집합 열광 이후의 집합 의례 : 의례이론으로 본 홍콩의 송환법 반대 시위

최규연 ( Choi Kyu Youn ),박한비 ( Park Han Bi ) 민주화운동기념사업회 2021 기억과 전망 Vol.- No.45

본 연구는 2019년 시작된 홍콩 송환법 반대 시위를 의례이론의 관점으로 조명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 홍콩 시위의 절정에서 수행된 집합 의례의 산물은 무엇이며, 이는 시위가 억압되는 현재 상황에 무엇을 남겼는가? 뒤르켐과 뒤르켐주의 의례이론은 성속이분법, 리미널리티, 집합 열광 개념을 통해 사회운동에서 나타나는 탈경계적 참여자 포섭과 격동적 집합 정서가 생성하는 사회 변혁적 에너지를 설명한다. 본고는 이 개념들을 통해서 홍콩 시위의 절정기와 시위가 억압된 후속기 동안 진행된 의례 활동을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 홍콩 시위의 정점이었던 2019년 6월 시위에는 영국/중국과 민주주의/사회주의의 성속 대립을 중심으로 강렬한 집합 열광이 산출되었다. 2020년 보안법 시행 이후 홍콩인들은 열기로 가득 찼던 과거 시위에 대한 기념의 의례를 수행하며, 억압을 피해 세계로 흩어진 이주 홍콩인들은 다원적 거점에서 집합 의례를 지속하고 민주주의 가치라는 성의 세계화를 도모한다. 이 분석에 기반하여, 본고는 집합 열광으로 생성되는 사회 변혁의 에너지가 집합 행동이 억압된 상황에서 ‘성스러움의 집합 기억’으로 의례 참가자 내부에 각인되어 집합 흥분과 무관한 사회 변혁의 동인으로 영속화되며, 세계 시민사회와의 조우를 통해 성스러운 가치의 세계 종교적 확장으로 진전된다고 주장한다. This paper sheds light on the 2019-2020 Hong Kong protests from the perspective of Durkheimian ritual theories. What were the outcomes of the collective rituals practiced during the peak of the protests, and what remains of those outcomes after the protests were forcefully suppressed? Durkheim and Durkheimian ritual theories elaborate on the transformative energies emerging from the collective sentiments and solidarity building of social movements, drawing on the sacred-profane dichotomy, collective effervescence, liminality, and communitas. Employing these concepts, our study analyzes the ritual practices performed both at the peak of the Hong Kong protests in 2019 and the period of suppression which followed in 2020. This analysis particularly focuses on the legacies of the mass demonstrations in 2019, advancing understanding of the far-reaching outcomes of collective rituals. Our findings reveal that the participants of the protests in June 2019 experienced intense collective effervescence centered on the sacred-profane dichotomies of Britain versus China and democracy versus socialism to reach liminality and develop communitas. In the subsequent period after the enactment of the new national security law for Hong Kong in 2020, the people of Hong Kong practiced commemorative rituals to perpetuate the memories of collective effervescence. Moreover, those who left Hong Kong to escape oppression continued to practice collective rituals in multiple locations around the world, expanding the sacred values of the Hong Kong protests as a part of the universal value of democracy. Based on this analysis, we argue that, when collective action is suppressed, transformative energy emerging from collective effervescence becomes embedded within those practicing collective rituals as the ‘collective memory of the sacred’ which consolidates over time. This collective memory becomes a perpetual driver that is independent from the collective effervescence, and through the entry into global civil society, evolves into the universal expansion of the sacred values held up by the collective rituals.

The Ritual Experience in the Catalan Pro-Independence Movement and Everyday Activism

Garam Kwon 부산외국어대학교 중남미지역원 2016 이베로아메리카 Vol.18 No.1

Based on ethnographic research conducted around the district of Gràcia, Barcelona, this article explores the experiences of Catalan activists during the annual demonstration on the National Day of Catalonia, and how these experiences affected the sustenance of the Catalan pro-independence movement. Especially focusing on activists’ participation in the demonstration of the Catalan Way in 2013, this study pays particular attention to how a strong emotional experience had by activists during the “ritual of resistance” became a source of energy for activists to continue their activism in everyday life. As the movement became accessible from the neighbourhoods, the participation of ordinary people with no previous experience of activism increased in the Catalan pro-independence movement. As activists started to prepare for the annual demonstration, social interactions increased and the local ambiance became energised. On the day of the demonstration, activists began to perform a ritual symbolising Catalan independence as the popular will, and they could feel a “collective effervescence” during this ritual. This strong emotional experience during the ritual lasted even after the ritual was finished, thereby inspiring the continuation and expansion of pro-independence activism in their quotidian life.

The Ritual Experience in the Catalan Pro-Independence Movement and Everyday Activism

권가람 부산외국어대학교 중남미지역원 2016 이베로아메리카 Vol.18 No.1

Basado en una investigación etnográfica llevada a cabo en el distrito de Gràcia, en Barcelona, este artículo explora cómo los activistas catalanes viven la manifestación anual que se da cada 11 de Setiembre, el Día Nacional de Cataluña y cómo estas experiencias afectan el sostenimiento del movimiento independentista catalán. Enfocado especialmente en la participación de los activistas en la manifestación de la ‘Vía Catalana’ del 2013, este estudio presta una atención especial a cómo la fuerte experiencia emocional que los activistas experimentan mediante el 'ritual de resistencia' se convierte en una fuente para continuar su activismo en la vida cotidiana. A medida que el movimiento se hizo patente a nivel de los barrios, donde el nivel de intimidad y familiaridad es muy alto, la participación en el movimiento independentista catalán de la gente sin experiencia previa de activismo se incrementó notablemente. Tal como los activistas empezaron a preparar la manifestación anual, las interacciones sociales se incrementaron y el ambiente se cargaba de emoción. En el día de la manifestación, los activistas comenzaron sus tareas para simbolizar la independencia catalana como la ‘voluntad popular’ y podían sentir ‘efervescencia colectiva’ mediante este ritual. La experiencia emocional que los activistas tuvieron durante el ritual duró más allá de finalizado este ritual, operando como un recurso para continuar y ampliar el activismo en su vida cotidiana. Based on ethnographic research conducted around the district of Gràcia, Barcelona, this article explores the experiences of Catalan activists during the annual demonstration on the National Day of Catalonia, and how these experiences affected the sustenance of the Catalan pro-independence movement. Especially focusing on activists’ participation in the demonstration of the Catalan Way in 2013, this study pays particular attention to how a strong emotional experience had by activists during the “ritual of resistance” became a source of energy for activists to continue their activism in everyday life. As the movement became accessible from the neighbourhoods, the participation of ordinary people with no previous experience of activism increased in the Catalan pro-independence movement. As activists started to prepare for the annual demonstration, social interactions increased and the local ambiance became energised. On the day of the demonstration, activists began to perform a ritual symbolising Catalan independence as the popular will, and they could feel a “collective effervescence” during this ritual. This strong emotional experience during the ritual lasted even after the ritual was finished, thereby inspiring the continuation and expansion of pro-independence activism in their quotidian life.

Evolution of Male Music Bands: From Barbershop Quartets of the Late 19th Century to the Explosion of K-pop Bands

이월해 인문사회 21 2022 인문사회 21 Vol.13 No.5

Evolution of Male Music Bands: From Barbershop Quartetsof the Late 19th Century to the Explosion of K-pop BandsYuehai Li Abstract: This study aims to provide an overview of the evolution of male music bands and analyze their syndrome via sociological theories. It employs a qualitative research as its methodology, in which the relevant academic research and literature were searched and analyzed. The contents of the evolution of the bands include the origin of the male vocal group, the blueprints for the male music band genre in the early to mid-20th century, the template for the modern male music band, the explosion of modern male music bands in the West, the growing popularity of male music bands in the East, and the takeover of K-pop in the male music band sphere. Then the phenomena are analyzed through sociological theories of collective effervescence, fan identification, and stereotypes of gender roles. In conclusion, male music bands have driven socio-cultural changes and contributed to economic development as they continue to become more popular. It is suggested to explore further the various factors of their popularity and their different impacts on the music industry. Key Words: Male Music Band, Evolution, Collective Effervescence, Identification, K-pop Evolution of Male Music Bands: From Barbershop Quartetsof the Late 19th Century to the Explosion of K-pop BandsYuehai Li Abstract: This study aims to provide an overview of the evolution of male music bands and analyze their syndrome via sociological theories. It employs a qualitative research as its methodology, in which the relevant academic research and literature were searched and analyzed. The contents of the evolution of the bands include the origin of the male vocal group, the blueprints for the male music band genre in the early to mid-20th century, the template for the modern male music band, the explosion of modern male music bands in the West, the growing popularity of male music bands in the East, and the takeover of K-pop in the male music band sphere. Then the phenomena are analyzed through sociological theories of collective effervescence, fan identification, and stereotypes of gender roles. In conclusion, male music bands have driven socio-cultural changes and contributed to economic development as they continue to become more popular. It is suggested to explore further the various factors of their popularity and their different impacts on the music industry. Key Words: Male Music Band, Evolution, Collective Effervescence, Identification, K-pop

The Ritual Experience in the Catalan Pro-Independence Movement and Everyday Activism

Kwon, Garam 부산외국어대학교 이베로아메리카연구소 2016 이베로아메리카 Vol.18 No.1

Based on ethnographic research conducted around the district of Gràcia, Barcelona, this article explores the experiences of Catalan activists during the annual demonstration on the National Day of Catalonia, and how these experiences affected the sustenance of the Catalan pro-independence movement. Especially focusing on activists’ participation in the demonstration of the Catalan Way in 2013, this study pays particular attention to how a strong emotional experience had by activists during the “ritual of resistance” became a source of energy for activists to continue their activism in everyday life. As the movement became accessible from the neighbourhoods, the participation of ordinary people with no previous experience of activism increased in the Catalan pro-independence movement. As activists started to prepare for the annual demonstration, social interactions increased and the local ambiance became energised. On the day of the demonstration, activists began to perform a ritual symbolising Catalan independence as the popular will, and they could feel a “collective effervescence” during this ritual. This strong emotional experience during the ritual lasted even after the ritual was finished, thereby inspiring the continuation and expansion of pro-independence activism in their quotidian life. Key Words: Catalan Pro-Independence Movement, Nationalism, Ritual of Resistance, Collective Effervescence, Catalan Way Basado en una investigación etnográfica llevada a cabo en el distrito de Gràcia, en Barcelona, este artículo explora cómo los activistas catalanes viven la manifestación anual que se da cada 11 de Setiembre, el Día Nacional de Cataluña y cómo estas experiencias afectan el sostenimiento del movimiento independentista catalán. Enfocado especialmente en la participación de los activistas en la manifestación de la ‘Vía Catalana’ del 2013, este estudio presta una atención especial a cómo la fuerte experiencia emocional que los activistas experimentan mediante el 'ritual de resistencia' se convierte en una fuente para continuar su activismo en la vida cotidiana. A medida que el movimiento se hizo patente a nivel de los barrios, donde el nivel de intimidad y familiaridad es muy alto, la participación en el movimiento independentista catalán de la gente sin experiencia previa de activismo se incrementó notablemente. Tal como los activistas empezaron a preparar la manifestación anual, las interacciones sociales se incrementaron y el ambiente se cargaba de emoción. En el día de la manifestación, los activistas comenzaron sus tareas para simbolizar la independencia catalana como la ‘voluntad popular’ y podían sentir ‘efervescencia colectiva’ mediante este ritual. La experiencia emocional que los activistas tuvieron durante el ritual duró más allá de finalizado este ritual, operando como un recurso para continuar y ampliar el activismo en su vida cotidiana. Palabras Clave: Independentismo Catalán, Nacionalismo, Ritual de Resistencia, Efervescencia Colectiva, Vía Catalana

재난 이후 공동체는 어떻게 재구성되는가?: 2020년 섬진강 범람 이후 구례지역 사례 연구

신유정 ( Shin Yoojeong ),이채연 ( Lee Chaeyeon ) 한국문화인류학회 2021 韓國文化人類學 Vol.54 No.2

이 연구는 2020년 수해 이후 구례지역에서 일어났던 사건들과 사람들의 이야기를 가급적 충실하게 기록하여 후속 연구의 기초자료를 확보하고자 하는 목적으로 시작되었다. 더불어 연구자는 당시 범지역적이고 자발적으로 이루어졌던 다양한 연대와 실천이 어떻게 가능했는지, 그리고 그러한 재난 유토피아적 실천들에도 불구하고 재난의 무게에 짓눌린 채 고립된 이들의 이야기들을 어떻게 이해해야 할 것인지에 관심을 갖는다. 과연 재난과 그 복구 과정에 등장한 ‘우리’란 무엇이었으며, 그 경계는 어떻게 확정되고 재구성되는 것일까. 이 연구에서는 먼저, 재난 직후 이전에 없던 범지역적이고 공동체 지향적인 연대 실천들이 가능했던 사회적 조건들이 무엇인지를 파악하고자 했다. 고립과 상실의 정동, 재난 이전 지역사회가 결집할 수 있었던 사회적 계기들, 타자의 현존에 대한 물리적 자각과 경험에 대한 분석을 통해 이러한 연대 실천을 일종의 집합적 의례(Durkheim 1995[1912])로 해석할 수 있었다. 이 의례를 통해 확인할 수 있었던 것은 다름 아닌, 이 처참한 폐허 속 ‘당신’과 ‘내’가 존엄하고 신성한 ‘인격’을 가진 존재라는 점이었다. 그렇다면 이러한 집합적 열광의 경험에도 불구하고, 왜 누군가는 그 ‘우리’라는 경계 밖으로 내몰려 고립되고 마는지, 개인의 고통 경험이 오히려 증폭되는 것은 무엇 때문인가의 문제도 함께 논의하였다. 구조의 문제는 상호작용의 의례와 맞물려 피해당사자들을 자신의 사회적 자리로부터 밀어내곤 했다. 대면한 사람들과의 일상적 상호작용 의례는 종종 단절되며, 그 대상은 재난 이후 더욱 취약함을 경험하는 이들인 경우가 대부분이었다. 다양한 구조적 요인들은 피해자들에게 자격을 요구하며 피해자됨의 위계를 구성하고, 지방정부는 피해자들의 일상을 회복하기보다 재난 이후 증여된 각종 자원들을 자본주의적 기회로 활용하는 데 골몰한다. 이러한 과정에서 피해자들의 고통은 사회적 장에서 적절히 다루어지지 못하고 개인의 사적인 영역 안에 고립되고 사사화 되어버린다. This study started with the purpose of recording the events and people’s stories of what took place in Gurye-gun after the flood as faithfully as possible. The focus is on how the various practices of solidarity were possible during the disaster, and at the same time, how to best understand the stories of those who were isolated and overwhelmed by the weight of the suffering. How did the survivors define the concept of “we” during this terrible period, and how are the boundaries established and reconstructed? First, we evaluated the situation since the disaster onset in order to understand the social conditions for the development of regional and community-oriented solidarity practices, which were not previously present in this area. Through analysis of the affect of isolation and loss, of the social moments that the local community could gather before the disaster, of the visibility of the disaster and of the realization of co-presence of others, we found out that the practice of this solidarity is a kind of collective ritual(Durkheim 1995[1912]). What I was able to confirm through this ritual was that “you” and “I” in this terrible ruin are beings with dignity and divine personhood. However, despite the experiences of mutual aid and collective effervescence among citizens, the questions of why some people are driven outside the boundaries of “we” and become isolated, and why the individual’s experience of suffering is amplified must also be discussed. Interaction rituals are often cut off, and the insulted victims are often those who experience more vulnerability after disaster. The problem of social structure, coupled with interaction rituals, pushed the victims out of their social place. The various structural factors that determine the hierarchy of victimhood and the attitude of local governments when allocating the resources donated after the disaster in a capitalist way left the victims with the responsibility for their own recovery as individuals, and amplified the suffering of the victims.

베버, 뒤르케임, 슈츠, 그리고 2016~2017년

김광기(Kwang-ki Kim) 한국사회학회 2018 韓國社會學 Vol.52 No.2

대한민국은 2016~2017년 사이 정권을 무너뜨리고 새 정권을 수립한 역사적 대변혁을 이루었다. 그 시기 대통령을 탄핵하고 새 정권을 탄생시킨 과정은 가히 혁명이라 불러도 손색이 없는 격동기였다. 그래서 일반 시민들은 그것을 촛불혁명으로 부른다. 이 논문에서는 촛불혁명을 엄밀한 의미에서 학문적으로도 혁명의 범주에 넣을 수 있다고 판단하고 이 역사적 사건에 주목해 그 특징을 분석하고 그 의미를 해석하고 있다. 이러한 시도를 함에 있어 본 논문은 사회학의 거장들인, 베버와 뒤르케임 그리고 슈츠를 함께 거론하고 있다. 얼핏 보면 이들은 혁명론의 선두주자라 할 수 있는 마르크스와 비교해 볼 때 혁명과는 아무런 관련이 없는 이들로 간주되어 왔다. 그렇지만 필자가 볼 때 그들의 사회사상과 이론에는 우리의 촛불혁명을 이해하고 분석하는 데 도움을 받을 부분이 충분히 녹아 있다고 판단되기에 그들의 사회학이론을 준거로 우리의 촛불혁명을 다루려고 한다. 물론 이들에 집중하기 때문에 이 논문에서는 계급갈등과 투쟁에 기초한 프롤레타리아 혁명을 설파한 마르크스는 제외했다. 요약하면 본 논문에서는 급격한 사회변동, 특히 혁명을 다루는 데 필수불가결한 세 가지 요소인 베버의 카리스마와 뒤르케임의 집합적 흥분, 그리고 슈츠의 일상생활세계의 자연적 태도(의 취약성)와 그 초월에 대해 상세히 다루고, 우리의 촛불혁명을 고찰함에 있어 그것들의 적용가능성을 비판적으로 검토하고자 한다. 궁극적으로 베버와 뒤르케임 그리고 슈츠의 사회학 이론을 통해 촛불혁명을 분석하고 이해하고자 한다. The year between 2016 and 2017 in South Korea was the time for the historical and catastrophic change where the existing regime collapsed and a new political administration was brought by the raging citizens. The whole process of the impeachment of president and establishment of the new regime was definitely a revolutionary event without any bloodshed or forms of violence, thus enough to be called as ‘Candle-light Revolution’ by the vast majority of Korean citizens including scholars. Considering the Candle-light Revolution a revolution from scholastic aspect as its entitlement by the mass, this paper attempts to analyze the features and to interpret the meaning of this historical event. To do so, this paper addresses Weber, Durkheim, and Schutz’s sociological insights regarding revolutions, and scrutinizes the Candle-light Revolution in the light of the three great thinkers’ ideas. These three sociologists, unlike Marx, have been found irrelevant to the notion of revolution, although I would like to argue that their idea and theories do show essential connections to a revolution; however, those offer enough insights for comprehending and analyzing the Candle-light Revolution in part. Since the Candlelight Revolution was not brought due to the class conflict and struggle, rather than bridging the Marxist view to the analysis, this paper projects an analysis mainly focusing on Weber’s theory of charisma, Durkheim’s collective effervescence, and Schutz’s natural attitude.

'운동 문화'의 사회학

박영신(Yong Shin Park) 한국사회이론학회 2005 사회이론 Vol.- No.27

의례로서의 저널리즘

박영흠(Youngheum Park),김균(Kyun Kim) 한국언론학회 2016 한국언론학보 Vol.60 No.1

This study attempts to convey a comprehensive picture of the current state of Korean journalism, which is highly and explicitly partisan, by adding a new cultural dimension to our understanding of the problem. The basic premise of this study is that the partisan nature of Korean journalism has been supported and ensured by the emotional and moral experiences of individuals which subsequently provide an important basis for maintaining and reinforcing a sense of political belonging. Inspired by Durkheim’s theory of ritual, the authors argue that journalism in Korea functions as a ritual which submits individuals to a particular collective discipline of a political group and then serves to reaffirm the cohesiveness of the group. Examining the interplay between social and technological conditions of Korean journalism, this study analyzes the historical formation of partisan journalism in Korea during last three decades. Finally, taking the current partisan journalism of Korea as a site of intervention and dislocation, the authors hope that this understanding leads us to identify a new set of theoretical issues regarding the current failure of communication structure of Korean society and journalism’s role in it.