Reliability and ratio in exponentiated complementary power function distribution

문영길,류세기,이창수 한국데이터정보과학회 2009 한국데이터정보과학회지 Vol.20 No.5

As we shall dene an exponentiated complementary power function distribution, we shall consider moments, hazard rate, and inference for parameter in the distribution. And we shall consider an inference of the reliability and distributions for the quotient and the ratio in two independent exponentiated complementary power function random variables.

Reliability and ratio in exponentiated complementary power function distribution

Moon, Yeung-Gil,Lee, Chang-Soo,Ryu, Se-Gi The Korean Data and Information Science Society 2009 한국데이터정보과학회지 Vol.20 No.5

As we shall dene an exponentiated complementary power function distribution, we shall consider moments, hazard rate, and inference for parameter in the distribution. And we shall consider an inference of the reliability and distributions for the quotient and the ratio in two independent exponentiated complementary power function random variables.

Reliability and ratio in exponentiated complementary power function distribution

Yeung Gil Moon,Chang Soo Lee,Se Gi Ryu 한국데이터정보과학회 2009 한국데이터정보과학회지 Vol.20 No.5

As we shall define an exponentiated complementary power function distribution, we shall consider moments, hazard rate, and inference for parameter in the distribution. And we shall consider an inference of the reliability and distributions for the quotient and the ratio in two independent exponentiated complementary power function random variables.

‘않-’와 ‘말-’의 교체에 대하여

양정호 ( Yang Jeong-ho ) 국어학회 2016 국어학 Vol.78 No.-

The purpose of this study is to clarify the alternation of ‘anh-’ and ‘mal-’ in the tiers of lexeme. In order to achieve this purpose, the identity of meaning and the complementary distribution will be examined, assuming that these two criteria, which constitute key criteria that confirms the alternation in the tiers of morpheme, can be applicable in the discussion of alternation in the tiers of lexeme. In addition, this study includes a discussion on the types and the conditions of alternation of ‘anh-’ and ‘mal-’. The discussion lead us to the following conclusions: (1) ‘anh-’ and ‘mal-’ have the same meaning, negation of an action or state expressed by the preceding verb. (2) ‘anh-’ and ‘mal-’ are in complementary, not exclusive, distribution. ‘anh-’ and ‘mal-’ are not in the exclusive distribution in some cases because of a historic change, the expansion of the distribution of ‘anh-’. (3) Identity of meaning and complementary distribution of ‘anh-’ and ‘mal-’ confirm that they are in the alternation. (4) The alternation of ‘anh-’ and ‘mal-’ occurs at the level of morpheme, not of lexeme. (5) The alternation of ‘anh-’ and ‘mal-’ is resulted from the semantic condition of ‘repeatability’ and ‘a broad meaning of imperative’.

현대 국어의 사이시옷은 과연 형태소인가

최형용 형태론 2009 형태론 Vol.11 No.1

주지하는 바와 같이 사이시옷은 관형격을 나타내는 문법형태소로서의 자격을 가지고 있었다. 그러나 현대 국어에서의 사이시옷은 거의 합성 명사 내부에서만 나타날 뿐이고 문장에서는 그 문법적 지위를 잃었다. 단어 내부에서 문법적 기능을 갖는다는 것 자체가 무리일 뿐만 아니라 그동안의 논의에서 그 분포를 설명하기 위해 베풀어진 의미론적 환경 제시도 예측력을 상실하였다. 즉 현대 국어의 사이시옷은 독자적 의미를 가지고 있지 못하며 애초에 가지고 있었던 상보적 분포도 보여 주지 못한다. 따라서 이를 형태소로 간주하는 것은 사이시옷의 과거에 집착한 결과라 할 수 있다. 또한 선행 요소나 후행 요소의 일부분으로 간주되는 사이시옷이 적지 않고 출현에서 임의성을 보여 주는 예들의 존재는 사이시옷을 공형태소로 간주하는 것도 쉽지 않다는 사실을 말해 준다. 유형론적으로도 현대 국어의 사이시옷과 비슷한 지위를 가지는 것이 보고된 바 있는데 이들도 형태소로서의 자격을 가지지는 못하는 것으로 보인다. As has been well-known, ‘Sai-sios’, in the past, had a status as a grammatical morpheme for genitive case. But in modern Korean ‘Sai-sios’ only occurs in a compound and has lost such a grammatical status in a sentence. It is implausible to state that ‘Sai-sios’ functions in a word if it were a syntactic unit. Moreover, the previous literature which mainly relies on semantic meanings to explain the distributions of ‘Sai-sios’ does not make consistent predictions and hence cannot be sustained. ‘Sai-sios’ in modern Korean does not have its independent meaning nor does it exhibit complementary distributions. Therefore, we cannot maintain the analysis of ‘Sai-sios’ as a grammatical morpheme unlike in the past. Since the distributions of ‘Sai-sios’ cannot be explained straightforwardly, ‘Sai-sios’ cannot be considered as a null morpheme. The claim that ‘Sai-sios’ is not a morpheme gets another support from typological evidence involving the equivalents of ‘Sai-sios’ in many languages.

따밀어 문자 및 음운 체계에 관한 소고

고태진(Koh, Tae-Jin) 한국외국어대학교 인도연구소 2014 남아시아연구 Vol.20 No.2

따밀어(Tamil)는 인도 남부에서 쓰이는 드라비다(Dravidian)어족 계통의 언어로 그 사용자 수는 약 7 천만 명에 이른다. 오늘날의 따밀어는 산스끄리뜨어와 브라흐미(Brahmi) 문자의 영향을 받으면서 문자 및 발음의 변화 그리고 문학적 특성에 의해 구별된 세 시기에 걸쳐 발전되었다. 따밀어의 문자는 다른 인도 문자들에서는 찾아볼 수 없는 단독 자음의 표기법인 점(Pulli, ?)의 사용과 원순문자(Vatteluttu, 圓脣文字)라는 독특한 모습을 띠고 있다. 그리고 깐나다어(Kannada), 뗄루구어(Telugu), 말라얄람어(Malayalam) 등의 드라비다 언어들과 달리 상보적 분포에 따른 이음들을 보여주는 특성을 나타내고 있다. 다시 말해서 따밀어의 파열음과 파찰음은 원칙적으로 무성무기음만 존재하며 각각의 유성무기음과 무성유기음, 즉 파열음과 파찰음 그리고 일부 유음과 활음은 하나 이상의 변이음을 갖는 상보적 분포를 보여주고 있다. 이러한 상보적 분포는 음운 환경에 따라 규칙적으로 나타나고 있으나 때로는 서로 혼용되어 쓰여지기도 한다. 또한 구어체와 문어체로 구별되는 따밀어의 역사적 발전은 발음의 편의성이 음운 규칙에 영향을 끼치는 결과를 낳기도 하였다. 그간 따밀어 문법학자들은 주로 『똘까삐얌』(T(l((((iyam) 중심의 전통 따밀어에 대하여 연구를 한 반면 구어체 중심의 현대 따밀어에 대해서는 등한시 하였던 것이 사실이다. 그리고 따밀어에 대한 국내 연구가 전무한 상황에서 본고는 힌디어 전공자들의 효율적인 따밀어 학습을 위한 연구의 기초 작업으로서 문자의 형성 과정 및 발음의 특징과 상보적 분포에 따른 변이음들을 중심으로 살펴보고자 한다. 이는 『똘까삐얌』 중심의 문어체 음운체계에서 벗어나 발음의 편의성에 따른 음운환경을 고려한 구어체 중심으로 대변되는 현대 따밀어 음운체계를 새롭게 정리하는 목적이기도 하다. Tamil is one of the Dravidian languages and is spoken mainly in the southern part of India, parts of Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore. The Tamil grammatical tradition is traceable to the pre-Christian era. To be more specific, the earliest grammatical work, Tolk?ppiyam belongs to the fifth century B.C. The present work is divided into three sections starting with the historical development of Tamil and ending with complementary distribution. Between the two sections, the script is discussed. In order to describe the sound system of languages, linguists use the notion of the phoneme. A phoneme is a contrastive unit in the sound system of a particular language. Each phoneme has a series of realizations. Realizations of the same phoneme are called ‘allophones’. In Tamil, it is particularly required to conduct a study on allophones and the environment in which they occur since Tamil shows a complex sound system. This paper investigates the phonological rule of stops as well as some features of the script in Tamil. By doing this, this work is to present a description of the above structure as clearly as possible and makes a humble attempt to provide the basic learning material for Tamil’s sound system and script.

多义副词的语义、语用功能及其教学策略——以多义副词“再”为例

焦毓梅 중한연구학회 2024 중한연구학간 Vol.0 No.35

副词是汉语词汇系统中最重要的词类之一,其中有一部分副词具有多个义项,这类副词用法复杂且使用频率高,通常也是教学中的重点、难点。传统教学中,通常会将这些副词义项作为独立的语法点进行相应的教学,既不注意各义项间关联又不说明其互补分布的规律,同时,囿于教学时间等因素的影响经常作简单化处理。我们尝试在已有相关教学的基础上,从副词多义性的角度入手探索其各义项的语义、语用功能,并提出相应的教学建议。囿于论文篇幅限制,我们选择常用副词“再”为例进行个案研究,从其各义项间的语义关联与教学顺序的安排、各义项间的语义差别与句法限制、各义项与近义副词的比较教学等三个方面展开讨论,最终期望通过本文中对“再”的个例研究,为多义副词的教学提供一些参考。 This Adverbs constitute one of the most significant categories within the Chinese lexical system. A subset of adverbs exhibit polysemy, characterized by their complex application and high frequency, making them a focal and challenging point in language pedagogy. In traditional instructional approaches, these adverbial meanings are often taught as discrete grammatical units, without addressing the interrelationships between their meanings or elucidating their patterns of complementary distribution. Furthermore, due to constraints such as limited instructional time, the treatment of these adverbs is often oversimplified. Building upon existing pedagogical frameworks, this study seeks to investigate the semantic and pragmatic functions of polysemous adverbs and offer relevant teaching recommendations. Due to space limitations, the adverb “zai(再)” is selected as a case study. The paper explores the semantic connections and pedagogical sequencing of its different senses, the semantic distinctions and syntactic constraints associated with each sense, and the comparative teaching of its semantic field alongside synonymous adverbs. Through this focused analysis of “zai(再)” ,the study aims to provide insights that can inform the broader teaching of polysemous adverbs.

한국인 학습자들의 영어 그림 명사구 내 재귀사와 대명사 처리 메카니즘

이진희 한국언어과학회 2024 언어과학 Vol.31 No.4

This study aims to investigate how Korean learners process anaphors(reflexives or pronouns) in picture noun phrases through two experiments: an offline acceptability judgment task and an online self-paced reading task. The results of the two experiments show that Korean learners’ processing of anaphors in picture noun phrases with and without possessors(e.g. Peter’s picture of him/himself, a picture of him/himself) was not strongly influenced by binding constraints. Especially, the processing of reflexives and pronouns in picture noun phrases with possessors did not follow complementary distribution. This indicates a discrepancy between linguistic theory and actual human usage. Therefore, these findings suggest that reflexives in picture noun phrases, regardless of the presence of a possessor, are exempt reflexives rather than structural reflexives. Additionally, not only the syntactic aspect but also the semantic and pragmatic aspects should be considered to reveal the hidden referential properties of anaphors in picture noun phrases.

자토석독구결의 선어말어미 ‘-거-’의 통합 양상에 대한 일고찰

이상금 ( Lee Sang-keum ) 구결학회 2020 구결연구 Vol.45 No.-

This article aims to describe the syntagmatic phenomenon of the prefinal ending ‘-geo-’ and ‘-eo-’ in Jatoseokdok-kugyol, and interpret its properties. For this, I examined which endings ‘-geo-’ and ‘-eo-’ combine with, and whether the alternation follows from the transitivity. According to the data, ‘-geo-’ and ‘-eo-’ do not show a complementary distribution. So I argued that the alternation due to the transitivity was a tendency rather than a rule. I also argued that the semantic functions of ‘-geo-’ and ‘-eo-’ are the same even though they do not show a complementary distribution.

경북말의 서술어미와 의문어미

김태엽 우리말글학회 2002 우리말 글 Vol.24 No.-

The primary purpose of this paper is to give an account of the several distinguishing trait on final-ending in Gyeongbuk dialect. The declarative final-ending and interrogative final-ending in Gyeongbuk dialect have features quite it's own of a complementary distribution according to the existence of interrogative pronoun and the feature of predicate. The '-indeo', '-euideo', '-sideo' of declarative final-ending and the '-ka', -ko', '-na', '-no' of interrogative final-ending have distinguishing trait of a complementary distribution according to the feature of predicate. The '-nideo' of declarative final-ending is choiced after the stem of verb, the '-euideo' of declarative final-ending is choiced after the stem of adjective, the '-sideo' of declarative final-ending is choiced after copula. And the '-ka', '-na' and '-ko', '-no' of interrogative final-ending have distinguishing trait of a complementary distribution according to the existence of interrogative pronoun. The former is choiced with the interrogative pronoun, the latter is not choiced with the interrogative pronoun. The '-ta' and '-teo' of declarative function have distinguishing trait of complementary distribution according to the existence of an honorific morpheme '-i-' in the construction of declarative final-ending.(Daegu University)