무기체계 계층구조를 활용한 수리부속의 수명주기비용 추정 방안

이자경,김상부,박윤규,배인화 한국품질경영학회 2024 품질경영학회지 Vol.52 No.2

Purpose: The spare part cost is one of the most important cost factors with which construct Life Cycle Cost. The LCSP(Life Cycle Sustainment Plan) Guidebook issued by Korea Ministry of Defense, however, suggests a simple equation to estimate the spare part cost using maintenance task frequencies and each part cost. Therefore, following the cost estimation method in the LCSP Guidebook may lead to an improper cost estimation result since both the hierarchical structure of the weapon system and the part discard rate are not considered. The purpose of this study is to develop a new life cycle cost estimation method for spare parts of weapon system during its life cycle. Methods: In this study, the detailed cost structure of spare parts is provided. Also a new spare part cost estimation methods for the each cost element are proposed, considering the hierarchical structure of weapon system and the part discard rate. And the proposed spare cost estimation methods are applied to K system for a case study. Results: Based on the case study of K system, the spare part cost estimation method, proposed by this study, shows that it can complement the estimation method suggested by the LCSP Guidebook. It also shows that it is applicable to the weapon systems for Korea armed forces. Conclusion: The proposed life cycle cost estimation method for spare parts has an advantage of estimating the spare part cost more accurately. It is expected to be useful in analyzing the procurement alternatives objectively and making up the Korea armed forces budget effectively.

Automated Construction Cost Estimation System Using DB Modeling of a TBM Construction Classification System

Park Hong Tae,Boo-Hyung Lee 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Database Theory and Appli Vol.9 No.7

In this study, a work information classification system for the TBM tunnel construction was proposed along with a conceptual model of an automated cost estimation system, with the goal of relieving the cumbersome operation of existing systems. The conceptual modeling of the automated cost estimation system involves systematizing the construction cost estimation process, by organizing a work information classification system in the form of a relational data base which reflects the processes that comprise the construction work. This proposed automation system is expected to be effectively applied to TBM tunnel construction sites as a scientific cost estimation system.

의안 비용추계제도 운영의 문제점 및 개선방안 : 서울시의회, 충남도의회 사례를 중심으로

박환희,박종철 한국정책개발학회 2023 정책개발연구 Vol.23 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine the problems in the operation of the cost estimation system of local councils and to find ways to improve them. To this end, as of the end of December 2021, the Seoul Council and Chungnam Provincial Council cost estimates were analyzed in terms of objectivity and reliability, compositional form, quality and utilization. As a result of the analysis, problems and improvement plans for the operation of the cost estimation system proposed by the local council were presented. First, there are problems with objectivity and reliability of the cost estimate due to ambiguity of the appropriateness of the standard amount for preparing the cost estimate, the name of the reason for not attached No. 1, inflexibility due to a single cost estimate scenario, and the lack of deadline for preparing the cost estimate. As an improvement plan, it is suggested to change the standard amount for preparing the cost estimate, change the name of the non-attached Reason No. 1, use multiple cost estimate scenarios, and secure the deadline for preparing the cost estimate. Second, there are problems in the format of the cost estimate, such as the uniform cost estimate period (5 years), insufficient provision of summary data, and insufficient procedure for reviewing the cost estimate. As an improvement plan, it is suggested to apply a flexible cost estimating period, actively provide summary data, and review the cost estimate review procedure. Third, there are problems in terms of quality and usability of cost estimates, such as insufficient performance evaluation for cost estimation, non-utilization of cost estimation advice, non-introduction of cost estimation system, duplication of work, and difficulty in collecting cost estimation data. Improvement measures include strengthening performance evaluation, using cost estimation consulting, introducing a cost estimation system, eliminating duplication of work, strengthening data collection function, and reducing unnecessary cost estimation work. 본 연구는 지방의회의 비용추계제도 운영의 문제점을 살펴보고, 개선방안을 모색하는 것이 목적이다. 2021년 12월말 기준 서울시의회․충남도의회 비용추계서의 객관성 및 신뢰성, 구성형식, 질과 활용도 측면에서 분석하였다. 분석결과, 지방의회 의안 비용추계제도 운영상의 문제점과 개선방안을 제시하였다. 첫째, 비용추계서 작성 기준금액의 적정성 모호, 미첨부사유서 1호의 명칭 부적정, 단일한 비용추계 시나리오로 인한 경직성, 비용추계서 작성기한 부족, 물가상승 미반영 등으로 인하여 비용추계서에 대한 객관성 및 신뢰성에 문제가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 대한 개선방안으로 비용추계서 작성 기준금액 변경, 미첨부사유서 1호의 명칭변경, 복수의 비용추계 시나리오 활용, 비용추계서 작성기한 확보방안 등을 제시하였다. 둘째, 획일적인 비용추계 기간(5년), 요약자료 제공 미흡, 비용추계서 감수절차 미흡 등 비용추계서 구성형식 상의 문제가 있었다. 이에 대한 개선방안으로 탄력적인 비용추계 기간 적용, 요약자료 제공, 비용추계서 감수절차 도입 등의 개선방안을 제시한다. 셋째, 비용추계에 대한 성과평가 미흡, 비용추계 자문 미활용, 비용추계시스템 미도입, 업무 중복, 비용추계 자료수집의 어려움 등 비용추계서의 질과 활용도 측면의 문제점이 나타났다. 이에 대한 개선방안으로 성과평가 강화, 비용추계 자문 활용, 비용추계시스템 도입, 업무중복 해소, 자료수집 기능강화, 불필요한 비용추계업무량 감소방안 등을 제시하였다.

복수 방산업체 지정시 예정가격 결정방법 개선방안

김동욱(DongUk Kim),송영일(YoungIl Song) 한국관리회계학회 2010 관리회계연구 Vol.10 No.2

하나의 방산물자에 대하여 복수의 방산업체가 지정된 경우 업체별로 원가를 계산하여 가장 낮은 원가를 기준으로 예정가격을 결정하고 있어 경쟁입찰을 실시하는 경우 낙찰업체에게 적절한 가격보상이 이루어지지 않는 등의 문제점이 발생하고 있다. 향후 단일물자-복수 방산업체 체제로의 점진적인 전환이 예상됨에 따라 방산업체간 경쟁은 더욱더 심화될 전망이며, 이에 따라 복수의 방산업체가 지정된 경우의 예정가격 결정방법은 중요한 이슈로 부각 될 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구에서는 복수의 방산업체가 지정된 경우 국방부 회계질의 회신에 따라 예정가격을 결정하고 있는 현 실태를 여러 각도에서 분석하여 문제점을 도출하였고 이를 해결하기 위한 개선방안을 제시하였다. 현행 복수 방산업체 지정시 예정가격 결정방법의 문제점으로는 첫째, 낙찰업체에게 적정한 가격 보상이 곤란하며, 둘째, 방산업체간 공정한 경쟁이 이루어지지 않아 복수 방산업체 지정취지에도 부합하지 않고, 셋째, 일반물자 원가계산 방법의 기본개념과 비교 시에도 불합리한 측면이 있으며, 넷째, 국방부 회계질의 회신에 따른 업무수행은 관련법령에서 정한 계약담당공무원의 주의사항과도 부합하지 않는다. 문제점을 해결하기 위한 개선방안으로서 업체별로 산정된 기초금액을 기준으로 업체별로 기초예비가격을 산정 후 업체별 예정가격을 결정하는 방안을 제안하여, 적정한 수준에서 가격보상이 이루어지고 방산업체간 공정한 경쟁을 유도하여 복수 방산업체 지정취지를 살릴 수 있도록 하였다. 개선방안을 위한 전제조건으로서 업체의 실발생 원가자료 제출이 선행되어야 하며 아울러 적격심사 기준의 개정도 병행되어야 할 것이다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the problem of the current cost estimating system and to present more desirable suggestions when two or more firms are designated as defense firms for defense goods. To attain this objective, we review Korean Destroyer Program. In 2008, Defense Acquisition Program Administration gave a public notice of a bid for a Destroyer. Vessel cost team calculated three kinds of preliminary estimation cost by the cost regulation because three firms were designated as defense firms for that ship. Cost team reported them to the contract officer and he made one estimation cost for a bid based on the lowest cost. We find some problems about the present cost estimating system for defense firms through this case: First, under this cost estimation system, the contract price is not fair and reasonable and the contractor suffer from an operating loss. Second, the current cost estimating system leads to unfair competition among designated defense firms. Third, the present cost estimation system is against the principle of equity compared to that of non-military goods. Fourth, the current cost estimating system is against the Act on contracts to which the state is a party. We suggest improved methods that contract officer should make three estimation costs for a bid based on the number of designated defense firms. The proposed method allows the suppliers to contract with Government by fair and reasonable price and to compete with other defense firms fairly. So Government should revise the regulations for estimating cost for defense firms.

The Analysis of Railroad Operating Costs in Korean Railroad Projects

강성욱,김동희,김규배 동아시아경상학회 2024 The East Asian Journal of Business Economics Vol.12 No.1

Purpose: A railroad project is a complex system with large construction costs in the initial stage and ongoing operating costs over its lifecycle. Current railroad projects tend to be based on construction options, which leads to huge deficiencies in operating costs. This phenomenon results from a lack of appropriate tools to accurately estimate a railroad project’s lifecycle costs. This study attempts to analyze the major components of railroad operating costs and to propose a decision-making system for analyzing the long-term lifecycle costs of railroad projects. Research design, data and methodology: We review the literature and analyze the current status of railroad operating costs in Korea and overseas. Based on previous projects, a framework for project options and operating costs is proposed. The framework is applied to actual railroad projects to demonstrate the validity of the model. Results: Case analysis shows that our framework is comprehensive in analyzing the primary aspects of railroad operating costs and plays an effective role in choosing various railroad project options. This study points out that the railway project operates inefficiently because estimating long-term costs without reflecting specific project options causes many errors. Conclusions: A major contribution of this study is the development of an improved framework for accurately estimating operating costs and providing policymakers and engineering firms with a holistic decision support system. Detailed components in estimating operating costs of the railroad business are discussed. And we present a decision-making tool that policymakers and private businesses can use in planning the railroad business.

“A” Parametric Approach Combined with Operations Research Model for Estimating “A” Cost of Space Systems at Conceptual Design Phase

Byoungsoo Kim,Seokmin Ahn 한국항공우주학회 2008 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

Throughout the earlier era of space exploration, the main space systems design driver was the concept of maximizing space mission performance under weak time and cost constraints but with conservative technology risk constraints: i.e., "design-to-performance". Design-to-performance attempted to satisfy a set of predefined performance requirements at minimum risk and cost: performance first and cost second. However, after the end of the Cold War, as the non-military, commercial aspects of space missions appeared more important than before, cost became a more dominant factor. In this new environment, space systems design became a difficult problem to model. Now, the objective of space systems design is to maximize mission goals under firm cost and schedule constraints but with prudent technology risk acceptance, or, equivalently maximizing space mission performance per estimated unit cost. Therefore, space missions should be designed and scoped to emphasize overall mission success within cost and schedule constraints by incorporating sufficient margins, reserves, and subsystem resiliency and by readily adopting innovative ideas. The real question in the space systems design domain under this approach is no longer. "Can we build the same space system for less money?" Rather, it is "Can we achieve or exceed the overall space mission objectives for agreed upon or less money and time constraints by readily adopting more innovative new technology?" Currently, space systems designers, therefore, tend to pursue a proven space systems design architecture or modify an existing idea rather than incorporating totally new system design alternatives. This tendency can be described by the "design-to-cost" philosophy that necessarily introduced the concept of "faster, better, cheaper" (low-cost, small-sat). In this paper, spurred by this new, more challenging environment, we are to show possible approaches to answer "a solution" of a space systems design at conceptual phase for a specific mission. Here. "a solution" is defined as the most favorable alternative design for the system on the basis of the decision-making design criteria.

정부계약에서 낙찰자 선정방법과 하자발생 관계

문병옥,정재욱 한국회계정책학회 2013 회계와 정책연구 Vol.18 No.4

This study analyzes the cost and contract data of the general commodity and the service contract that were concluded at the Air Force agency A in the past 2 years from 2011 to 2012 and examines whether the eligibility review system has lower defect occurrence rate than the lowest price successful bid system in accordance with the purport of the system. In the government contract where the party is the state that represents the nation, the successful bidder selection with recourse to the rational contracting process, the security of the contract quality and the reasonable contract price are the elements that significantly influence the state and the nation. If taken a brief look at the government contract process, the estimation cost is determined within the budget range of the respective business once the budget is appropriated and then the final contracting party is selected after the review of the bidding price and the eligibility review of the bid participants. The aforementioned system where the final contracting party is selected is known as ‘successful bidder selection system’ and it can be divided into two classes:the lowest price successful bid system and the eligibility review system. In the lowest price successful bid system, the lowest tenderer who quoted the lowest price not exceeding the estimation cost is selected as a successful bidder. As for the eligibility review system, the bidder’s bidding price and the commodity and service performance capability are taken into consideration and the tenderer with the scores above the certain amount is selected as a successful bidder, which prevents poor delivery by the lowest price successful bid system and the successful bids resulting from the dumping bids and secures credibility of the contract performance. The research finding indicates that the evidence that proves the eligibility review system having lower defect occurrence rate than the lowest price successful bid system could not be found. This result shows that the existing commodity and service eligibility review system is not in accord with its purport and its practical effectiveness is weak. Therefore the examination items and the evaluation standard for the eligibility review system need to be supplemented and the systematic reform is necessary for enhanced quality of the contracted commodities and also to lower the defect occurrence rate. The subject research renders services by analyzing the defect occurrence and the government contract methods such as the eligibility review system in depth for the first time. It has discovered the deficient factors of the government contract methods that affect the whole nation and proposed the alternative measures, and provided many suggestions to the policy making authorities and the interested parties as well as of the party directly involved in the government contract. 본 연구는 2011년부터 2012년까지 2년간 공군 A기관에서 계약한 일반 물품․용역 계약의 원가 및 계약자료를 분석하여 적격심사 낙찰제가 제도 취지에 부합되게 최저가 낙찰제보다 하자발생비율이 더 낮은지 살펴보았다. 정부계약은 국민을 대표하는 국가가 계약 당사자가 되는 계약으로서, 합리적 계약과정에 의한 낙찰자 선정과 계약품질의 확보 및 적정한 계약금액은 국가와 국민 전체에 중대한 영향을 미치는 요소라고 할 수 있다. 정부계약 과정을 간략히 살펴보면, 예산이 책정된 후 개별 사업예산 범위 내에서 예정가격을 결정하고, 결정된 예정가격 이내에서 입찰참가자의 투찰가격 및 적격심사 등을 고려하여 최종 계약상대자를 선정한다. 최종 계약상대자를 선정하는 제도를 낙찰자 선정제도라고 하며, 크게 최저가 낙찰제와 적격심사 낙찰제 2가지로 분류할 수 있다. 최저가 낙찰제는 낙찰자 선정 시 예정가격 이내에서 최저 금액으로 입찰가격을 제출한 자를 낙찰자로 선정하는 방식이며, 적격심사 낙찰제는 입찰금액과 당해 물품․용역 수행능력을 함께 고려하여 일정한 점수 이상을 획득한 자를 낙찰자로 선정하는 방식으로 최저가 낙찰제의 부실납품, 덤핑입찰에 의한 낙찰 등을 예방하고 계약이행의 신뢰성 확보를 위한 제도이다. 연구결과, 적격심사 낙찰제가 최저가 낙찰제보다 하자발생을 더 감소시킨다는 증거를 발견하지 못했다. 이러한 연구결과는 현행 물품․용역 적격심사 낙찰제가 제도 취지와 부합되지 않고, 실무적으로 실효성이 미약하다는 증거이다. 따라서 적격심사 낙찰제의 심사항목, 평가기준 등을 보완하여 계약이행물의 품질향상 및 하자율 감소 등에 기여할 수 있도록 제도적인 개선이 필요하다. 본 연구의 공헌으로는 최초로 적격심사 낙찰제 등의 정부계약 방식과 하자발생 등을 심도 있게 분석함으로써, 국민 전체에 영향을 미치는 정부계약 방식의 미비점을 발견하여, 그에 대한 대안을 제시하였고, 정부계약 당사자는 물론 정책당국과 관련 이해관계자에게 많은 시사점을 제공한 것이라 할 수 있다.

정부계약에서 예정가격 결정과 투찰참가율과의 관계

문병옥,정재욱 한국회계정책학회 2016 회계와 정책연구 Vol.21 No.6

본 연구는 정부계약의 여러 형태 계약 중 물품 및 용역 계약 1,070여건의 외부견적 및 계약자료를 수집하여 현행 정부계약제도의 예정가격 결정과 투찰참가율과의 관계를 분석하였다. 정부계약에서 투찰참가율이 중요한 이유는 예정가격의 적정성 및 신뢰성과 밀접한 관계가 있으며, 공정 경쟁을 통한 합리적 계약 채결의 여부를 판단하는 최소한의 기준이 될 수 있기 때문이다. 본 연구의 목적은 정부계약에서 입찰참여자들의 입찰참여 여부 및 투찰금액은 어떤 요인에 의해 결정되는지를 분석하여 현재 정부계약에서 예정가격 결정에 관한 문제점과 적정 수준을 살펴보기 위한 것이다. 연구결과, 첫째, 기업에서 제출하는 견적가격과 기초예비가격 차이가 클수록 입찰 참여자들의 투찰참가율이 낮았다. 이는 예정가격 결정기준인 외부 견적가격에 대한 신뢰성 제고를 위한 제도적 장치가 필요하다는 것을 의미한다. 둘째, 계약방법이 적격심사 낙찰제보다 최저가 낙찰제 방식일 때 투찰참가율이 높았다. 이는 투찰자들의 투찰참가율이 낙찰자 방식에 따라 달라지는 것을 의미하며, 낙찰 방식이 정부계약의 체결에 영향을 줄 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. The study analyzes the cost and contract data of the 1,070 general commodity and the service contracts that were concluded at the Republic of Korea Government and examines the estimation cost determining process and the bidding participation rate in the current government contracts. In this research, the reason that bidding participation rate is the most important factor is bidders’ bidding participation rate has close relationship with propriety of estimation cost written by contract officer and belief that what is used as a judgement factor of estimation cost by bidder. The purpose of this research is to see whether the processes under the current government contract, in the bidders’ bidding participation and what will determine about bidding price to survey about proper level of determination in estimation cost and what kinds of problems are existing. From the research, first, the high gap between estimation cost that submitted by entrepreneur and base reserve price means bidders’ lower bidding participation rate, that indicated about the high gap between estimation cost which is determined by ordering organization and bidders’ expectation cost means a bidder gives up about bidding, needs institutional device belief providing about general commodity price what is the determining factor of expectation price. Second, when the contract method is not eligibility review system but lowest price successful bid system. This means that bidders’ bidding participation rate is differed by method of a bidder.

Seismic assessment of Nitinol Belleville Elastic Nonlinear (NI-BELL-E-N) structural system

Alireza Asgari Hadad,Bahram M. Shahrooz 국제구조공학회 2022 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.43 No.3

Nibellen structural system is a novel resilient bracing system based on the application of Bellville disks and Nitinol rods. The cyclic behavior of Nibellen assembly was obtained, and the design equations were developed based on the available literature. Seismic performance of the system was then studied analytically. Two groups of buildings with different lateral force resisting systems were designed and studied: one group with the Nibellen system, and the other with the special concentrically braced frame system. Each building group consisted of 5-, 10-, and 15-story buildings. The Design-Base-Event (DBE) and Maximum Considered Event (MCE) were considered as the seismic hazard, and a suite of seven ground motions were scaled accordingly for response history analyses. Finally, the resiliency of the buildings was studied by obtaining the functionality curve of the buildings before and after the seismic event. The construction cost of the 5-story building with Nibellen bracing system increased but the post-earthquake cost decreased significantly. The application of Nibellen system in the 10- and 15-story buildings reduced both the construction and repair costs, considerably. Resiliency of all the buildings was improved when Nibellen system was used as the lateral force resisting system.

비용추정방법을 활용한 시스템요구사항 적정성 확인방안 연구

최성규,최은하 한국융합보안학회 2013 융합보안 논문지 Vol.13 No.5

국가에서 추진하는 모든 프로젝트는 예산이라는 변수에 영향이 크다. 정확한 소요예산 판단불가로 프로젝트 추진 중에 추가적인 예산소요가 발생하여 사업의 중단 혹은 재검토 사례가 빈번히 발생하고 있다. 이는 프로젝트 소요제기단계및 이를 획득하기 위한 선행연구단계에 제시된 시스템요구사항의 평가와 소요예산의 부정확성으로 기인한다고 평가된다. 시스템요구사항은 사용자가 작성하는 사용자 요구사항과 구별하여 사용자 요구사항을 바탕으로 획득조직에서 시스템의 기술적 요구사항으로 전환하는 것을 말하며 획득조직과 개발자 혹은 제작자 사이에 의사소통을 위한 것이다. 시스템 요구사항 수준은 프로젝트 규모를 결정하는데 중요한 요소로, 시스템요구사항에 대한 비용측면의 적정성 확인은 필수적이다. 그러나 프로젝트 비용요소가 복잡하고 각 요소별로 기준이 상이하여 비용추정이 쉽지 않고 추정된 비용의 오차율도 커서 활용에 어려움이 있었으며, 특히 시스템요구사항을 도출하는 프로젝트 초기단계에는 프로젝트와 관련된세부자료의 부족으로 비용추정에 어려움이 있었다. 본 연구에서는 요구공학과 비용추정방법에 대한 이론적인 근거를바탕으로 시스템요구사항 도출 후 비용추정방법을 활용하여 적정성을 검증하고 대안을 비교 후 최적안을 선정하는 아키텍처를 솔루션으로 제시하였고, 이를 위하여 활용 가능한 모수비용추정방법(Parametric Cost Estimating)를 토대로한 비용추정 전산도구인 SEER Cost-IQ를 소개하였다.