중국 동북지역 도시상업은행(城市商業銀行)의 "시장자유화"로의 이행

김송죽 ( Song Juk Kim ),유가 ( Jia Liu ) 현대중국학회 2014 現代中國硏究 Vol.16 No.1

이 논문은 두 가지 목적을 가진다. 하나는 중국 금융기업의 개혁개방정도와 규제완화, 민영화, 시장자유화를 알아보기 위한 시도이다. 다른 하나는 기존에 다루어지지 않은 도시상업은행에 대한 전반적인 소개와 일차자료를 제공함으로써 향후 이 주제에 관한 학문적 토대를 마련하는 것이다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 최근 비약적으로 발전하고 있는 동북3성의 도시상업은행을 사례로 분석하였다. <2013년 세계은행순위 1000>과 <2013년 중국상업은행순위 50>에서 동북3성의 도시상업은행이 각각 10개와 4개가 선정되었다. 이는 소속도시의 지역경제와 고객을 위해서만 경영이 가능했던 지방의 한 도시상업은행이 중국 국내는 물론 전 세계은행들과 경쟁할 수 있을 만큼 비약적인 성장을 한 것이다. 그러나 선행연구에서는 본 현상에 대한 담론형성이 전무하기 때문에 이 문제의식을 가지고 본 연구에 착수하였다. 동북3성의 17개 도시상업은행을 분석한 결과, 제도적·지역발전적·경영적 측면에서 다음과 같은 특징을 도출할 수 있었다. 제도적 측면에서 보면, 동북3성 도시상업은행은 점진적인 민영화와 자율적 권한이 확대되고 있다. 지역발전적 측면에서 보면, 도시상업은행은 도시화, 산업화, 교통 인프라 구축이 잘 형성된 곳일수록 발전하기가 용이하다는 일반적인법칙이 동북3성의 사례에서도 증명된다. 경영적 측면에서 보면, 동북3성도시상업은행은 자산 및 경영관리의 내실화와 금융서비스의 차별화 전략을 통해 자가발전과 경쟁력을 제고시키고 있다. 결론적으로 동북3성의 도시상업은행이 보여주는 중앙-지방정부 역할의 감소, 비국유 중소기업의 증가와 발전, 규제완화, 시장개방, 도시화, 민영화 추세는 중국 금융시스템이 지닌 자유시장경제체제의 특징을 시사한다. This project has two different purposes. One thing is to pioneer the research area on Chinese financial market. More specifically, the one has examined the degree of openness of the financial market such as, restriction of the market, privatization, and marketization. The other is to establish fundamental data base on the research of Chinese city commercial bank for future perspective researches. For this, the one has focused on The 3 Northeast Provinces of China (named Liaoniang, Jilin, Heilongjiang provinces), where city commercial banks has shown remarkable development. These urban based commercial banks has been ranked in 2013 World Bank Ranking 1000 and 2013 Chinese City Commercial Bank Ranking 50 (10 for the WB ranking and 4 for the Chinese City Commercial Bank Ranking). These local-specialized banks has been developed so that they even compete not only with national but also with world-famous banks. Because there has not been formulated any discourse on the research of the Chinese city commercial banks, the one has come to possess a question on this matter. This research has been composed of three different parts; the historical genealogy of bank development, the position of role of the banks, and the internal status of the banks. After conducting comparative analysis of 17 city commercial banks in the 3 Northeast Provinces of China, the one draws conclusions from institutional, environmental, and, management modelling perspectives. From institutional view, city commercial banks of the 3 Northeast Provinces of China are largely based on private investment, not based on public funds opposite from what the law of City Commercial Bank 1995. This shows that the degree of power projection of the central government has been weakened as the flow of private capital is no longer able to be controlled by the public sphere. This means that the privatization of Chinese city commercial banks is controlled by the private capital not by the public area. Furthermore, as 2004 China Banking Regulatory Commission authorized ‘Cross Regional Business(跨區域經營)’ policy, the autonomy and right of the banks has been expanded. Based on this, city commercial banks are capable of possessing the compatibility with world class banks. From environmental perspective, it is more plausible for the banks to develop in urbanized, and industrialized area with well-established transport system. The 3 Northeast Provinces of China are well- exemplarized this general law. The degree of development of banks is well- exhibited in urban area where international trade is active with high level of industrialization, such as a port city or a airport city. From management modelling view, there are five different variables to gauge the effciency and compatibility of the banks; Liquidity Ratio, BIS Capital Adequacy Ratio, ROA(Return On Assets), Doubtful Loan Ratio, Loan-Savings Ratio. As analyzing these five indexes, it is possible to examine the financial safety of the banks. Consequently, Dalian bank, Jilin Bank, Jinzhou Bank are vulnerable to financial crisis. Additionally as Chinese city commercial banks are able to serve the distinguished locally oriented needs, so that they could have brought quite high level of service satisfaction in the local area. As a result, city commercial banks in the 3 Northeast Provinces of China has shown the diminishing role of central and local government, the development of small business firms, deregulation, openness of market, urbanization, indicating the liberal aspect of Chinese financial sector. Moreover, the project has been achieved the statistical analysis of Chinese documentations illustrating the reality of Chinese financial system. The one hope for this research to function as a fundamental basement for future perspective research on Chinese financial system.

중국도시상업은행 효율성 분석을 이용한 한중 금융협력 전략분석 - 동북아 국제금융질서 변화의 시사점을 중심으로

오대원,남수중 중국학연구회 2014 中國學硏究 Vol.- No.68

Changes of China’s macro-economic environment and regulatory policy have brought an important opportunity for the transformation of city commercial banks’ business operation in post-financial crisis era. In this paper, we conduct an analysis on efficiency using DEA centering on the intermediation approach commonly used in evaluating the efficiency of city commercial banks. We takes two models, model (A) is for evaluation of growth and model (B) is for evaluation of profitability. From the sample study of more than 37 city commercial banks, We find that efficiency analysis result shows that there are four character for strategy cooperation. After conducting a matrix analysis to develop the composition factors of efficiencies of each bank, it appears that the profitability and growth of those banks are key factors of Bilateral financial cooperation strategy between Korea-China. Some of the representative ones have established a competitive advantage in the field of financial market. In order to take the initiative and thrive in the international banking industry,city commercial banks and Korean banks should cultivate their own customers and form businesses and profitability structure of their own characteristics.

Demystifying the Inter-war Rive Gauche - Representation of Commercialized Urban Culture in The Left Bank

Young Sun Choi(최영순) 한국영미어문학회 2007 영미어문학 Vol.- No.82

  This paper purports to examine the ways in which the modern city and the world of commercialized urban culture are envisaged in Rhys"s The Left Bank. It  considers, in particular, the author"s tackling of the issue of the commodification of bohemian lifestyle in the supposedly liberal quarter of Montparnasse of Paris of the 1920s, suggesting that her representation of the city is essentially at odds with the city delineated in the fiction and memoirs of mainstream modernist writers and especially the American expatriates, who tended to define inter-war Paris as a gay, glamorous epicentre of the Jazz Age. Unlike them, Rhys was prone to delve into and unmask the grim aspects of modern existence trapped in that specific commercial district. She thus calls into question the nature of the capitalist culture, engaging us to reconsider the strains and tensions inherent in urban modernity.

China’s Financial Real Intermediary Scale, Intermediary Quality, and Social Employment

손양,강승호 한국동북아경제학회 2022 동북아경제연구 Vol.34 No.3

This study uses China’s overall financial institutions and city commercial banks as the research objects to explore the transmission mechanism and impact effect of financial real intermediary scale and intermediary quality on social employment. The results show that the intermediary (quantity and quality) between the overall financial institutions and city commercial banks from a national sample has a promoting effect on employment. The financial intermediaries (quantity and quality) of the financial institutions in coastal areas in the research sample have a negative impact on the growth of employment, while it is the opposite for the institutions in inland areas. In the research sample of city commercial banks, the physical intermediary scale in coastal and inland areas is conducive to employment growth. To sum up, a financial intermediary is an important means to promote social employment. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the intermediary function of traditional financial institutions, such as banks.

일제하 식민도시 개발과 조선인 자본가형성의 특징 - 전북지역 박기순ㆍ박영철 일가를 중심으로 -

김경남 ( Kim Kyung Nam ) 경북대학교 영남문화연구원 2016 嶺南學 Vol.0 No.30

본고는 한국 근대 자본주의의 식민지적 특징과 조선인 자본가의 복합적 성장 유형을 밝히기 위해, 대표적 조선인 자본가 박기순과 박영철을 중심으로 검토하였다. 특히 중앙 정치권력과 지역의 식민 도시 개발, 조선인 부르주아 형성을 상호 연관구조 속에서 파악하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 사실을 알 수 있었다. 첫째, 한국 강제 병합 직후 죠슈벌 출신 총독들은 일본 국내 반대세력 무마를 위해 만경강 일대 호남평야의 미곡 수이출 교통체계를 만드는 작업이 급선무였다. 주요 시책은 이리 신도시 개발과 전북경편선(후에 전라선) 철도역 연변을 개발하는 작업이었다. 박기순은 이리-전주 일대에 광범위한 토지를 소유하고 있었고, 실제 개발과정에서 박기순은 전북경편철도 기성회 회장을 맡고 익산군수 박영철, 전주면장 이성규가 역세권 개발에 앞장섰다. 그러므로 지역 개발이 조선인 자본가 박기순의 토지자본 축적과 밀접하게 연관되어 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이것을 기반으로 박기순은 지역유력자로 성장하게 되었다. 둘째, 전북에서 성장한 박기순ㆍ박영철 일가의 자본축적 유형은 총독라인에 밀착된 권력형, 지역형 자본축적 구조가 복합적으로 연관되어 있다. 특히 삼남은행의 최대주주와 최고경영자는 박기순이며, 장남 박영철을 비롯하여 그 일족들이 대주주가 되어 경영권을 장악하고 있는 세습적 가족경영체제이었다. 셋째, 박영철이 중앙재계로 진출한 것은 도장관을 지낸 친일 관료라는 점과 부친 박기순의 축적된 토지자본과 금융자본 덕분이었다. 이를 기반으로 그는 총독부의 지방통폐합 정책에 힘입어 정권과 결탁하여 조선상업은행의 사장을 맡으면서 톱클래스로 급속하게 성장하였다. 그 대신 각종 정치 사회단체를 만들어 일제의 총동원체제를 지원하는 역할을 하였다. 요컨대 박기순ㆍ박영철은 일제의 식민도시 개발정책을 추진하는 과정에서 대표적인 조선인 자본가로 성장하였다. 그러나 제국과 식민지라는 관계 속에서 2등 국민이라는 민족적 한계, 총독부의 금융 통폐합 정책에의 포섭 등으로 대기업으로 성장할 수 없었다. 일제의 패전으로 그들을 지탱하고 있던 총독부 권력이 사라지고 가족 내부문제 등으로 박 일가의 세력도 재력도 쇠퇴하게 되었다. This study was conducted to identify the colonial characteristics of Korea``s modern capitalism and the type of comprehensive growth of Korean capitalists, focusing on the Park Ki-sun and Park Yeong-cheol, as Korean leading capitalists. In particular, the central political power, the development of regional colonial cities, and the formation of Korean bourgeoisie were reviewed centering on the correlation structure. The results of the review are as follows: First, directly after Japan``s forced annexation of Korea, Governor-Generals of Chosen from Choshu clique were in urgent need of establishing a transportation system for the export and transportation of rice from the Mangyeonggang river plains, to appease Japanese domestic opposition forces. The main measures included the development of a new city of Iri and the areas along railroad stations on Jeonbuk-Kyeongpyeon Line(latter Jeolla Line). Park Ki-sun owned a big tract of land in Iri-Jeonju area and headed the preparatory association for Jeonbuk-Kyeongpyeon Line. Park Yeong-cheol, the magistrate of Iksan-gun, and Lee Seong-gyu, the head of Jeonju-myeon, took the lead in developing the sphere of influence of stations. This suggests that the regional development was closely related to the accumulation of land capital by Park Ki-sun, a Korean capitalist. Based on this, Park Ki-sun became an influential person in that region. Second, the Park Ki-sun and Park Yeong-cheol family showed a type of power-related and regional capital accumulation connected to Governor-Generals in that process. In particular, Park Ki-sun was the largest shareholder and chief executive officer of Samnam Bank, which lay under the hereditary family management system where his family including Park Yeong-cheol, as his eldest son, seized the managerial control as large shareholders. Third, Park Yeong-cheol entered the central financial world thanks to his experience of serving as a provincial governor and the financial capital and land capital accumulated by his father, Park Ki-sun. Based on this, Park Yeong-cheol rose rapidly to top class while he worked as the president of Chosen Commercial Bank through collusion with the regime, and played a role in organizing various types of sociopolitical groups and supporting Japan``s general mobilization. In short, Park Ki-sun and Park Yeong-cheol grew rapidly to be Korean leading capitalists in the process of Japan``s colonial urban development. However, they failed to grow into business magnates because of second-class colonial citizens`` ethnic limitation, financial sector merger and abolition policy of the Japanese Colonial Government in Korea, and managerial limitations of capitalism.

1960년대 후반 서울시 주택정책과 ‘중산층’문제 인식

김재원(Kim, Jae-Won) 한국사연구회 2016 한국사연구 Vol.- No.175