동학의 과학적 합리성 연구: 법칙적 질서와 창발적 질서 논증

안호영 동학학회 2016 동학학보 Vol.0 No.40

We would not stress or concentrate on the scientific rationality in Suwoon’s thoughts, because we could not derive the idea of the order from his thoughts themselves. It is the purpose of this paper that we will demonstrate not only the concept of order in the modernistic meaning but also the concept of order which is familiar with the life philosophy and the complexity science. First of all, in analysing the ‘not being so, and yet being so’(不然其然) in Dongyeong Scripture(『東經大全』), we could address the fact which Suwoon already approves these two orders - the lawful(reductive) order and emergent order. When we express that ‘there is the oder’ in ordinary point of view, we should notice that we would assume that there is the term of disorder in a sense which we could not find this order. And then we address that the idea of disorder is the false one, we could draw a conclusion, in the Suwoon’s thoughts, that demonstrates both the lawful(reductive) and emergent orders. The lawful or reductive order is the fundamental law of modern science, on the other hand the emergent order is th basic law of the philosophy of organism. With these two orders, we will address the possibility of the interface between the Suwoon’s thoughts and the philosophy of organism. And also in his thoughts, we will argue that there are some original concepts of the complexity science, which is related to the emergent order. This approach would lead us to the study how his thoughts are familiar with the contemporary scientific materialism. 논자는 동학의 창시자인 수운(水雲)의 사유에서 과학적 합리성이 제대로 주목받지 못한 이유가 질서의 관념을 그의 사유 자체에서 제대로 논증해내지 못했기 때문이라고 보았다. 본 논의의 목적은 수운의 사유로부터 근대적 의미의 질서 개념뿐만 아니라 생명철학 및 복잡성 과학과 친연성이 있는 질서 개념을 논증해 내려는 것이다. 먼저,『 東經大全』에 등장하는 불연기연(不然其然)에 대한 분석을 통해 수운이 두 가지 질서, 즉 법칙적(환원적) 질서와 창발적 질서를 긍정하고 있음을 논증해 낼 것이다. 일반적으로 우리가 ‘질서가 있다’고 표현할 때, 이러한 질서를 찾을 수 없다는 의미의 ‘무질서’라는 용어를 도입한다는 것에 주목해야 한다. 이어서 무질서라는 용어가 허위 관념임을 논증함으로써, 수운이 법칙적(환원적) 질서와 창발적 질서를 모두 인정하고 있음을 도출할 것이다. 환원적 질서는 근대과학의 법칙의 근본 개념인 반면에, 창발적 질서는 유기체 철학의 근본 개념이 된다.

개성공단의 법질서 확보방안

이효원(Hyo-Won Lee) 한국법학원 2011 저스티스 Vol.- No.124

2004년 시작된 개성공단은 북한의 핵개발과 무력도발에 따른 정치군사적 긴장상황에서도 안정적으로 운영되고 있다. 개성공단사업은 남북한이 유일하게 평화적으로 추진하고 있는 교류협력사업이지만, 그 규모가 커짐에 따라 남북한의 법제도의 차이로 인하여 다양한 법적 분쟁이 발생할 것이 예상된다. 특히, 개성공단의 성공을 위해서는 개성공단의 법질서를 안정적으로 확보하고, 그곳에 체류하는 남한주민의 신변안전을 보장하는 것이 필수적이다. 현재 개성공단과 관련된 법령에 따라 개성공단 관리위원회의 권한과 기능을 고려할 때, 관리위원회에 개성공단의 법질서유지권한을 부여하는 것이 현실적이고 필요하다고 판단된다. 관리위원회가 법질서위반행위에 대하여 효과적으로 대처하기 위해서는 다음과 같은 법제도적 장치가 필요하다. 첫째, 관리위원회는 남한주민을 중심으로 하면서도 북한주민도 참여하는 ‘법질서유지대’를 조직하여 일정한 무질서행위에 대처하고, 남한 또는 북한 당국으로 법질서위반자를 추방하도록 한다. 둘째, ‘법질서유지대’의 운영과 관련하여 그 인적ㆍ장소적 적용범위를 명확히 하고, 적법절차를 준수함으로써 그 처리의 객관성과 공정성을 담보할 수 있도록 구체적인 처리절차를 마련하여야 한다. 셋째, 법질서위반행위에 대한 최종적인 처분권은 관리위원회가 행사하여야 하며, 행정질서벌이 아닌 형사사법권을 행사할 경우에는 북한주민은 북한당국으로 인도하고, 남한주민은 남한으로 추방하는 것이 적정하다. 넷째, 개성공단의 주민들이 지켜야 할 법질서 준수사항을 유형화하여 확정하고, 남한주민의 신변안전보장을 위한 후속합의서와 후속조치도 신속하게 보완되어야 한다. Gaesung Industrial Complex, which was launched in 2004, has been under stable operation in spite of the tensions caused by North Korean atomic program and military provocation. Although Gaesung Industrial Complex Project is the only joint economic cooperation task peacefully pushed ahead by North and South Korea, diverse legal conflicts are expected to occur due to different judicial system between the North and South Korea as the project expands. For Gaesung Industrial Complex to become successful, it is especially essential to secure stable law and order within the compound, and guarantee the safety of South Korean residents staying there. Considering that Gaesung Industrial Complex Management Committee is in charge of running the Complex, it is deemed practical and necessary that the Committee be granted with authority to maintain law and order. Legal and institutional frameworks are required as follow for the management committee to effectively handle the violations of law and order inside the Complex. First, the Management Committee must organize ‘Law and Order Enforcement Department’ specialized for the Complex. The new department should consist mainly of South Korean residents but allow North Korean participation as well, as a deterrence to acts of disorder and to banish violators of South and North Korean laws. Secondly, a clear limit and application standard of ‘Law and Order Enforcement Department’ must be addressed. Concrete standard and mechanism of the law enforcement must be clearly stated in order to guarantee objectivity and fairness of the due process. Thirdly, the Management Committee must maintain ultimate authority over how the law enforcement is exercised within the Complex. Should the criminal jurisdiction be exercised, excluding petty fine, it is proper to extradite the North Korean resident to the North, and South Korean resident to the South, respectively. Finally the compliance matters of law and order, which must be obeyed by the residents of the Complex, must be agreed upon and fixed. Any follow-up agreement and measure, which guarantees personal safety of South Koreans, is to be complemented swiftly.

The Relationship of Complexity and Order in Determining Aesthetic Preference in Architectural Form

Whang, Hee-Joon Architectural Institute of Korea 2011 Architectural research Vol.13 No.4

This investigation, based on empirical research, examined the role of complexity and order in the aesthetic experience of architectural forms. The basic assumption of this study was that perception in architectural form is a process of interpreting a pattern in a reductive way. Thus, perceptual arousal is not determined by the absolute complexity of a configuration. Rather, the actual perceived complexity is a function of the organization of the system (order). In addition, complexity and order were defined and categorized into four variables according to their significant characteristics; simple order, complex order, random complexity, and lawful complexity. The series of experiments confirmed that there is a point on the psychological complexity dimension which is optimal. By demonstrating that consensual and individual aesthetic preference can be measured to have a unimodal function of relationship with complexity, the results of the experiments indicated that complexity and orderliness are effective design factors for enhancing aesthetics of a building facade. This investigation offered a conceptual framework that relates the physical (architectural form) and psychological factors (complexity and order) operating in the aesthetic experience of building facades.

The Relationship of Complexity and Order in Determining Aesthetic Preference in Architectural Form

황희준 대한건축학회 2011 Architectural research Vol.13 No.4

This investigation, based on empirical research, examined the role of complexity and order in the aesthetic experience of architectural forms. The basic assumption of this study was that perception in architectural form is a process of interpreting a pattern in a reductive way. Thus,perceptual arousal is not determined by the absolute complexity of a configuration. Rather, the actual perceived complexity is a function of the organization of the system (order). In addition, complexity and order were defined and categorized into four variables according to their significant characteristics; simple order, complex order, random complexity, and lawful complexity. The series of experiments confirmed that there is a point on the psychological complexity dimension which is optimal. By demonstrating that consensual and individual aesthetic preference can be measured to have a unimodal function of relationship with complexity, the results of the experiments indicated that complexity and orderliness are effective design factors for enhancing aesthetics of a building facade. This investigation offered a conceptual framework that relates the physical (architectural form) and psychological factors (complexity and order) operating in the aesthetic experience of building facades.

The Relationship of Complexity and Order in Determining Aesthetic Preference in Architectural Form

Heejoon Whang 대한건축학회 2011 Architectural research Vol.13 No.4

This investigation, based on empirical research, examined the role of complexity and order in the aesthetic experience of architectural forms. The basic assumption of this study was that perception in architectural form is a process of interpreting a pattern in a reductive way. Thus, perceptual arousal is not determined by the absolute complexity of a configuration. Rather, the actual perceived complexity is a function of the organization of the system (order). In addition, complexity and order were defined and categorized into four variables according to their significant characteristics; simple order, complex order, random complexity, and lawful complexity. The series of experiments confirmed that there is a point on the psychological complexity dimension which is optimal. By demonstrating that consensual and individual aesthetic preference can be measured to have a unimodal function of relationship with complexity, the results of the experiments indicated that complexity and orderliness are effective design factors for enhancing aesthetics of a building facade. This investigation offered a conceptual framework that relates the physical (architectural form) and psychological factors (complexity and order) operating in the aesthetic experience of building facades.

Rescheduling a Single Machine with Various Objectives

Jaehwan Yang 대한산업공학회 2018 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.17 No.4

We consider a single machine rescheduling problem with two types of disruptions such as order cancelations and new orders after the initial scheduling. The original objective is minimizing total completion time and after the disruption, we reschedule remaining (not cancelled) and new orders with one of the three objectives under the condition of noidle time and no-tardiness of remaining orders. They are the objective of minimizing total earliness of remaining orders with no-change in sequence of remaining orders, the objective of minimizing total completion time of new orders, and finally, a composite objective, which is minimizing the sum of total completion time of new orders and total earliness of remaining orders. We first prove complexity of the problems. Then, we develop an optimal solution procedure for one objective and four intuitive heuristics for the other two objectives. We theoretically analyze performance of each heuristic. Finally, we empirically evaluate each heuristic, and the results indicate that heuristic H2, which uses the LPT rule to select a new order to be scheduled first, performs better than H1 and H3 and in turn, H1, which uses the LS rule to select a new order, performs better than H3, which uses the SPT rule.

해인총림 결성의 배경과 현재적 의의

조기룡 한국선학회 2017 한국선학 Vol.48 No.-

Haein Monastic Complex is the first monastic complex to be created since the Joint Order. This study examines the background of the formation of the Haein Monastic Complex, its significance and associated tasks. The first aspect of the background of its formation is that it inherits the spirit of the Seon Practice at the Daeseung temple by Sŏngch’ŏl(性徹) and Cheongdam(靑潭), the Bongam Temple Society, and the Gaya Monastic Complex, formed as a Model Monastic Complex. The second aspect is the Buddhist purification movement led by monks to restructure the colonial-era Buddhism characterized by the meat-eating and married(食肉帶妻) and to recover the tradition of Seon Practice. The third aspect is to resolve the issue of the hasty monks(急造僧) introduced during the Buddhist purification movement, as well as the need to develop an educational institution to educate monks to be disciplinants. The first aspect of significance of the founding of Haein Monastic Complex is that it was formed as the integrated practice hall composed of the Vinaya school, Seon hall, Sutra school and Budda recitation hall where the three supreme principles(三學) of precepts(戒), concentration(定), transcendental wisdom(慧) could be disciplined. However, as the Buddha recitation hall was shut down not long into its operations, its reconstruction remains as a task. The second aspect of the significance is that the education provided in the Haein Monastic Complex combined the Buddhist scripture(內典) and non-Buddhist scripture(外典) for the modernization of Buddhism. However, overly focusing on the modernization of the Buddhism and strengthening non-Buddhist scripture may lead to overlooking the consciousness and actions rightfully exercised by monks, and the task of educating the image of the monk(僧侶像) remains. The third aspect of significance is the founding of Haein Monastic Complex was for it to be the head temple to educate the disciples who abode by Buddha’s laws in life; however, abiding by Buddha’s laws in life has the premise of desecularization. This desecularization is a task that transcends through time, and remains a task today and going forward. 해인총림은 통합종단 이후 최초 총림이다. 본고는 해인총림의 결성 배경과 의의 및 과제를 연구하고 있다. 해인총림의 결성의 첫 번째 배경은 부처님 법대로 살고자 했던성철과 청담의 대승사 수행과 봉암사 결사, 그리고 모범총림으로 결성된 가야총림의정신을 계승하고 있다는 것이다. 두 번째 배경은 식육대처(食肉帶妻)의 식민지 불교를청산하고 수행 전통을 회복하고자 전개된 비구들의 불교정화운동이다. 세 번째 배경은 불교정화운동과정에서 유입된 비승비속(非僧非俗)한 급조승(急造僧)으로 인한 문제를해결하고 수행자로서의 자질을 갖춘 승려를 배출할 수 있는 교육기구의 필요이다. 해인총림 결성의 첫 번째 의의는 해인총림이 계·정·혜 삼학을 수행할 수 있는 율원, 선원, 강원과 염불원을 두루 갖춘 종합수행도량으로 출범하였다는 것이다. 하지만 염불원은 얼마 운영되지 못하고 폐쇄되었다는 점에서 향후 염불원의 재건이 과제로 남아있다. 두 번째 의의는 해인총림의 교육이 불교의 현대화를 위하여 내전(內典)과 외전(外典)을 겸수하도록 계획되었다는 점이다. 하지만 불교의 현대화에 지나치게 중점을두어 외전을 강화하게 되면 승려로서 갖추어야 할 의식과 행동이 간과될 수 있기 때문에 승려상(僧侶像)의 교육 강화가 과제로 남는다. 세 번째 의의는 해인총림의 결성이부처님 법을 지키며 살아가는 도제를 양성하기 위한 본산의 마련이었다는 것이다. 하지만 ‘부처님 법대로 산다’는 것은 탈세속화를 전제로 하고 있는데, 이 탈세속화는 범시대적 과제이기에 오늘날은 물론 향후에도 여전히 유효한 과제이다.

질서를 바라보는 두 관념 : 법칙성과 복잡성

안호영(Ahn, ho-young) 한국문화융합학회 2014 문화와 융합 Vol.36 No.-

어떤 현상을 이해하기 위해 수동적으로 또는 보수적으로 질서의 복잡함만을 강조하기보다는 능동적으로 또는 진보적으로 새로운 질서를 부여해야 할 때가 있다. 이런 상황과 맞물려서 복잡성 과학이 등장하였다. 특히 20세기 후반에 자연과학과 사회과학을 가로지르고 융합시키려고 할 때 창발성이라는 개념과 더불어 복잡성 과학은 새로운 국면을 맞이하고 있다. 분석과 환원에 의존하던 기존 과학은 그 절정의 순간에 거대한 장애물을 마주하게 된 것이다. 오늘날 창발적 현상에 대한 수리모형이나 계량데이터의 통계적 분석, 그리고 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통한 이론적 메커니즘의 구현에 노력을 경주하게 된 것은 지배적인 질서에 대한 반발로서 새로운 질서가 주목을 받기 시작했다는 것을 반증하고 있다. 본 논의는, 기존의 질서를 그대로 답습하기 때문에, 수동적인 의미를 갖는 법칙성이‘ 환원된 질서’와 관련이 있고, 새로운 질서를 찾아 나서기 때문에, 능동적인 의미를 갖는 복잡성이‘ 창발된 질서’와 관련이 있음을, 이 두 질서에 대한 이론의 형성과정을 통해서 검토하려고 한다. 먼저, 환원주의와 창발성이 어떻게 등장하게 되었는지를 역사적으로 간략하게 논의한 후, 이어서 창발성을 어떻게 개념화할 것인지를 논의한다. 또한 법칙성과 창발성을 질서의 관념에 포섭하려는 시도를 검토하고 있다. 끝으로 이러한 시론적인 성격의 글을 통해서 앞으로의 연구의 방향에 대해서 간략하게 논의한다. To understand certain phenomena, there are casew that we should give new order positively or conservatively rather than would stress the complication of order itself passively or progressively. The science of complexity is brought out in this situation. Especially when crossing and converging between the natural science and the social science, with the concept of emergence, the science of complexity would have new epoch. The traditional science depending on both the analysis and the reduction, at its triumphant moment, would face the huge obstacles. In these days, trying to the numerical model and the statistical analysis of the measured data on the emergent phenomena, and the realization of the theoretical mechanism on these phenomena using the computer simulation, it would prove the initiation of noticing the new order against the already dominant order. In this study, we would investigate that the law with negative meaning, since conserving the old order, is related with‘ the reduced order’ and the complexity with positive meaning, since searching for the new order, is related with‘ the emergent order’, through the process of forming the theory on these two orders. Previously, after we would address briefly the history on how could appear both the reductionism and the emergence, then would explain how the emergence could conceptualize. And we would review the attempt to embrace both the law and the emergence into the idea of order. Finally we would propose the further works.

Limited Frequency Interval Gramians Based Model Order Reduction of Unstable Second Order-Form Systems

Ali Sadaqat,Haider Shafiq,Huda Aamina Bintul,Hadi Hussain,Ammar Khawaja 대한전기학회 2023 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.18 No.2

In this manuscript, various balanced-truncation methods for limited frequency interval model order reduction applications of unstable second order systems (SOSs) are considered. Limited interval gramians are computed by solving the proposed algebraic Lyapunov equations (CALEs). Reduced order model (ROM) performance is optimized in required interval of frequency. It is observed that CALEs for unstable-SOSs become unsolvable and thus halt the reduction-procedure. To bridle this restraint, in first proposed method, fragmentation of continuous time unstable SOS in to stable and unstable segments is performed and ROM for stable part is computed. ROM thus acquired for stable segment is appended with unstable segment to obtain the reduced model in total. However, SOS-structure in ROM obtained from first proposed method gets lost and appended unstable part degrade ROM integrity. To avert these restraints, in later part, structure preserving approaches for unstable SOSs are presented. In structure preserving technique, system is made stable using Bernoulli feedback and gramians are calculated by solving frequency-limited CALEs. The resultant gramians are partitioned in to position and velocity portions in order to achieve structure-preservation so that interpretation of original-system is retained. The partitioned gramians are balanced with different combinations to achieve various second order balancing procedures that provide ROM with optimized performance in required frequency-interval. The comparison of proposed frequency-limited and infinite interval procedures is performed to prove the superiority of proposed procedures for multiple systems. The proposed development can be utilized for ROM performance optimization applications in limited-frequency interval for unstable-SOSs.

Pb(${Mg_{1/3}}{Nb_{2/3}}$)$O_3$계 고용체의 B자리 양이온 질서배열구조

차석배,김병국,제해준 한국세라믹학회 2000 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.37 No.5

Single phae Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-based solid solutions, the Mg2+ of which are replaced by 20mol% of Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and the Pb2+ of which are replaced by 0∼20 mol% of La3+, were synthesized and their ordering structures of B-site cations were investigated by XRD and TEM. The B'-site cations (Mg2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+) are disordered while these B'-site cations and the B"-site cations (Nb5+) are nonstoichiometrically 1:1 ordered within the ordered nano-domains dispersed in the Nb5+-rich disordered matrix. The charge imbalance between the B'-rich ordered nano-domains and the B"-rich disordered matrix are compensated by the doping of electron donor such as La3+, which enhances the degree of nonstoichiometric 1:1 ordering. For a given La3+ content, the degree of nonstoichiometric 1:1 ordering increases as the average ionic size difference between the B'-and B"-site cations increases, Ni2+<Zn2+<Cd2+.