위한 방안을 모색하는데 연구의 목적을 두었다. 마약류 범죄에 대한 이론적 논의와 실태분석을 통해 마약류 범죄의 특징과 문제점을 확인하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 정책에 대한 개선방향과 대응방안에 대한 논의를 진행하였다. 확인된 문제의 해결을 위해 다음과 같은 방안을 제시하였다. 첫째, 마약류 범죄에 대한 위험성과 해악에 대한 사회적 인식의 전환필요하다. 둘째, 통제정책의 억제효과를 담보할 수 있도록 마약류 사범에 대한 처벌기준이 강화되어야 하며 실제 처벌의 수위 또한 강화될 필요가 있다. 셋째, 마약류 범죄에 대한 대응정책의 효율성을 확보하기 위해 범죄행위에 대한 처벌과 치료지원이 동시에 이루어질 수 있는 균형잡힌 정책이 마련되어야 한다. 마지막으로, 마약류 범죄에 대한 적극적이며 유기적인 정책수행을 위해 범정부차원의 통합적 전담기구가 설치․운영되어야 한다.

Identification of drug-target interaction by a random walk with restart method on an interactome network

Lee, Ingoo,Nam, Hojung BioMed Central 2018 BMC bioinformatics Vol.19 No.-

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Identification of drug-target interactions acts as a key role in drug discovery. However, identifying drug-target interactions via in-vitro, in-vivo experiments are very laborious, time-consuming. Thus, predicting drug-target interactions by using computational approaches is a good alternative. In recent studies, many feature-based and similarity-based machine learning approaches have shown promising results in drug-target interaction predictions. A previous study showed that accounting connectivity information of drug-drug and protein-protein interactions increase performances of prediction by the concept of ‘guilt-by-association’. However, the approach that only considers directly connected nodes often misses the information that could be derived from distance nodes. Therefore, in this study, we yield global network topology information by using a random walk with restart algorithm and apply the global topology information to the prediction model.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>As a result, our prediction model demonstrates increased prediction performance compare to the ‘guilt-by-association’ approach (AUC 0.89 and 0.67 in the training and independent test, respectively). In addition, we show how weighted features by a random walk with restart yields better performances than original features. Also, we confirmed that drugs and proteins that have high-degree of connectivity on the interactome network yield better performance in our model.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>The prediction models with weighted features by considering global network topology increased the prediction performances both in the training and testing compared to non-weighted models and previous a ‘guilt-by-association method’. In conclusion, global network topology information on protein-protein interaction and drug-drug interaction effects to the prediction performance of drug-target interactions.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2199-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>

불법체류 외국인 마약류 범죄의 실태와 억제방안에 관한 연구

남재성 한국테러학회 2024 한국테러학회보 Vol.17 No.3

This study aimed to examine the reality, characteristics and key trends of drug crimes by illegal aliens, and seek a political plan for deterrence of their drug crimes. Study results show that drug crimes by illegal aliens have been occurred systematically in connection with brokers who instigate illegal acts such as illegal entry or stay, job arrangement etc. And among the ones from three countries such as Thailand, Vietnam and China organizing majority of illegal aliens, drug crimes by illegal residents from Thailand turned out to be quite serious. In addition, the scope of drugs supplied and taken by illegal aliens is being formed very widely, and it was investigated that drugs are being used collectively in agricultural and fishing villages as well as in the places of entertainment exclusively for aliens. Therefore, to deter drug crimes by illegal aliens, it is considered necessary to establish a tentative name the Drug Administration as an integrated control tower in response to drug crimes, and enable the administration to assume full charge of all processes such as treatment, rehabilitation, international cooperation and judicial mutual assistance, education and public relations as well as control and investigation of drugs. Second, it is also necessary to prevent the possibility of illegal stay in advance through strick immigration check and expand crackdown on and punishment against brokers who encourage illegal stay. Third, stricter immigration check, visa issuance and customs clearance must be carried out targeting aliens from some countries legalizing drugs, and continuous administration and intelligence collection are also necessary in addition to the education for prevention of drug crimes during their stay. Fourth, it is necessary to disassemble all the drug cartels consist of illegal aliens through the development of various enforcement and investigation methods, cooperation with foreign relevant organizations by expanding current special investigation headquarters for drug crimes to cope with the organizing trends of illegal alien criminal groups. And it is also considered necessary to tackle regional diffusion of drug crimes through intensive crackdown on construction sites and agricultural and fishing villages as well as on conventional crime-prone areas such as red light districts crowded with aliens.

서울대학교병원에서의 약품식별업무 현황 및 약품식별용 검색자료의 비교 분석

김영민,조윤희,이용화,박경호,신완균,손인자 한국병원약사회 2002 병원약사회지 Vol.19 No.1

In our country there are so many generic drugs. They have no identification code. When many doctors ask the identification of drugs, we have spent so much time to discriminate drugs. In our study we will make suggestion the effectiveness of drug identification service making analysis about drug identification services and materials for identification services. First, we analyzed the consults, the cases of each consult, the rate of identification, assumption, and failure from March to August 2001. Second, we evaluated materials for drug identification; e-kims and BIT Druginfo internet site for drug identification, e-kims drug photographs and 2001 Korean Drug Index, CCIS Identidex(Micromedex®), Physician Desk Reference(PDR) and Japanese Drug Formulary. We hope that the results could help the work for drug identification coding system and give more contribution to the drug identification service.

Drug-Drug Interaction Prediction Using Krill Herd Algorithm Based on Deep Learning Method

Al-Marghilani, Abdulsamad International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2021 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.21 No.6

Parallel administration of numerous drugs increases Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) because one drug might affect the activity of other drugs. DDI causes negative or positive impacts on therapeutic output. So there is a need to discover DDI to enhance the safety of consuming drugs. Though there are several DDI system exist to predict an interaction but nowadays it becomes impossible to maintain with a large number of biomedical texts which is getting increased rapidly. Mostly the existing DDI system address classification issues, and especially rely on handcrafted features, and some features which are based on particular domain tools. The objective of this paper to predict DDI in a way to avoid adverse effects caused by the consumed drugs, to predict similarities among the drug, Drug pair similarity calculation is performed. The best optimal weight is obtained with the support of KHA. LSTM function with weight obtained from KHA and makes bets prediction of DDI. Our methodology depends on (LSTM-KHA) for the detection of DDI. Similarities among the drugs are measured with the help of drug pair similarity calculation. KHA is used to find the best optimal weight which is used by LSTM to predict DDI. The experimental result was conducted on three kinds of dataset DS1 (CYP), DS2 (NCYP), and DS3 taken from the DrugBank database. To evaluate the performance of proposed work in terms of performance metrics like accuracy, recall, precision, F-measures, AUPR, AUC, and AUROC. Experimental results express that the proposed method outperforms other existing methods for predicting DDI. LSTMKHA produces reasonable performance metrics when compared to the existing DDI prediction model.

Systematic Approach for Analyzing Drug Combination by Using Target-Enzyme Distance

Park, Jaesub,Lee, Sunjae,Kim, Kiseong,Lee, Doheon Korean Society for Bioinformatics 2013 Interdisciplinary Bio Central (IBC) Vol.5 No.2

Recently, the productivity of drug discovery has gradually decreased as the limitations of single-target-based drugs for various and complex diseases become exposed. To overcome these limitations, drug combinations have been proposed, and great efforts have been made to predict efficacious drug combinations by statistical methods using drug databases. However, previous methods which did not take into account biological networks are insufficient for elaborate predictions. Also, increased evidences to support the fact that drug effects are closely related to metabolic enzymes suggested the possibility for a new approach to the study drug combinations. Therefore, in this paper we suggest a novel approach for analyzing drug combinations using a metabolic network in a systematic manner. The influence of a drug on the metabolic network is described using the distance between the drug target and an enzyme. Target-enzyme distances are converted into influence scores, and from these scores we calculated the correlations between drugs. The result shows that the influence score derived from the targetenzyme distance reflects the mechanism of drug action onto the metabolic network properly. In an analysis of the correlation score distribution, efficacious drug combinations tended to have low correlation scores, and this tendency corresponded to the known properties of the drug combinations. These facts suggest that our approach is useful for prediction drug combinations with an advanced understanding of drug mechanisms.