SWRO-PRO 복합해수담수화 기술의 현재와 미래

정경미,여인호,이원일,오영기,박태신,박용균 대한상하수도학회 2016 상하수도학회지 Vol.30 No.4

Desalination is getting more attention as an alternative to solve a global water shortage problem in the future. Especially, a desalination technology is being expected as a new growth engine of Korea’s overseas plant business besides one of the solutions of domestic water shortage problem. In the past, a thermal evaporation technology was a predominant method in desalination market, but more than 75% of the current market is hold by a membrane-based reverse osmosis technology because of its lower energy consumption rate for desalination. In the future, it is expected to have more energy efficient desalination process. Accordingly, various processes are being developed to further enhance the desalination energy efficiency. One of the promising technologies is a desalination process combined with Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) process. The PRO technology is able to generate energy by using osmotic pressure of seawater or desalination brine. And the other benefits are that it has no emission of CO2 and the limited impact of external environmental factors. However, it is not commercialized yet because a high-performance PRO membrane and module, and a PRO system optimization technology is not sufficiently developed. In this paper, the recent research direction and progress of the SWRO-PRO hybrid desalination was discussed regarding a PRO membrane and module, an energy recovery system, pre-treatment and system optimization technologies, and so on.

Desalination characteristics for ceramics excavated from Taean shipwreck, Korea

Jang, S.,Nam, B.,Park, D.,Kim, H.,Lee, C.H.,Yu, J.E. Elsevier 2013 Journal of cultural heritage Vol.14 No.3

The ceramic artefacts, excavated from ancient shipwrecks, are generally saturated with soluble salts, mainly NaCl, within the porous structure of ceramics. The salinity contents typically exhibit ionic and osmotic pressures to the ceramic microstructures, thus causing significant damages to the integrity of ceramic artefacts. While the utilisation of aqueous soaking methods is commonly accepted for effective desalination processes of ceramics, the relationships between the structural characteristics of ceramics and the desalination efficiency have not been demonstrated. In this study, we examined the desalination processes of various ceramics excavated from the Taean shipwrecks in South Korea to identify major controlling factors for the desalination processes. Our results indicated that the physical properties of ceramics including the water absorption and the pore size distribution greatly influence on the desalination process time and efficiency. It is also found that the surface condition of ceramic samples such as microstructural cracks on the glaze layer is a crucial component of the desalination characteristics. Nevertheless, the small residue of salts such as NaCl crystals were found in the microstructures of some ceramics after prolonged desalination periods. Therefore, it is important to control the humidity and temperature in the conservation environment for desalinated ceramic artefacts even after desalination.

Economic Evaluation of Coupling APR1400 with a Desalination Plant in Saudi Arabia

Abdoelatef, M. Gomaa,Field, Robert M.,Lee, YongKwan The Korean Society of Systems Engineering 2016 시스템엔지니어링학술지 Vol.12 No.1

Combining power generation and water production by desalination is economically advantageous. Most desalination projects use fossil fuels as an energy source, and thus contribute to increased levels of greenhouse gases. Environmental concerns have spurred researchers to find new sources of energy for desalination plants. The coupling of nuclear power production with desalination is one of the best options to achieve growth with lower environmental impact. In this paper, we will per-form a sensitivity study of coupling nuclear power to various combinations of desalination technology: {1} thermal (MSF [Multi-Stage Flashing], MED [Multi-Effect Distillation], and MED-TVC [Multi-Effect Distillation with Thermal Vapour Compression]); {2} membrane RO [Reverse Osmosis]; and {3} hybrid (MSF-RO [Multi-Stage Flashing & Reverse Osmosis] and MED-RO [Multi-Effect Distillation & Reverse Osmosis]). The Korean designed reactor plant, the APR1400 will be modeled as the energy production facility. The economical evaluation will then be executed using the computer program DEEP (Desalination Economic Evaluation Program) as developed by the IAEA. The program has capabilities to model several types of nuclear and fossil power plants, nuclear and fossil heat sources, and thermal distillation and membrane desalination technologies. The output of DEEP includes levelized water and power costs, breakdowns of cost components, energy consumption, and net saleable power for any selected option. In this study, we will examine the APR1400 coupled with a desalination power plant in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as a prototypical example. The KSA currently has approximately 20% of the installed worldwide capacity for seawater desalination. Utilities such as power and water are constructed and run by the government. Per state practice, economic evaluation for these utilities do not consider or apply interest or carrying cost. Therefore, in this paper the evaluation results will be based on two scenarios. The first one assumes the water utility is under direct government control and in this case the interest and discount rate will be set to zero. The second scenario will assume that the water utility is controlled by a private enterprise and in this case we will consider different values of interest and discount rates (4%, 8%, & 12%).

Improving power and desalination capabilities of a large nuclear power plant with supercritical CO₂ power technology

Lee, Won Woong,Bae, Seong Jun,Jung, Yong Hun,Yoon, Ho Joon,Jeong, Yong Hoon,Lee, Jeong Ik Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2017 Desalination Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To response to the increasing demands for clean water, a large pressurized water reactor (PWR) with a desalination capability has been studied and demonstrated its potential so far. However, the electricity production of the large nuclear reactor decreases by 10% due to steam bypass for desalination. In this study, the authors evaluate the possibility of a large PWR with a capability of producing both electric power and clean water by using the supercritical CO<SUB>2</SUB> (S-CO<SUB>2</SUB>) Brayton cycle technology. The S-CO<SUB>2</SUB> power technology is adopted to minimize the decrease in the electricity production capacity due to desalination process. Two concepts which replace the existing steam based power conversion system with a S-CO<SUB>2</SUB> Brayton cycle were proposed. The first concept is that the low pressure steam turbine section of the power conversion system is replaced with the S-CO<SUB>2</SUB> Brayton cycle. The second concept is that the whole steam based power conversion system is replaced with the S-CO<SUB>2</SUB> Brayton cycle. Several S-CO<SUB>2</SUB> cycle options were considered in terms of power production and the desalination capacity and conducted a comparative analysis of selected layouts and the optimal operating conditions of the suggested layouts were identified.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The applicability of S-CO<SUB>2</SUB> Brayton cycle for a large nuclear power plant is assessed. </LI> <LI> Various S-CO<SUB>2</SUB> Brayton cycles are evaluated for co-generating nuclear power plant. </LI> <LI> The co-generating nuclear plant performance is improved with the S-CO<SUB>2</SUB> power cycle. </LI> </UL> </P>

Enhancement in Desalination Performance of Battery Electrodes via Improved Mass Transport Using a Multichannel Flow System

Lee, Jiho,Lee, Jaehan,Ahn, Jaewuk,Jo, Kyusik,Hong, Sung Pil,Kim, Choonsoo,Lee, Changha,Yoon, Jeyong American Chemical Society 2019 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.11 No.40

<P>Desalination technologies have heavily been investigated to utilize the abundant salt water on Earth due to the global freshwater shortage. During recent years, the desalination battery (DB) has attracted attention for its low-cost, eco-friendly, and energy-efficient characteristics. However, the current DB system is subject to inevitable performance degradation because of the mass-transfer limitation at the electrode-electrolyte interface, particularly when the system is used to treat brackish water. Here, we present a novel strategy to overcome the intrinsic mass-transfer limitation of DB in brackish water using an effective cell design based on a multichannel flow system. Compared to the conventional DB that consists of one feed channel, the multichannel desalination battery (MC-DB) is configured using two side channels introducing a highly concentrated solution to the electrodes and one middle feed channel for water desalination. The MC-DB showed a desalination capacity of 52.9 mg g<SUP>-1</SUP> and a maximum salt removal rate of 0.0576 mg g<SUP>-1</SUP> s<SUP>-1</SUP> (production rate of 42.3 g m<SUP>-2</SUP> h<SUP>-1</SUP>) when a salinity gradient between the feed streams in the middle (10 mM NaCl) and side (1000 mM NaCl) channels was present, which were 3-fold higher than those in the case with no salinity gradient. In addition, the high concentration solution in the side channel significantly enhanced the rate capability of MC-DB, allowing the system to operate under a high current density of 40 A m<SUP>-2</SUP> with a desalination capacity of 34.1 mg g<SUP>-1</SUP>. Considering the effect of electrolyte concentration on the battery electrode performance through electrochemical characterization, the highly saline medium at the side channel in the MC-DB creates an optimal environment for the battery electrode to fully capitalize the high desalination capacity, salt removal rate, and capacity retention of the battery electrodes.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

Hybrid seawater desalination-carbon capture using modified seawater battery system

Bae, Hyuntae,Park, Jeong-Sun,Senthilkumar, S.T.,Hwang, Soo Min,Kim, Youngsik Elsevier 2019 Journal of Power Sources Vol.410 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The water and carbon cycles are central to the Earth's ecosystem, enabling the sustainable development of human societies. To mitigate the global issues of water shortages and climate change, we report a new electrochemical system that fulfills two functions—seawater desalination and carbon dioxide air-capture—during the charge and discharge processes. The seawater desalination-carbon capture system utilizes a seawater battery platform, consisting of three major compartments (desalination, sodium-collection, and carbon-capture), which are separated by sodium superionic conducting ceramic membranes. It is found that the concentrations of sodium ions and chloride ions in fresh seawater (total dissolved solids ≈ 34,000 ppm) are significantly decreased by the charging of the seawater desalination-carbon capture system, resulting in brackish water (total dissolved solids ≈ 7000 ppm). The discharge process induces the air-capture of ambient carbon dioxide gases through carbonation reactions, which is demonstrated by the carbon dioxide gas removal in this compartment. The hybrid system suggests a new electrochemical approach for both desalination and carbon capture.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A Hybrid-type Seawater Desalination-Carbon Capture system is demonstrated. </LI> <LI> The hybrid system uses NASICON membranes to utilize Na<SUP>+</SUP> ions from seawater. </LI> <LI> Charging of the system can remove Na<SUP>+</SUP> and Cl<SUP>−</SUP> ions from seawater. </LI> <LI> Discharging of the system can capture CO<SUB>2</SUB> via formation of carbonate precipitates. </LI> </UL> </P>

비수용성 용매를 이용한 탈염화 가능한가?: 적용 가능한 용매선정 기법 제안

최오경 ( Oh Kyung Choi ),서준호 ( Jun Ho Seo ),김경수 ( Gyeong Soo Kim ),김두일 ( Dooil Kim ),이재우 ( Jae Woo Lee ) 한국물환경학회 2020 한국물환경학회지 Vol.36 No.1

This paper presents a screening protocol for the selection of solvents available for the solvent extraction desalination process. The desalination solvents hypothetically and theoretically require the capability of (1) Forming hydrogen bonds with water, (2) Absorbing some water molecules into its non-polar solvent layer, (3) Changing solubility for water-solvent separation, and (4) Rejecting salt ions during absorption. Similar to carboxylic acids, amine solvents are solvent chemicals applicable for desalination. The key parameter for selecting the potential solvent was the octanol-water partitioning coefficient (Kow) of which preferable value for desalination was in the range of 1-3. Six of the 30 amine solvents can absorb water and have a variable, i.e., temperature swing solubility with water molecule for water-solvent separation. Also, the hydrogen bonding interaction between solvent and water must be stronger than the ion-dipole interaction between water and salt, which means that the salt ions must be broken from the water and only water molecules absorbed for the desalination. In the final step, three solvents were selected as desalination solvents to remove salt ions and recover water. The water recovery of these three solvents were 15.4 %, 2.8 %, 10.5 %, and salt rejection were 76 %, 98 %, 95 %, respectively. This study suggests a new screening protocol comprising the theoretical and experimental approaches for the selection of solvents for the desalination method which is a new and challenges the desalination process in the future.

Effect of Untreated Water Flow Rate at Certain Temperature on the Discharge of Treated Water

Ullah, Muhammad Arshad,Aslam, Muhammad,Babar, Raheel Korea FoodHealth Convergence Association 2019 식품보건융합연구 (KJFHC) Vol.5 No.6

Desalination requires large energy. This experiment deals to desalinate brackish water through solar panels. The discharge from desalination plants is almost entirely water, and .01 percent is salt. Desalination is a process that extracts minerals from saline water. Solar-powered desalination technologies can be used to treat non-traditional water sources to increase water supplies in rural, arid areas. Water scarceness is a rising dilemma for large regions of the world. Access to safe, fresh and pure clean drinking water is one of the most important and prime troubles in different parts of the world. Among many of water cleansing technologies solar desalination/distillation/purification is one of the most sustainable and striking method engaged to congregate the supply of clean and pure drinkable water in remote areas at a very sound cost. Six types of dripper having discharge 3 - 8 lh-1 were installed one by one and measured discharge and volume of clean water indicated that at 6 lh-1 untreated water discharge have maximum evaporation and volume of clean water was 19.2 lh-1 at same temperature and radiations. Now strategy was developed that when increased the temperature the intake discharge of untreated water must be increased and salt drained water two times more than treated water.

해수담수화 농축수 처리를 위한 한국 해수 특성 및 결정화 연구

정상현,David von Eiff,변시영,이지은,Alicia Kyoungjin An 한국물환경학회 2021 한국물환경학회지 Vol.37 No.6

Seawater desalination is a technology through which salt and other constituents are removed from seawater to produce fresh water. While a significant amount of fresh water is produced, the desalination process is limited by the generation of concentrated brine with a higher salinity than seawater; this imposes environmental and economic problems. In this study, characteristics of seawater from three different locations in South Korea were analyzed to evaluate the feasibility of crystallization to seawater desalination. Organic and inorganic substances participating in crystal formation during concentration were identified. Then, prediction and economic feasibility analysis were conducted on the actual water flux and obtainable salt resources (i.e. Na2SO4) using membrane distillation and energy-saving crystallizer based on multi-stage flash (MSF-Cr). The seawater showed a rather low salinity (29.9~34.4 g/L) and different composition ratios depending on the location. At high concentrations, it was possible to observe the participation of dissolved organic matter and various ionic substances in crystalization. When crystallized, materials capable of forming various crystals are expected. However, it seems that different salt concentrations should be considered for each location. When the model developed using the Aspen Plus modular was applied in Korean seawater conditions, relatively high economic feasibility was confirmed in the MSF-Cr. The results of this study will help solve the environmental and economic problems of concentrated brine from seawater desalination.

해수담수화 시장의 전망(정삼투-역삼투 융합기술 측면에서)

김자겸,한지희,손진식,김승현 대한상하수도학회 2016 상하수도학회지 Vol.30 No.5

Seawater desalination market after global economic crisis has been stalled due to the market uncertainties and decreased demand in desalination. It is important to review the status of the market and to estimate the appropriate share of Forward osmosis-Reverse Osmosis (FO-RO) hybrid desalination technology by figuring out the outlook of the desalination market. Main part of the desalination market will still be MENA (Middle East and North Africa) in the near future due to the fast population increase and high dependency of fossil fuel in the region. The market for FO-RO hybrid technology, however, might be smaller than the conventional SWRO desalination market anyway because of aesthetic issues from using wastewater as raw water and higher costs associated with capex. Therefore, it is essential to improve FO membrane performance and system operation technologies in order to make the hybrid technology attractive compared to the conventional SWRO technology.