덕론(德論)에 기초한 스포츠 상업주의 비판

오현택(Oh, Hyun-Taek) 한국사회체육학회 2014 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.58

The purpose of this study was to widen the critical discussionto sport commercialism and generate a sense of alarm to it. This study criticized sport commercialism base don theory of virtue and intended to reestablish the nature of sport that changed by sport commercialism. The pneetration of commercialism that disguised as a industrialization was attended by many evils and malaise in the sporting world. Therefore, we must be on our guard against the penetration of commercialism into sport and take precautions against it. The critics to bad effect of sport commercialism based on theory of virtue were as follows: First, sport commercialism failed to seek the intrinsic value of sport because it obstruct the pursuit o pfersonal meaning in sport participation. Second, sport commercialism diminished the value and meaning of sport because it pursuit excessively economic profits. And last, sport commercialism could not elucidate the nature of sport that established by social tradition because an economic point of view is the only standard that analyze and estimate the sport in sport commercialism.

『수전노』,『마까마』,『천일야화』를 통해 본 무슬림의 상거래 관습

김정아 ( Jeong A Kim ) 한국아랍어아랍문학회 2016 아랍어와 아랍문학 Vol.20 No.3

The article aims at studying commercialism shown in medieval Arabic literature. The research range of the article is based on the anecdotes of the following books; al-Bukhala` by al-Jahiz from the 9<sup>th</sup> century, al-Maqamat by al-Hamadhani from the 11<sup>th</sup> century, Alf lailah wa lailah assumed to be written in the 12<sup>th</sup> century. Providing information is one of the utilities of literature. Commercialism becomes an important motif or even helps explaining the character in definite situations such as events, text, and the characters` action. In order to get a grasp of foreign literature, proficiency of the language and knowing the culture of the nation is crucial. Thus, comprehending the Muslims` commercialism enables understanding the overall characters and the plot of the work. The rule of ``same kind, same amount`` is an essential part of Islamic commercialism. The exact amount of gold should be dealt in market transaction. This is well shown in al-Bukhala`s fifth chapter "The Tale of Zubaidah b. Humayd" and other stories. In the sixth chapter of "The Tale of Abu Sa`id", a miser who became rich by ``ina dealing``. Reading the text, it can be inferred that the Muslim society refrain ``ina dealing``. Negative results of al-Nasiyyah dealing is shown in "Madhirah Maqamah" of al-Maqamat. It also works as a key to reveal the dark sides of the character. Al-Nasiyyah dealing is a type of credit transaction which people pay the money after getting the product, and was originally made for good intentions. However, some of the stories show the wrong interpretation of this Muslim`s commercialism. This article will introduce some ayat of Koran, related Hadith and Fatwa in order to help the understating of market dealings in each works.

``낭만적 거짓``, 예술, 그리고 상업주의: 포크너의 『야생 종려나무/예루살렘, 내 너를 잊는다면』

박정오 ( Jung Oh Park ) 한국현대영미소설학회 2012 현대영미소설 Vol.19 No.2

The Wild Palms, written as Faulkner was working as an established screenwriter in Hollywood, contains Faulkner`s poignant awareness of the commercialization of art and popular culture within a capitalist society. The main characters, Charlotte and the Tall Convict depicted in two contrapuntal stories, find their ideal role models in cheap romances and dime-store Westerns like Emma Bovary. In order to understand their desire mechanism, "romantic deceit (mensonge romantique in french)," the theory of Rene Girard, can be helpful; as much as the desires of the individual person seem autonomous, they are always suggested by a mediator or a mediated object. Charlotte and Harry who sacrificed everything for love managed to both earn a living and keep their love by sculpting the popular figures and writing pulp fiction. Their ``pure`` love is not only mediated by cheap romances, but also supported by the money earned from popular art and pulp. Therefore, there is no clear cut line between pure love (art) and popular commercialism, or high and low culture. This study also explores the metaphor of a prison as a captor of human life. The original title If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem comes from the Psalm; it is an admonition to remember freedom and the past even in the state of Babylonian captivity. The relation between captivity and freedom, one of the principal themes of this novel, is seen in the multiple meanings of the prison metaphor; from a prison named society to the one called money without which, even the purest love can not be sustained in a capitalist society. This novel is a sort of a turning point for the modernist Faulkner; from his Hollywood experience, he recognized the resistless flood of commercial popular culture and had a premonition of the postmodernism era in which the limit of pure art and popular culture would blur.

문인 서간과 출판 상업주의

김성수(Kim, Seong Su) 한국근대문학회 2013 한국근대문학연구 Vol.14 No.1

이 글에서는 1930년대 문인들의 사적 서간이 출판화되는 한 과정을 고찰하였다. 이광수, 장혁주, 임화, 박태원 등의 문인 서간이 어떻게 잡지와 서간집 등 인쇄매체에 정착되었는지 그 과정을 추적하여 ‘공간된 문인 서간’의 존재양상을 분석하였다. 이들 편지는 『신동아』 잡지의 기획기사로 게재되어 독자들의 주목을 끌고, 삼문사의 『조선문인서간집』으로 출판되어 인기를 얻었다. 문인 서간은 개인 간의 문안이나 사교의 통로보다는 인쇄물을 통한 문학적 매체로 활용되기도 했지만, 문학을 표방한 상업적 전략의 산물이기도 하였다. 『신동아』 서간 기획물이 단행본으로 편찬, 유통되어 인기 상품이 된 것처럼, 『조선문단』, 『조광』, 『문장』 등 1930년대 잡지에 문인 서간을 게재하는 기획과 그 기획물을 서간집으로 유통하는 것은 당시 출판 자본의 일상적 유행이었다. 유명 문인들의 필사본 편지가 ‘서간-서간문-잡지-출판사’라는 일종의 출판 상업주의 시스템으로 유통되면서 ‘인쇄된 근대 서간’이 문학 지향과 상업성을 띠게 되는 물질적 토대로 작용했던 셈이다. This paper looked into the process in which the private letters of literary artists of 1930s were published. It tracks down the processes by which the literary artist letters Lee Gwang-soo, Jang Hyeok-ju, Im hwa, Park Tae-won, etc., were integrated into printed media, and analyzed the pattern of existence of the published literary artist letters. These letters were published as a feature article in a magazine called Sindonga, attracting the attention of readers and captivated them when they were published as the Joseon Literary Artists Letter Collection. Literary artists letters were used as literary media through printed materials, rather than being used as the channel for socializing or the correspondence which were exchanged among individuals. However, those literary artists letters were also the by products of commercial strategy standing for the literature. Just as the letters featured in Sindonga were complied and distributed in a book form and mesmerized the readers, it was a widespread practice among the publication businesses to distribute the feature articles of literary artists letters in the form of letter collection in magazines such as Joseon Mundan, Jogwang, Munjang, etc., at that time. As the manuscript letter of renowned literary artists were distributed through a type of publication commercial system called ‘letter-letter writings-magazine-publisher’, the printed modern letters provided the material basis for pursing the literature and commercialism.

Undoing Discriminating with Discretion: Marianne Moore’s Use of East Asian Motif in “Nine Nectarines”

장미정 서울대학교 미국학연구소 2009 미국학 Vol.32 No.1

This essay analyzes the uniqueness in the use of East Asian motif in Marianne Moore’s “Nine Nectarines”. It presupposes that when a considerable amount of cultural, material, and human contact with East Asia had already been amassed in the US since 1856, it was natural that young American poets in the early twentieth centuries frequently showed East Asian themes and motifs in their poetry, and tried to relate those themes and motifs to various contemporary issues. However, East Asian themes and motifs were essentially exotic in many poems because their poetic efficacy arouse from their foreigness. Therefore, the themes and motifs had to look always foreign and curious in order for the poem to seize readers’ eyes. In an effort to secure the distance between the East Asian themes and motifs and the American context Also, a process of essentializating the race was also often involved: to define a race on the basis of a partial set of characteristics. In contrast, in “Nine Nectarines”, Marianne Moore picks up from the ordinary American life a three-fold-Chinese motif, a nectarine porcelain plate from China, and weaves it in conversation with contemporary American issues such as eugenics, racism, and commercialism. The Chinese motif reveals the limit of and makes a clear contrast with some radical ideas on those issues, yet the poem does not fall in idealizing the race on partial grounds. As a conclusion, this essay shows Marianne Moore’s use of the Chinese motif n “Nine Nectarines” as anticipating the later turn of the American poetry: to aturalize the foreign in the American poetry. This essay analyzes the uniqueness in the use of East Asian motif in Marianne Moore’s “Nine Nectarines”. It presupposes that when a considerable amount of cultural, material, and human contact with East Asia had already been amassed in the US since 1856, it was natural that young American poets in the early twentieth centuries frequently showed East Asian themes and motifs in their poetry, and tried to relate those themes and motifs to various contemporary issues. However, East Asian themes and motifs were essentially exotic in many poems because their poetic efficacy arouse from their foreigness. Therefore, the themes and motifs had to look always foreign and curious in order for the poem to seize readers’ eyes. In an effort to secure the distance between the East Asian themes and motifs and the American context Also, a process of essentializating the race was also often involved: to define a race on the basis of a partial set of characteristics. In contrast, in “Nine Nectarines”, Marianne Moore picks up from the ordinary American life a three-fold-Chinese motif, a nectarine porcelain plate from China, and weaves it in conversation with contemporary American issues such as eugenics, racism, and commercialism. The Chinese motif reveals the limit of and makes a clear contrast with some radical ideas on those issues, yet the poem does not fall in idealizing the race on partial grounds. As a conclusion, this essay shows Marianne Moore’s use of the Chinese motif n “Nine Nectarines” as anticipating the later turn of the American poetry: to aturalize the foreign in the American poetry.

Undoing Discrimination with Discretion: Marianne Moore`s Use of East Asian Motif in "Nine Nectarines"

( Mi Jung Jang ) 서울대학교 미국학연구소 2009 미국학 Vol.32 No.2

This essay analyzes the uniqueness in the use of East Asian motif in Marianne Moore`s "Nine Nectarines." It presupposes that when a considerable amount of cultural, material, and human contact with East Asia had already been amassed in the US since 1856, it was natural that young American poets in the early twentieth centuries frequently showed East Asian themes and motifs in their poetry, and tried to relate those themes and motifs to various contemporary issues. However, East Asian themes and motifs were essentially exotic in many poems because their poetic efficacy arouse from their foreigness. Therefore, the themes and motifs had to look always foreign and curious in order for the poem to seize readers` eyes. In an effort to secure the distance between the East Asian themes and motifs and the American context Also, a process of essentializating the race was also often involved: to define a race on the basis of a partial set of characteristics. In contrast, in "Nine Nectarines," Marianne Moore picks up from the ordinary American life a three-fold-Chinese motif, a nectarine porcelain plate from China, and weaves it in conversation with contemporary American issues such as eugenics, racism, and commercialism. The Chinese motif reveals the limit of and makes a clear contrast with some radical ideas on those issues, yet the poem does not fall in idealizing the race on partial grounds. As a conclusion, this essay shows Marianne Moore`s use of the Chinese motif in "Nine Nectarines" as anticipating the later turn of the American poetry: to naturalize the foreign in the American poetry.

1960년 로마올림픽

고영완(Ko, Young-Wan),안병수(An, Byeong-Soo),이강우(Lee, Kang-Woo) 한국체육과학회 2015 한국체육과학회지 Vol.24 No.2

Today’s olympism proposed by Pierre Coubertin was perverted situation, which leads to a better understanding of the historical facts and applies mainly to look at the real problems of the first and second data by literature, Ginzberg and Poni’s Micro-history pointviews investigated from the perspective of the Olympic Games in Rome. First, the Rome Olympic fierce political intervention to be deployed in the future state of the world in the flow of the Cold War, the impact of the Olympic Games had accelerated since the beginning of the contamination was political. Second, it is weak, but even if it was supposed to be the TV broadcasting step into the first step globally. It was a sign of changing definitely commercialization. Third, the Rome Olympic amateurism adhere to the seemingly looked like German sprinter Armin Hari Rome Olympic event that symbolizes the pure amateurism over the bar, while another starts the end of the commercialization of the Olympics and no doubt Professionalization is that without increased. Fourth, the Rome Olympic athletes during the tournament to the death of a significant doping issue has been highlighted how the scientific analysis of the drug and doping regulations that it was decided to enter the era. In conclusion, the appearance of the modern Olympics began to develop from the 1960 Rome Olympics, can you be sure it was in the flow, but the times he was able to determine the probability that enough.

영웅 신화로 본 스포츠영웅의 조건과 특성

임정식(Im, Jeong-Sig),김범준(Kim, Beom-Joon) 한국체육과학회 2014 한국체육과학회지 Vol.23 No.6

This dissertation aims to study the adventure and requirement of sports hero, and modern characteristics. Chanho Park and Yuna Kim, are chosen as modern heroes. Both modern heroes represent the adventure of hero myth. Chanho Park achieved 124 victories in major league and Yuna kim accomplisehd grand slam. And They worked for society through donation activities. However, modern sports heroes positively accept vocation. They accumulate wealth by cooperating with commercialism and are worshiped as cultural icons with the help of mass media replacing ancient rituals. Sports hero is similar to mythological hero in terms of adventure, achievement and public good. Yet, there is difference in acceptance of vocation, group worship and cooperation with commercialism.

스포츠 선수의 국적변경에서 파생된 법적 쟁점에 관한 고찰

김종호(Jongho Kim) 한국법학회 2019 법학연구 Vol.75 No.-

필자가 왜 스포츠 선수 중에는 국적을 변경하는 사람이 많은지 라는 의문을 가진 것은 원래 외국 국적을 가진 스포츠 선수가 자신의 국적을 변경하고 우리나라의 국가대표로 선발되었다는 뉴스를 접한 것이 직접적인 계기이다. 그 사이에 여러 가지 스포츠 대회를 보고 우리나라 대표로 나서는 선수들은 당연히 자신들이 한국 대표로 참가하고, 우리를 위해서 열심히 경기를 하고 있다고 생각했던 선수들의 행동이 이상하게 여겨졌다. 국가를 대표할 선수가 원래는 다른 나라 국적인 것은 뭔가가 잘못되었다고 생각했다. 그러나 이번 연구의 소재로서 이 문제에 관심을 가지고 조사를 하던 중 스포츠는 그냥 열광하거나 감동하는 것이 아니라 정치적인 이유 혹은 상업주의화라는 이익을 원했기 때문에 급격히 그 양상이 변하고 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 또 스포츠 선수는 자신의 꿈을 이루겠다고 생각하고 그래서 국적변경도 마다하지 않는 것이라는 사실을 알았을 때 필자가 보기에는 스포츠 선수의 개인적인 삶이 그 배경에 자리하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이 글에서 필자는 스포츠 선수가 국적을 변경하는 이유는 스포츠가 상업주의화를 진행한 결과 그 본질적인 모습의 변화에 큰 영향을 미치고 있다고 진단하였다. 스포츠의 상업주의화의 일부분이 스포츠 선수의 국적변경의 이유 있는 한 부분이라고 생각하지만 이처럼 영향을 미치는 것 같다고 생각하는 것만으로 고찰을 계속할 필요가 있는지는 의문이 든다. 더 나아가 2가지 사이의 관계성을 제대로 밝히면 좋겠다고 생각하였다. 또 국적을 변경하는 스포츠 선수에 관한 선행연구 문헌이 많지 않기 때문에 여러 채널을 통해 사례조사를 하였다. 그러나 이외에 다른 연구방법은 없을까 여전히 의문이 있다. 다만, 조사를 진행하고 나서 한 가지 확인한 것은 국적변경 제도의 시스템이 잘 작동하지 못하고 있는 것 아니냐는 의문이다. 즉, 국민에게 그 국가의 일원이자 자긍심을 갖게 하거나 다른 나라에 자국의 우월성을 알리는 수단으로서 선수의 국적변경을 촉진하는 것은 뭔가 모순되는 것은 아닌가 하는 생각이다. 이 글을 통해서 스포츠라는 것을 이전과는 다른 관점에서 이해할 필요가 있고 이것은 이전보다 스포츠에 더 다양한 관심을 갖는 계기가 될 것이다. 미디어에 비치는 하나하나의 장면에도 뭔가가 숨어 있지 않은지 찾아야 할 것이고, 장차 어떻게 스포츠가 변화하는지 호기심이나 흥미를 가질 수 있을 것이다. 다만, 선수의 국적변경에 얼마나 많은 금전적인 이유가 관여되었거나 국가가 이익을 추구하고 스포츠 외적인 이유에 얽힌 것이 있어도 운동선수나 국민 모두 그 경기에 열광하거나 감동하는 것은 예전과 비교해도 크게 변하지 않을 것이다. I wondered why there are so many sports players who change their nationality. It is a direct opportunity to hear the news that a sports player with a foreign nationality changed his nationality and was selected as the national representative of Korea. In the meantime, the athletes who saw the various sports competitions and became the representatives of Korea, of course, felt strange about the behavior of the players who thought they were participating as Korean representatives and playing hard for us. The player who would represent the nation originally thought something was wrong with another state. However, while researching with interest in this issue as the subject of this study, it was confirmed that the sport was not just enthusiastic or impressed, but was rapidly changing because it wanted to benefit from political reasons or commercialization. Also, when I realized that a sports player thought of fulfilling his dream and that he would not change his nationality, I could see that the personal life of the sports player was in the background. In this article, I diagnosed that the reason for the change of nationality of sports athletes has a big influence on the change of the essential features of sports as a result of commercialization. I think that part of the commercialization of sports is part of the reason for a change in the nationality of a sports player, but it is questionable whether it is necessary to continue the consideration just by thinking that it seems to affect this. Furthermore, I thought it would be good to clarify the relationship between the two. In addition, case studies were conducted through various channels because there are not many literatures on sports athletes changing nationality. However, there are still questions about whether there are other research methods. However, one thing that was confirmed after the research was the question whether the nationality change system is not working well. In other words, it is contradictory to promote the change of nationality of athletes as a means of giving the people the pride and pride of the nation or informing other countries of their superiority. Through this article, it is necessary to understand sports from a different perspective than before, and this will lead to more diversified interest in sports than before. We will have to find out what’s hidden in every single scene in the media, and we will be curious or interested in how the sport changes in the future. However, no matter how much monetary reasons involved in changing a player’s nationality, or where the state pursues profits and are involved in non-sports reasons, the excitement and excitement of both athletes and the public will not change much.

지역신문의 문화보도 경향: 제주지역일간지 문화,방송 연예면 기사를 중심으로

고영철 ( Young Churl Ko ) 한국지역언론학연합회 2006 언론과학연구 Vol.6 No.4

이 연구는 우리사회 문화의 생산자이면서 주요 통로인 신문의 보도내용 분석을 통해 제주사회 문화지형의 변화를 실증적으로 밝히려는데 주 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 제주지역 3개 일간지의 문화예술관련기사의 변화경향을 5년 간격(1995년, 2000년, 2005년)으로 살펴보았다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 문화예술기사 형식에서는 스트레이트형 단순보도 기사는 줄어들고 있는 데 반해 짧은 형식의 해설기사 등은 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 문화예술활동에 대한 비평 및 비판기사는 미미했다. 둘째, 문학 및 학술 중심의 고급문화가 쇠퇴하고 있는 반면에 영화, 방송연예, 대중음악 등과 같은 대중문화가 주류문화로 등장하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 전통문화의 보도량은 전시기에 걸쳐 아주 적었다. 셋째, 예술작품과 예술가 그리고 문화예술 행사의 보도비중은 현재로 올수록 상대적으로 높아지고 있는 반면에 고급문화 영역인 각종 출판물에 대한 보도기사 비율은 감소현상을 보였다. 문화기사에 등장하는 인물들도 현재로 올수록 과거 엘리트중심(문화분야 전문가/교수)에서 연예인 중심으로 바뀌고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 농어민·노동자, 여성·주부, 청소년 등은 문화면 기사에서도 소외되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 문화예술기사 사진의 피사체에 나타난 가장 큰 변화는 공연 및 작품 그리고 예술가의 등장 비중은 현재로 올수록 높게 증가한데 반해 문화예술 행사, 행사주체 단체나 관련인사, 문화시설 등의 사진은 대폭 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 이러한 결과들은 제주지역주민들이 생산·향유하고 있는 문화가 서울지역의 문화와 별반 두드러진 차이가 없고, 또한 신문의 상업주의적 성격이 강화되고 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. The purpose of this research is to analyze the changes in the cultural geography of Jeju province by examining newspaper coverage, which is deemed to be cultural producer and a broad cross-section of society. This study particularly focuses on the culture and art coverage of three primary local daily newspapers at regular intervals of five years (1995, 2000, 2005). Major findings of the study are as follow first, in relation to culture and art, brief commentary type coverage has increased while straightforward reports have decreased. In particular, the enlightenment functions of newspapers were found to have been curtailed. Second, popular culture, such as movies, entertainments, popular music, etc, has emerged as the mainstream culture whereas sophisticated culture including literature and science has been ebbing away. In addition, the coverage on traditional culture was found to have consisted of the meager portion in all periods. Third, the coverage on various publications has been on the gradual decrease while reports on art works, artists, and cultural and art events have exhibited steady increase over the years. The coverage (cultural fiend, expert/professor) also tends to shift from elite culture to entertainment mass culture. In the meantime, less attention has been paid to farmers, fishermen, laborers, woman, housewives, and teenagers, excluding from the coverage. Fourth, the most noteworthy change with regard to the photo insertion in culture reports is that photos showing organizers and organizing bodies, cultural facilities, and programs have far less appeared, while ones featuring artists, artworks and performance have more frequently appeared over the years. The overall findings indicate that culture produced and shared by Jeju residents, is not significantly different from that of Seoul residents, and newspapers have been increasingly characterized by commercialism.