STRATEGIES AND NETWORK CONSEQUENCES IN AN INTERACTIVE CONTEXT

Hsin-Hui Chou,Christina ?berg,Tommy Tsung-Ying Shih 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

This paper adopts an industrial network perspective on strategy. Business strategy in an interactive context has been a recurrent theme in the Industrial Marketing & Purchasing (IMP) literature for over three decades (Baraldi et al., 2007; Gadde, Huemer & H?kansson, 2003; Turnbull & Valla, 1986). The interactive context refers to how change by a company expectedly leads to changes in needs, or structures of interconnected parties (Gadde, Huemer & H?kansson, 2003). Strategy also becomes a response to changes among business partners, and any introduced change may have consequences that either reinforce or disable the intentions of the company. Based on how other parties act in parallel, try to adapt to present structures or intend to change them, outcomes are unforeseeable (Baraldi et al., 2007; Brennan, Gressetvold & Zolkiewski, 2008). Baraldi et al. (2007) even state that strategizing in an interactive context is an impossible task. Still, companies do formulate and implement strategies (M?ller & Halinen, 1999). While some studies discuss actions and effects (e.g. Wilkinson & Young, 2002), a search in the EBSCO database, on business strategy and consequences/outcomes in a network context resulted in zero hits. Researchers have suggested the complexity of strategizing in an interactive context and referred such strategizing as conforming to or confronting present structures (Ford et al., 2003). Surprisingly, however, less is known about network consequences and the link to different kinds of strategies. This paper focuses on the issue. Network consequences refer to what happens in the network in terms of changed contents of relationships, and/or changed network structures. We describe the consequences as either intended or unexpected (cf. Andersson, Havila & Salmi, 2001) from the focal company’s perspective and link them to different strategies. The aim of this paper is to develop the understanding, from an industrial network perspective, of network consequences from a focal company’s perspective and how different strategies influence these. To that end the present paper bases on a case study from the optical recording media industry, and follows the Taiwanese company Ritek. The paper contributes to the growing interest for strategy in a network context and the link between different strategies and network consequences in the following ways: • Through the case study we categorize business strategies into copying, shared, reflexive, and company-rooted. These categories add to research on strategy in interactive contexts, through pointing to a more fine-tuned categorization than conforming/confronting and pointing to conforming and confronting as scale-measures rather than absolute categories. The division between company-rooted and network-challenging strategies is important as it indicates different viewpoints by the firm, and shared strategies acknowledge the net as an analytical level in networks. • The paper indicates how strategies may include other parties in terms of considerations (reflexive or copying strategies) or as joint parties (shared strategies), and how intended consequences foremost appear on that level, while unexpected consequences occur in the wider network. The paper divides unexpected network consequences into reinforcing, spin-off effects, partly disabling, and fully disabling, and thereby adds to understandings and categorizations of network consequences. • The link between strategies and network consequences points to how the more confronting the strategy, the more unexpected consequences, and also the more negative their impact on the strategy realization, which also attracts attention to the importance of including the network in strategy formulation. This adds to present understanding on strategizing in interactive contexts, and highlights the network’s impact to the strategy literature.

STRATEGIES AND NETWORK CONSEQUENCES IN AN INTERACTIVE CONTEXT

Hsin-Hui Chou,Christina Öberg,Tommy Tsung-Ying Shih 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.9

This paper adopts an industrial network perspective on strategy. Business strategy in an interactive context has been a recurrent theme in the Industrial Marketing & Purchasing (IMP) literature for over three decades (Baraldi et al., 2007; Gadde, Huemer & Håkansson, 2003; Turnbull & Valla, 1986). The interactive context refers to how change by a company expectedly leads to changes in needs, or structures of interconnected parties (Gadde, Huemer & Håkansson, 2003). Strategy also becomes a response to changes among business partners, and any introduced change may have consequences that either reinforce or disable the intentions of the company. Based on how other parties act in parallel, try to adapt to present structures or intend to change them, outcomes are unforeseeable (Baraldi et al., 2007; Brennan, Gressetvold & Zolkiewski, 2008). Baraldi et al. (2007) even state that strategizing in an interactive context is an impossible task. Still, companies do formulate and implement strategies (Möller & Halinen, 1999). While some studies discuss actions and effects (e.g. Wilkinson & Young, 2002), a search in the EBSCO database, on business strategy and consequences/outcomes in a network context resulted in zero hits. Researchers have suggested the complexity of strategizing in an interactive context and referred such strategizing as conforming to or confronting present structures (Ford et al., 2003). Surprisingly, however, less is known about network consequences and the link to different kinds of strategies. This paper focuses on the issue. Network consequences refer to what happens in the network in terms of changed contents of relationships, and/or changed network structures. We describe the consequences as either intended or unexpected (cf. Andersson, Havila & Salmi, 2001) from the focal company’s perspective and link them to different strategies. The aim of this paper is to develop the understanding, from an industrial network perspective, of network consequences from a focal company’s perspective and how different strategies influence these. To that end the present paper bases on a case study from the optical recording media industry, and follows the Taiwanese company Ritek. The paper contributes to the growing interest for strategy in a network context and the link between different strategies and network consequences in the following ways:·Through the case study we categorize business strategies into copying, shared, reflexive, and company-rooted. These categories add to research on strategy in interactive contexts, through pointing to a more fine-tuned categorization than conforming/confronting and pointing to conforming and confronting as scale-measures rather than absolute categories. The division between company-rooted and network-challenging strategies is important as it indicates different viewpoints by the firm, and shared strategies acknowledge the net as an analytical level in networks.·The paper indicates how strategies may include other parties in terms of considerations (reflexive or copying strategies) or as joint parties (shared strategies), and how intended consequences foremost appear on that level, while unexpected consequences occur in the wider network. The paper divides unexpected network consequences into reinforcing, spin-off effects, partly disabling, and fully disabling, and thereby adds to understandings and categorizations of network consequences.·The link between strategies and network consequences points to how the more confronting the strategy, the more unexpected consequences, and also the more negative their impact on the strategy realization, which also attracts attention to the importance of including the network in strategy formulation. This adds to present understanding on strategizing in interactive contexts, and highlights the network’s impact to the strategy literature.

공식적 제도제약의 비의도적 결과: 고양시 산업육성의 법적제약을 중심으로

김윤권 한국행정학회 2006 韓國行政學報 Vol.40 No.4

Unintended Consequences of Formal Institution Constraints: The Law Constraints on Goyang Industrial Development Yun Kwon Kim Focusing on the ‘unintended consequences of institutional constraints’ ― institutions will be originally designated to constrain actors or provide opportunity to actors, but this intention may result in other consequences. This paper analyzes law constraints such as the Seoul Metropolitan Area Readjustment Planning Act which constrains the Goyang industrial development. The unintended consequences of law constraints in the Goyang case can be focused on the Goyang industrial hollowing out. The unit of analysis will be focused on law constraints and the unit of explanation will be the unintended consequences. Through analyzing law constraints and deriving unintended consequences, this paper shows institutional implications for public administration theory and practice. To design or create institutions, it would be better to include relevance and validity into institutions which reflect institutional context. It would also be better for institution design or institution creation, to keep both stability and elasticity that reflects timing. It is desirable to establish institutions which cover compliance and noncompliance into institutional constraints. Key words: institutional constraints, unintended consequences, Goyang 본 글은 공식적 제도가 행위자에게 제약과 기회를 제공하려는 원래 의도와 다른 결과, 즉 제도제약의 비의도적 결과(unintended consequences of institutional constraints)를 연구한다. 이를 경험적으로 분석할 분석단위로는 수도권정비계획법 등 법적제약을 분석하고, 그리고 설명단위로는 법적제약이 초래한 비의도적 결과인 고양시 산업공동화를 중심으로 설명한다. 이러한 법적제약의 분석과 비의도적 결과의 규명을 통해 행정 이론이나 실무에 제도적 함의를 제시할 수 있다. 첫째, 제도제약을 설계하거나 형성할 경우에 제도맥락을 고려한 적실성과 타당성을 담아야 하며, 둘째, 시차를 고려한 안정성과 탄력성을 반영하여야 하며, 셋째, 행위자의 순응과 비순응을 고려해야 한다는 점이다. [주제어: 제도제약, 비의도적 결과, 고양시]

정책사례연구대상으로서의 예기치 못한 결과

이혁우 서울대학교 한국행정연구소 2009 行政論叢 Vol.47 No.1

Unexpected consequences are situations where an action results in an outcome that does not match what is intended. Unexpected consequences of public policy have their own logic and mechanisms. The problem is that, at first blush, unexpected consequences tend to be regarded as irrational and undesirable, so policy analysts have been less interested in the real causes of unexpected consequences than they deserve. Instead, they tend to enumerate superficial causes of such phenomena as lacks of professionalism, lack of leadership, insufficient financial support, among others. However, we all know that professionalism may be a cause of unexpected consequences. It cannot be said that professionalism always leads to intended consequences. Even so, if policy analysts understood the incentive structure of policy stakeholders which derives from the view of new institutional economics, they could reach the conclusion that unexpected consequences are not abnormal, irrational, or undesirable phenomena, but have their own reason for occurring. When they turn their focus to incentive structure, policy analysts could discover more precisely the real causes of unexpected consequences. 예기치 못한 결과란 정책 프로그램의 효과가 최초에 의도한 것과는 상이하게 나타나는 상황을 말한다. 정책사례 연구 대상으로 이런 예기치 못한 결과는 실무적으로 해당 정책의 오류를 지적해 줄 뿐만 아니라, 학문적으로는 새로운 이론을 도출할 수 있는 계기가 되는 것이다. 예기치 못한 결과의 이런 특성은 Popper의 반증주의의 시각과 연결되는 것으로 의도한 결과에 주목한 연구만으로는 정책문제에 대한 새로운 논의가 제약이 있을 수밖에 없음을 의미하는 것이기도 하다. 한편, 이런 예기치 못한 결과는 그런 결과가 초래될 수밖에 없는 논리를 가진다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 이런 논리에 대한 세심한 분석이 부족한 상태에서 새로운 정책을 통해 이를 해결하려 함으로써, 오히려 문제를 보다 복잡하게 하거나, 아무런 효과도 없이 정부개입의 확대만 초래하는 경우가 자주 있다. 본 논문은 이런 현상이 나타나는 이유를 예기치 못한 결과, 합리성, 바람직하지 못한 결과 사이의 개념상의 혼동에서 찾고 있다. 즉, 예기치 못한 결과는 인간의 인지상의 한계와 유인구조를 고려하면, 사실은 당연(當然)한 결과로서 매우 합리적인 것이며, 이를 바람직하지 못한 결과로 여기는 것은 처방적 시각에 치우쳐, 문제의 원인에 대한 근본적 규명을 도외시한 태도인 것이다. 이를 보완하기 위해서는 예기치 못한 결과에 대한 분석에 있어서도 게임의 규칙으로서의 제도적 제약 하에 의사결정을 할 수 밖에 없는 인간이 가진 유인구조를 고려하여 정책문제의 분석을 시도하는 신제도경제학의 접근법이 유용하다.

재정성과목표관리제도의 병리현상과 이에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 연구

윤기웅,유승현 성균관대학교 국정전문대학원 2018 국정관리연구 Vol.13 No.3

신공공관리론 이후 재정운용의 효율성 증진 및 국민에 대한 책무성 향상을 목적으로 다양한 성과관리제도가 한국 및 선진국 정부에 도입되었다. 그러나 이러한 성과관리제도가 실제 의도한 목적을 달성하였는지에 대해서는 많은 학자들이 비판적인 시각을 가지고 있다. 그 목적을 달성하지 못한 이유는 무수히 많을 수 있으나 성과측정/평가의 병리현상이 중요한 이유 중 하나라고 할 수 있다. 이러한 문제인식 하에 본 연구는 한국 정부의 성과관리제도 중 하나인 재정성과목표관리제도를 운영하는 과정에서 병리현상이 어느 정도 나타나는지 그리고 이에 영향을 미치는 요인들은 어떠한 것들이 있는지를 탐색적으로 살펴본다. 분석결과 실제 재정성과목표관리제도 운영과정에서 다양한 병리현상이 유발되고 있는 것으로 나타났지만, 과거의 연구결과와 비교할 때 그 정도는 다소 줄어든 것으로 나타났다. 또한 기관특성, 업무특성, 개인특성, 리더십이 병리현상에 따라 정도의 차이는 있으나 병리현상에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 종합적으로 검토한 결과 리더십의 4개 유형(팀형, 과업형, 인기형, 무관심형) 중 팀형 리더십을 갖춘 직속상관 하에서 병리현상이 발생할 가능성이 적은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 병리현상을 막기 위해서는 제도의 설계 및 운영 방식을 개선하는 것도 중요하지만 팀형 리더십 고취를 위한 다양한 노력도 필요한 것으로 보인다. 이러한 연구는 향후 재정성과목표관리제도를 개선하는데 다양한 시사점을 제공할 뿐만 아니라 성과관리제도 운영에 있어 팀형 리더십의 중요성을 살펴보았다는 점에서 학술적/정책적 의의가 있다. Over the past two decades, various performance management systems have been introduced in Korea and developed countries to improve the efficiency of government operations and accountability to the public. However, many scholars have a critical view on whether these performance management systems have achieved their intended purposes. The reasons for not achieving their purposes may be numerous, but one of the most critical reasons is the unintended consequences of performance management. This study examines how many unintended consequences are emerging in the process of operating Performance Goal Management System (PGMS). It finds that 1) although there are actually many unintended consequences, the degree of occurrence of unintended consequences has been somewhat reduced compared to previous studies; 2) the degree of occurrence of unintended consequences varies according to agency type, type of work, position of civil servant, and leadership; 3) team-type manager (high on production and high on people) is most effective type of leader in reducing the risk of unintended consequences.

대학생소비자의 환경가치 성향과 그린제품 구매의도 관계에서 결과지각의 매개역할

문선정,홍성헌,김사원 한국경영교육학회 2010 경영교육연구 Vol.63 No.-

Since purchasing Green product is one of the behavior that gives a positive contribution to environment many green consumers are making a great effort to purchase green products. This research studied the mediation effect of perceieved consequences on the relationship between environmental values and purchase intention for green products. Emphasis was given to the mediation effect of perceived consequences which were further classified into two categories, namely environmental consequences and individual consequences. Environmental Values also classified into two types, perceived seriousness of environmental problems and perceived environmental threat to mankind. The results of this study will provide important implications to the companies for the green marketing strategies. It was found that ecocentrism had a positive effects on the environmental consequences but no effects on the individual consequences, while self-transcendence had a positive effects only on the perceived seriousness of environmental problems. Self-enhancement had a positive effects on the perceived environmental threat to mankind and individual consequences. 소득이 증대되면서 삶의 질이 향상되었고, 이에 따라 소비자들은 더욱 더 지구환경에 관심을 가지며, 친환경적인 구매행동으로 변화하고 있다. 친환경적 소비행동의 일환으로, 소비자들은 그린제품의 구매를 통해 환경에 긍정적인 기여를 하고자 한다. 그러나 제품 및 서비스 구매를 통하여 소비자가 얻고자 하는 가치는 매우 다양하고 상호 이질적이다. 따라서 상호 이질적인 소비가치를 지향하는 모든 소비자들에게 ‘환경오염의 심각성’만으로 소구하는 획일적인 마케팅전략은 그린제품구매로의 직접적 이행을 이끌어내기 어렵다. 반면, 소비자의 환경가치관에 따른 환경제품 구매의도를 분석함으로써 소비자들의 환경가치관에 적합한 차별적인 전략을 수립할 수 있을 것이고 이는 그린제품구매로의 전환과 구매촉진을 기대할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 그린컨슈머로의 전환이 상대적으로 가장 기대되는 대학생 소비자들을 대상으로 이들의 환경가치 성향(이타적 가치, 생태적 가치, 자기중심적 가치)이 환경문제의 심각성 지각, 환경오염의 인류위험 지각, 제품사용으로 인한 개인적 결과 지각 등에 각각 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 그리고 이러한 지각을 통해 그린제품 구매의도에 미치는 영향을 밝히고자 하였다. 그리고 분석결과를 토대로 기업의 그린마케팅에 전략적 시사점을 제공하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 이타적 가치는 환경문제의 심각성 지각만 지각하는 반면, 생태학적 가치는 환경문제의 심각성 지각, 환경오염의 인류위험 지각 모두 긍정적 영향을 미쳤으며, 자기중심적 가치는 환경문제에 대한 인류위험 지각과 개인적 결과 지각에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

혼합형 다수대표제의 정치적 결과에 대한 분석 제19대 국회의원 선거를 중심으로

김형철 ( Hyung Chul Kim ) 한국선거학회 2012 선거연구 Vol.2 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 제19대 국회의원 선거를 중심으로 혼합형 다수대표제의 정치적 효과를 평가하고 투표율의 제고, 투표-의석 간 비례성의 확대, 지역정당체계의 극복, 그리고 정당정치의 제도화를 위해 어떠한 제도적 노력이 요구되는지를 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위해 현행 선거제도의 제도적 차원과 유권자의 투표행태로서의 분할투표라는 행위자적 차원 사이의 관계를 중심으로 선거제도의 정치적 효과를 분석하였다. 유권자의 투표행태를 분석하기 위한 자료는 한국사회과학데이터센터에서 조사한 ‘제19대 국회의원 유권자 조사’ 자료를 이용하였다. 그 결과, 혼합형 다수대표제의 행위자에 대한 효과로서 분할투표의 증가를 보이고 있지 않으며, 또한 분할투표가 초기 예측과 달리 선거제도의 정치적 결과에 영향을 주지 않음을 확인하였다. 이 같은 혼합형 다수대표제의 정치적 효과가 제한적인 이유로는 지역대표의석과 비례대표의석 사이의 커다란 편차 때문으로 이는 투표율 감소, 선거불비례성의 증가, 군소정당의 의회진입의 어려움 그리고 인물 및 지역에 기초한 투표행태의 변화를 보정해주지 못하고 있다. 따라서 현재 당면한 선거제도의 정치적 과제를 해결하기 위해서는 비례대표의석을 확대하고 비례대표 의석과 비례대표 의석이 연동되어 총의석이 할당되는 혼합형 비례대표제로의 변화가 필요하다. This paper focuses on analyzing the political consequences of mixed member majoritarian system in the 19th general election. Especially, this paper examines the effects of an electoral system and voting behavior on the political consequences, which are increasing vote rate, enhancing proportionality, alleviating the regional party system, and institutionalizing the party politics. According to the survey data, the spilt-ticket voting, which is one of the most important effects of voting behavior, has not influence on the political consequences in the 19th general election. By contrast, the imbalance between the number of district seats and the party list seats affects the political consequences. In other words, the excessively small of party list seats did not achieve certain effective political consequences of mixed member majoritarian system. In order to improve the effectiveness of political consequences, it is necessary to increase the number of party list seats and to change from the mixed member majoritarian system to the mixed member proportional system.

公法上의 結果除去請求權

姜求哲 國民大學校 法學硏究所 2002 법학논총 Vol.14 No.-

Along with the known remedy of compensation or damages, German law has developed the remedy of nullifying the consequences of a breach of duty on the part of the administrative authorities. In a case just after World War II a house was attached on administrative authorities and allotted to a tenant. On the sit of the owner the attachment was set aside but the tenant continued to occupy the house. Otto Bachof argued that on the invalidation of the attachment the owner was entitled to get the vacant house to nullify the consequences of illegal attachment. In a decision of 25 August 1971 the Federal Administrative Court has held that the remedy of nullifying the consequences has its basis in the Basic Law which can be found in the right to freedom or in the requirement of legal basis for any act and can be availed not only against the executed administrative acts but also against simple administrative activities. It can be a be a basis for asking the withdrawal of a defamatory statement in the public law area, or protection against emission from the public enterprises. It may also be availed to set aside the continuing consequences of on illegal act. It is generally accepted in our country that 'the Remedy of Nullifying the Consequences' is assigned to the administrative between-parties. But, on the basis of voices of fait, we can conclude that the remedy can be relieved by the civil courts.

경제제재의 비의도적 효과에 대한 고찰과 대북제재에의 함의

박지연 국가안보전략연구원 2017 국가안보와 전략 Vol.17 No.4

The international community has shown an interest in an unspecified number of casualties caused by the unintended consequences of economic sanctions. In fact, even the United Nations targeted sanctions, to minimize the adverse effects of sanctions, are in trouble from unintended consequences of sanctions such as economic problems, corruption, and increasing crime in targets and also diminishing the legitimacy of UN sanctions in the international community. Last September, sanctions towards North Korea has greatly increased the intensity of sanctions in order to increase economic viability. If senders have made a thorough implementation of sanctions, it would be able to derive intended consequences at the same time also various unintended consequences. In North Korea it will cause unintended consequences, such as corruption, strengthening authoritarian rule, and legacy of criminalization. In addition, the secondary boycott provisions, such as the United States is likely to trigger conflicts with other countries due to the extraterritorial application. For the management of the unintentional effect of these sanctions should be made first to establish the specific criteria for the exclusion of the UN proposals. Also, discussions should be expected to be made to reduce the scope of conflicts occur between countries initiative. 경제제재가 외교술 중 하나로 국제사회에 도입된 것은 오랜 역사를 가진다. 한편 제재의 효과보다는 제재로 인해 불특정 다수의 희생자가 양산되고 있는 현상이 종종 관찰된다. 실제로 제재의 부작용을 최소화하고자 하는 유엔의 표적제재 조차도 대상국 내의 경제문제 확산, 부패 및 범죄 증가, 권위주의 확산, 인권문제 발생뿐만 아니라 유엔 제재의 정당성 약화 및대상국에 대한 국제적 레버리지 감소 등의 비의도적 효과에서 분리되기 어렵다. 국제사회의 대북제재는 경제적 실효성을 높이기 위해 제재의 강도를 크게 높여왔다. 제재 이행이 철저히 이루어진다면, 경제제재가 의도한 효과를 도출할 수 있을 것이나 동시에 비의도적 효과도 다양하게 발생할 것으로예상된다. 먼저 북한 내부에서는 부패 심화와 독재 강화 및 경제난 등과 같은 비의도적 효과가 발생할 것이다. 또한 발의국인 중국과 한국에서는 대북제재로 인한 피해 기업들이 생겨날 것이며, 이들의 반발을 통제하기 위한 비용 발생이 예상된다. 한편 미국 등의 독자제재에 포함된 세컨더리 보이콧 조항은 미국 국내법의 역외적용으로 인해 다른 국가와의 갈등을 촉발시킬 가능성이 높다. 이러한 경제제재의 비의도적 효과 관리를 위해 먼저유엔 제제안의 예외조항에 대한 구체적인 기준 마련이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 더불어 발의국들 간의 갈등 발생의 가능성을 낮추기 위해 관련국들의지속적인 협의가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Factors associated with positive consequences of serving as a family caregiver for a terminal cancer patient

Kang, Jina,Shin, Dong Wook,Choi, Ji Eun,Sanjo, Makiko,Yoon, Soo Jin,Kim, Hwan Kyun,Oh, Myoung Suk,Kwen, Hyang Suk,Choi, Hae Young,Yoon, Wook Hee John Wiley Sons, Ltd 2013 PSYCHOONCOLOGY Vol.22 No.3

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>Background</B></P><P>We examined factors associated with positive consequences for family members who served as caregivers of terminal cancer patients.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>We conducted a nationwide cross‐sectional survey of 501 bereaved family members who served as caregivers for terminal cancer patients. The main outcomes were measured by the previously developed Caregiving Consequences Inventory, which assesses perceived rewards and burdens of caregiving.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Bereaved family caregivers reported high levels of perceived rewards and burden. Among the characteristics of bereaved family members, older age, female gender, and having a religion were associated with some domains of perceived rewards, but being a spouse of a patient was negatively associated with some domains of perceived rewards. Caregiver depression or perceived burden did not affect positive consequences of caregiving. However, receiving bereavement care was significantly associated with positive outcome in all four perceived reward domains (sense of mastery [adjusted odds ratio {aOR} = 1.69; 95% CI, 1.05–2.70]; appreciation for others [aOR = 2.19; 95% CI, 1.27−3.76]; meaning in life [aOR = 1.80; 95% CI, 1.13–2.89]; and reprioritization about his/her life [aOR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.27–3.19]).</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Family caregivers of terminal cancer patients experience burdens, but caregiving also has positive consequences. This study has important implications for the development of bereavement interventions that aim to encourage positive outcomes and reduce negative outcomes for caregivers.</P><P>Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P>