현대중국어 동사 ‘開’의 의미확장 분석 – 힘 역학 원리에 기반하여

이운재 한국중국어문학회 2023 中國文學 Vol.117 No.-

본 논문에서는 힘 역학 이론을 기반으로 하여 동사 ‘开’의 의미확장에 대한 논의를 진행하였으며 이를 시각화한 의미도식을 제시하였다. 동사 ‘开’의 원형의미는 ‘开门’으로, 이 동작은 닫혀있던 그릇의 덮개에 물리적인 힘을 가해서 그릇을 열린 상태로 변화시키는 동작을 가리킨다. 그릇도식의 관점에서 ‘开门’은 그릇, 덮개, 내용물의 3가지 요소를 함축하는데, 이들 간의 힘의 상호작용이 동사 ‘开’의 의미확장과 관련이 있다고 보고 있다. 본고에서는 힘 역학적 관점에서 동사 ‘开’는 공간영역과 시간영역의 두 가지 차원의 의미를 지니고 있으며, 공간영역은 감정·인지영역으로 의미확장되는 경향이 있다는 것을 설명하였다. 동사 ‘开’의 공간영역에서 열림에서 닫힘으로의 공간적 변화는 분리와 개방의 순차적 경로를 통해 실현되며, 이러한 분리와 개방을 토대로 각각 ‘발급·지급’, ‘(공간적) 확장’과 ‘해제’, ‘확산’으로 의미확장된다. 동사 ‘开’의 시간영역은 그릇의 내용물이 외부로 흘러나오고 활동이 시작되는 것과 관련이 있으며, 이에 따라 동사 ‘开’는 ‘시작’의 시간개념을 함축하게 된다. 동사 ‘开’의 시간영역은 ‘시작’ 의미에서 ‘개최·개설’과 ‘작동’ 의미로 확장되는데 ‘개최·개설’ 의미는 활동, 행사, 이벤트 등을 개시하거나 시작하는 의미를 나타낼 때 쓰인다. ‘작동’ 의미의 경우 자동차, 선박, 전자 기기와 같이 엔진 또는 전기를 동력으로 사용하는 기기를 조작하는 언어표현에서 사용된다. 동사 ‘开’의 감정·인지영역은 공간영역의 ‘확산’ 의미에서 전이되었으며, 이 영역에서 동사 ‘开’와 공기를 이루는 신체명사는 경험의 그릇으로 간주되어 비유적인 의미를 생성하는 데 기여한다. 본 논문에서는 힘 역학 원리를 기반으로 동사 ‘開’의 의미확장에 대해 통합적이고 체계적으로 논의하였다. 더불어, 의미영역 간의 개념적 연결을 시각화한 의미도식을 제시함으로써 동사 ‘開’의 의미확장에 대한 논의를 깊이 있게 다루었다. This paper discusses the semantic extension of the verb ‘开’(kāi) based on the principles of force dynamics and provides a visual representation of its meaning. The original meaning of ‘kai’ is 'to open a door,' representing the action of opening a door. This action involves applying physical force to a cover or lid to separate it and transform a closed container into an open state. The paper considers Talmy's force dynamics principle as the cognitive mechanism underlying the semantic extension of the verb ‘kai’ and discusses this in detail. In the main discussion, the paper divides the spatial and temporal domains of the verb ‘kai’ based on force dynamics. The spatial domain tends to extend into emotional and cognitive domains. The spatial changes of the verb ‘kai’ are realized through a sequential path of separation and opening, which is explained as a process where actions of separation or opening expand into ‘spatial expansion’ and ‘separation,’ ‘release’' and ‘diffusion’. The temporal domain of the verb ‘kai’ is related to the contents of a container flowing out and the initiation of an activity, hence ‘kai’ implies the concept of ‘beginning’. This temporal domain extends into meanings related to ‘operation’ and ‘hold·open’, such as when operating devices powered by engines or electricity or when initiating activities, ceremonies, or events. The emotional and cognitive domain of the verb ‘kai’ extends from the concept of ‘diffusion’ in the spatial domain. In this domain, ‘kai’ metaphorically associates emotions and vision with containers and is used in language expressions. In the emotional and cognitive domain, nouns referring to the body are primarily used, and these body nouns are considered as containers of experiences, contributing to the creation of metaphorical meanings. In this paper, the extension of the verb ‘kai’ in the emotional and cognitive domain is discussed based on force dynamic patterns, and a visual representation of this extension is presented through a semantic diagram.

Co/Ni 나노와이어에서 하지층의 종류 및 두께에 따른 자기장 유도 자구 동역학 연구

정영호,류광수,양시훈 한국물리학회 2023 새물리 Vol.73 No.8

In this study, we examined the magnetic field–induced dynamic change of magnetic domains in Co/Ni nanomagnetic wires, focusing on the effects of the underlayer type and thickness. Real-time domain observation was performed using a magneto-optic Kerr effect microscope, enabling the analysis of the changes in domain dynamics. The underlayers of Co/Ni magnetic wires were composed of Pt and Au with varying thicknesses. The Pt thickness was varied from 2.5 Å to 10 Å, and the thickness of Au was varied from 15 Å to 50 Å. First, the magnetization reversal of all samples exhibited a tendency of domain wall movement, with increasing coercivity for increasing underlayer thickness. Furthermore, by analyzing the domain wall velocity data for the magnetic field magnitude, it was confirmed that the domain wall movement in all samples could be effectively explained by the thermal activation model based on the domain wall creep motion. Additionally, we found that the magnetic field strength required magnetic domain wall movement increased with increasing underlayer thickness. 본 연구에서는 실시간 자구관찰이 가능한 광자기 Kerr 현미경을 이용하여 Co/Ni 나노자성와이어에서 하지층의 종류와 두께에 따른 자기장 유도 자구 동역학 변화를 측정하였다. Co/Ni 박막의 하지층은 Pt, Au이고, Pt의 두께는 2.5 Å에서 10 Å로 Au의 두께는 15 Å에서 50 Å로 변화시켰다. 먼저, 모든 샘플의 자화역전현상은 자구벽 이동 성향을 보였고, 하지층의 두께가 증가함에 따라 보자력이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 자기장의 크기에 대한 자구벽 속도 데이터를 분석한 결과, 모든 샘플들의 자구벽 이동은 자구벽 creep 운동에 근거한 열적 활성화 모델로 잘 설명될 수 있음을 확인 하였다. 그리고 하지층의 두께가 증가할수록 자구벽 이동시키는데 필요한 자기장의 세기가 증가 함을 알 수 있었다.

Anisotropic domain-wall dynamics in proton-irradiated KH₂PO₄

Kim, S.H.,Oh, B.H.,Han, J.H.,Lee, C.E.,Choi, J.Y.,Hahn, K.D.,Jang, C.Y.,Youn, B.H.,Kim, J. Elsevier 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.6

KH<SUB>2</SUB>PO<SUB>4</SUB> single crystals have been studied by employing complex impedance measurements in view of the domain freezing effect. As a result, distinct behaviors of the anisotropic domain-wall dynamics in the activation energy of domain freezing and the Vogel-Fulcher temperature before and after proton irradiation have been identified in the anisotropic crystal structure.

전기 수송과 광학적 기술을 이용한 자구벽 동역학 측정법

김민환,최석봉,김덕호,김대연 한국자기학회 2023 韓國磁氣學會誌 Vol.33 No.5

At the boundary of two magnetic domains with distinct orientations, known as magnetic domain walls (DWs), a gradual spin rotation occurs due to the competing each magnetic energy within their internal structure. Devices utilizing these DWs have garnered significant interest across various applications as potential candidates for next-generation high-density information storage and logic devices. Furthermore, by investigating the formation and dynamic characteristics of these DWs, there are driving forces to enhance scientific understanding in physics, exploring the properties both static and dynamic aspects. This review article explores the principles and methods of measuring the DW velocity for understanding DW dynamics. The exploration covers various methods for inducing DW generation, followed by an elucidation of the fundamental measurement principles for observing DW velocity using electric transport and optical techniques. Recent advancements in the measurement of DW velocity are then discussed, considering diverse dynamic regimes (such as creep and flowing regimes) and the influence of driving forces (magnetic fields or currents).

Static and Dynamic Magnetic Domains of Epitaxial 0-Fe4N Thin Films

Shahid Atiq,Saadat Anwar Siddiqi,고현석,신성철 한국물리학회 2009 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.55 No.3

Highly-ordered single-phase thin films of r'-Fe4N were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering directly on single-crystal MgO(100) substrates at different temperatures. The surface morphology showed that a very regular nano-sized grain structure gradually turned into a smooth layered growth with increasing temperature up to 450 ˚C. The minimum root-mean-square value of the surface roughness was achieved after 30 minutes in-situ annealing at 450 ˚C. The epitaxial texture of the films was revealed by X-ray diffractometry Bi-axial in-plane magnetic anisotropy, characteristic of strong ferromagnetism, was observed from the quite squarish M-H loops obtained with the help of a vibrating sample magnetometer Bow-tieshaped static domain patterns and a very dense domain structure were direct evidence of strong exchange coupling among magnetic domains. Time-resolved dynamic magnetic domain patterns were observed in r'-Fe4N thin films by using a magneto-optic microscope magnetometer. Highly-ordered single-phase thin films of r'-Fe4N were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering directly on single-crystal MgO(100) substrates at different temperatures. The surface morphology showed that a very regular nano-sized grain structure gradually turned into a smooth layered growth with increasing temperature up to 450 ˚C. The minimum root-mean-square value of the surface roughness was achieved after 30 minutes in-situ annealing at 450 ˚C. The epitaxial texture of the films was revealed by X-ray diffractometry Bi-axial in-plane magnetic anisotropy, characteristic of strong ferromagnetism, was observed from the quite squarish M-H loops obtained with the help of a vibrating sample magnetometer Bow-tieshaped static domain patterns and a very dense domain structure were direct evidence of strong exchange coupling among magnetic domains. Time-resolved dynamic magnetic domain patterns were observed in r'-Fe4N thin films by using a magneto-optic microscope magnetometer.

Perfectly Matched Discrete Layers with Analytical Wavelengths for Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis

Nguyen, Dong Van,Kim, Dookie World Scientific Publishing Company 2018 International journal of structural stability and Vol.18 No.9

<P>The importance of soil-structure interaction analysis has been proven by many researchers. It is obvious that soil media should be considered as an infinite domain to represent the radiation of waves into infinity. Perfectly matched discrete layer (PMDL) is one of the most promising methods to describe properly the infinite domain in soil media in frequency and time domains. In this research, a modified version of PMDLs that has a different strategy to determine their parameters is proposed. The method is named perfectly matched discrete layers with analytical wavelengths (AW-PMDLs). For verification of the proposed method, the dynamic compliances of strip foundations are analyzed and validated in the frequency domain. In the analyses, frequency-dependent system properties and hysteretic (material) damping are considered. The results show that the proposed procedure, AW-PMDL method, is effective for soil-structure interaction analysis in the frequency domain.</P>

이동하중을 받는 구조물에 대한 시간영역과 주파수영역에서의 동적해석

공민식,임성순 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2007 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집 Vol.11 No.3

구조물의 동적해석은 크게 시간영역과 주파수영역해석으로 나눌 수 있다. 시간영역해석은 직접적분법과 모드중첩법 등을 사용하며 주파수영역해석은 DFT법을 적용하고 있다. 일반적으로 DFT법은 주기함수에 대한 응답을 산정할 경우 효과적인 해석방법이지만 비주기함수인 경우 정확한 해석결과를 얻을 수 없어 주기를 크게 하거나 응답을 수정하여 해의 정확성을 향상시키고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 비주기함수인 이동하중을 받는 구조물에 대해 시간영역과 주파수영역에서 동적응답을 산정하였다. 그 결과 구조물의 자유진동주기를 크게 하거나 응답을 수정하여 DFT법을 적용한다면 주파수영역에서도 충분히 정확한 해석결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단된다 structural dynamic analysis can be divided into a time domain analysis and a frequency domain analysis. The time domain analysis makes use of a direct integration method or a mode superposition method and the frequency domain analysis applies a DFT method. Generally the DFT method is more effective method in case of calculating response of periodic excitation. But in case of transient excitation exact solution can not be acquired. So, by modifying the response or increasing the period accuracy of solution can be enhanced. Accordingly this study analyzed dynamic responses of structures under aperiodic moving load in time domain and frequence domain. Consequently it is concluded that exact solution would be get enough using DFT method by increasing the duration of free vibration or modifying the dynamic response.

Dynamic analysis of structures in frequency domain by a new set of Ritz vectors

Aliasghar Arjmandi, S.,Lotfi, Vahid Techno-Press 2011 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.39 No.5

The accurate dynamic analysis of structures is usually performed by a fine finite element discretization with very large number of degrees of freedom. Apart from modal analysis, one can reduce the number of final equations by assuming the deformed shape of the structure as a linear combination of independent Ritz vectors. The efficiency of this method relies heavily on the vectors selected. In this paper, a new set of Ritz vectors is proposed. It is primarily proved that these vectors are linearly independent. Subsequently, various two and three-dimensional examples are analyzed based on the proposed method. In each case, the results are compared with the ones obtained based on usual Ritz and modal analysis methods. It is finally concluded that the proposed method is very effective and efficient method for dynamic analysis of structures in frequency domain.

Dynamic analysis of structures in frequency domain by a new set of Ritz vectors

S. Aliasghar Arjmandi,Vahid Lotfi 국제구조공학회 2011 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.39 No.5

The accurate dynamic analysis of structures is usually performed by a fine finite element discretization with very large number of degrees of freedom. Apart from modal analysis, one can reduce the number of final equations by assuming the deformed shape of the structure as a linear combination of independent Ritz vectors. The efficiency of this method relies heavily on the vectors selected. In this paper, a new set of Ritz vectors is proposed. It is primarily proved that these vectors are linearly independent. Subsequently, various two and three-dimensional examples are analyzed based on the proposed method. In each case, the results are compared with the ones obtained based on usual Ritz and modal analysis methods. It is finally concluded that the proposed method is very effective and efficient method for dynamic analysis of structures in frequency domain.

Dynamic analysis of structure/foundation systems

Penzien, Joseph Techno-Press 2004 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.17 No.3

A review of current procedures being used in engineering practice to analyze the response of structure/foundation systems subjected separately to different types of dynamic excitation, such as earthquake, sea-wave action, wind, or moving wheel loads, is presented. Separate formulations are given for analyzing systems in the time and frequency domains. Both deterministic and stochastic forms of excitation are treated. A distinction is made between demand and capacity analyses.