日・印尼接触場面における日本語学習者と母語話者のあいづち的反応の機能 - 発話途中と発話交替時の比較考察 -

이순형 동북아시아문화학회 2017 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.53

As the number of Japanese learners in Indonesia is the second largest in the world, contact situations between Japanese and Indonesian are expected to increase more. With this in mind, I carried out a comparative study on Indonesian learners of Japanese and Japanese native speakers to examine the functions of back-channels within and between utterances. The key findings are as follows. First, with the back channels within utterances used Japanese native speakers, most (69.4%) were for the function of ‘attentive listening’, but with back channels between utterances, there was no difference in the frequency of ‘attentive listening’, ‘understanding’ and ‘agreement’ functions. On the other hand, with the back channels within utterances used by Indonesian learners, the functions of ‘understanding’, ‘agreement’ and ‘attentive listening’ all accounted for about one third each, while with back channels between utterances the function of ‘agreement’ was the greatest (42.9%), with ‘attentive listening’ and ‘understanding’ less frequent in usage. Though low in frequency, this study also paid attention to the functions of ‘opposition’ and ‘emotional expression’. Within utterances, Japanese native speakers never use back channels for ‘opposition’ and merely 6.9% for ‘emotional expression’. Between utterances, they use the function of ‘emotional expression’ 13.6% of the time, in other words twice as much as within utterances. Within utterances, Indonesians use back channels for ‘opposition’ 1.5% and ‘emotional expression’ 2.9%, while between utterances they use ‘opposition’ 9.1%. For Japanese native speakers, it is likely that the functions of back-channels of ‘opposition’ can be a barrier to first face-to-face conversation, and disrupt conversation. ‘Attentive listening’ within utterances and ‘emotion’ between utterances are common among Japanese native speakers, but are less common in Indonesian learners. Even with Japanese native speakers, ‘attentive listening’ is more common within utterances than between utterances. Therefore, ‘attentive listening’ back channels within utterances and ‘emotion’ back channels between utterances can make Indonesian learners sound uninterested and can be a barrier to smooth conversation. However, because the function of ‘emotional expression’ shows active participation in conversation more than any other functions of back-channels, it needs to be introduced in Japanese language learning.

日・印尼接触場面における日本語学習者と母語話者のあいづち的反応の機能

李舜炯(이순형) 동북아시아문화학회 2017 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.53

As the number of Japanese learners in Indonesia is the second largest in the world, contact situations between Japanese and Indonesian are expected to increase more. With this in mind, I carried out a comparative study on Indonesian learners of Japanese and Japanese native speakers to examine the functions of back-channels within and between utterances. The key findings are as follows. First, with the back channels within utterances used Japanese native speakers, most (69.4%) were for the function of ‘attentive listening’, but with back channels between utterances, there was no difference in the frequency of ‘attentive listening’, ‘understanding’ and ‘agreement’ functions. On the other hand, with the back channels within utterances used by Indonesian learners, the functions of ‘understanding’, ‘agreement’ and ‘attentive listening’ all accounted for about one third each, while with back channels between utterances the function of ‘agreement’ was the greatest (42.9%), with ‘attentive listening’ and ‘understanding’ less frequent in usage. Though low in frequency, this study also paid attention to the functions of ‘opposition’ and ‘emotional expression’. Within utterances, Japanese native speakers never use back channels for ‘opposition’ and merely 6.9% for ‘emotional expression’. Between utterances, they use the function of ‘emotional expression’ 13.6% of the time, in other words twice as much as within utterances. Within utterances, Indonesians use back channels for ‘opposition’ 1.5% and ‘emotional expression’ 2.9%, while between utterances they use ‘opposition’ 9.1%. For Japanese native speakers, it is likely that the functions of back-channels of ‘opposition’ can be a barrier to first face-to-face conversation, and disrupt conversation. ‘Attentive listening’ within utterances and ‘emotion’ between utterances are common among Japanese native speakers, but are less common in Indonesian learners. Even with Japanese native speakers, ‘attentive listening’ is more common within utterances than between utterances. Therefore, ‘attentive listening’ back channels within utterances and ‘emotion’ back channels between utterances can make Indonesian learners sound uninterested and can be a barrier to smooth conversation. However, because the function of ‘emotional expression’ shows active participation in conversation more than any other functions of back-channels, it needs to be introduced in Japanese language learning.

Effect of web hole spacing on axial capacity of back-to-back cold-formed steel channels with edge-stiffened holes

Yaohui Chi,Krishanu Roy,Boshan Chen,Zhiyuan Fang,Asraf Uzzaman,G. Beulah Gnana Ananthi,James B.P. Lim 국제구조공학회 2021 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.40 No.2

Recently, a new generation of cold-formed steel (CFS) channel section with edge-stiffened web holes has been developed by industry in New Zealand. However, no research has been reported in the literature to investigate the axial capacity of back-to-back channels with edge-stiffened web holes. This paper presents a total of 73 new results comprising 29 compression tests and 44 finite element analyses (FEA) on axial capacity of such back-to-back CFS channels. The results show that for back-to-back channels with seven edge-stiffened holes, the axial capacity increased by 19.2%, compared to plain channels without web holes. A non-linear finite element (FE) model was developed and validated against the test results. The validated FE model was used to conduct a parametric study involving 44 FE models. Finely, the tests results were compared with the design strengths calculated from the AISI and AS/NZ standards and from the proposed design equations of Moen and Schafer. From the comparison results, it was found that the AISI and AS/NZ design strengths are only 9% conservative to the test results for plain channels without web holes. While Moen and Schafer equations are conservative by 13% and 47% for axial capacity of CFS back-to-back channels with un-stiffened and edge-stiffened web holes, respectively.

Nonlinear behavior of axially loaded back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel un-lipped channel sections

Krishanu Roy,Tina Chui Huon Ting,Hieng Ho Lau,James B.P. Lim 국제구조공학회 2018 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.28 No.2

Back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel un-lipped channel sections are used in cold-formed steel structures; such as trusses, wall frames and portal frames. In such built-up columns, intermediate fasteners resist the buckling of individual channelsections. No experimental tests or finite element analyses have been reported in the literature for back-to-back built-up coldformed steel un-lipped channel sections and specially investigated the effect of screw spacing on axial strength of such columns. The issue is addressed in this paper. The results of 95 finite element analyses are presented covering stub to slender columns. The finite element model is validated against the experimental tests recently conducted by authors for back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel lipped channel sections. The verified finite element model is then used for the purposes of a parametric study to investigate the effect of screw spacing on axial strength of back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel un-lipped channel sections. Results are compared against the built-up lipped channel sections and it is shown that the axial strength of un-lipped built-up sections are 31% lesser on average than the built-up lipped channel sections. It was also found that the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the Australian and New Zealand Standards were over-conservative by around 15% for built-up columns failed through overall buckling, however AISI and AS/NZS were un-conservative by around 8% for built-up columns mainly failed by local buckling.

Axial capacity of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless steel unlipped channels-Numerical investigation and parametric study

Krishanu Roy,Hieng Ho Lau,Zhiyuan Fang,Abdeliazim Mustafa Mohamed Ahmed,James B.P. Lim 국제구조공학회 2021 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.40 No.5

In cold-formed steel structures, such as trusses, wall frames and portal frames, the use of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless steel unlipped channels as compression members are becoming popular. The advantages of using stainless steel as structural members are corrosion resistance and durability, compared with carbon steel. Current guidance by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the Australian and New Zealand (AS/NZS) standards for built-up carbon steel sections describes a modified slenderness approach, to consider the spacing of the intermediate fasteners. The AISI and AS/NZS do not include the design of stainless-steel built-up channels and very few experimental tests or finite element (FE) analyses have been reported in the literature for such back-to-back cold-formed stainless steel unlipped channel section columns. This paper presents a numerical investigation on the behavior of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless steel unlipped channel section columns. Three different grades of stainless steel i.e., duplex EN1.4462, ferritic EN1.4003 and austenitic EN1.4404, were considered. The effects of screw spacing on the axial strength of such built-up unlipped channels were investigated. As expected, most of the short and intermediate columns failed by either local-global or local-distortional buckling interactions, whereas the long columns failed by global buckling. All three grades of stainless-steel stub columns failed by local buckling. A comprehensive parametric study was then carried out covering a wide range of slenderness and different cross-sectional geometries to assess the performance of the current design guidelines of carbon steel built-up sections in accordance with the AISI and AS/NZS. In total, 647 FE models were analyzed. From the results of the parametric study, it was found that the AISI and AS/NZS are conservative by around 14 to 20% for all three grades of stainless steel built-up unlipped channel section columns failed through global buckling. However, the AISI and AS/NZS carbon steel design rules can be un-conservative by around 8 to 13%, when they are used to calculate the axial capacity of those stainless steel built-up unlipped channels which are failed in local buckling.

Finite element modelling of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless-steel lipped channels under axial compression

Krishanu Roy,Hieng Ho Lau,James B.P. Lim 국제구조공학회 2019 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.33 No.1

In cold-formed steel structures, such as trusses, wall frames and portal frames, the use of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless-steel lipped channels as compression members are becoming increasingly popular. The advantages of using stainless-steel as structural members are corrosion resistance and durability, compared with carbon steel. The AISI/ASCE Standard, SEI/ASCE-8-02 and AS/NZS do not include the design of stainless-steel built-up channels and very few experimental tests or finite element analyses have been reported in the literature for such back-to back cold-formed stainless-steel channels. Current guidance by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the Australian and New Zealand (AS/NZS) standards for built-up carbon steel sections only describe a modified slenderness approach, to consider the spacing of the intermediate fasteners. Thus, this paper presents a numerical investigation on the behavior of back-to-back cold-formed stainless-steel built-up lipped channels. Three different grades of stainless steel i.e., duplex EN1.4462, ferritic EN1.4003 and austenitic EN1.4404 have been considered. Effect of screw spacing on the axial strength of such built-up channels was investigated. As expected, most of the short and intermediate columns failed by either local-global or local-distortional buckling interactions, whereas the long columns, failed by global buckling. All three grades of stainless-steel stub columns failed by local buckling. A comprehensive parametric study was then carried out covering a wide range of slenderness and different cross-sectional geometries to assess the performance of the current design guidelines by AISI and AS/NZS. In total, 647 finite element models were analyzed. From the results of the parametric study, it was found that the AISI & AS/NZS are conservative by around 10 to 20% for cold-formed stainless-steel built-up lipped channels failed through overall buckling, irrespective of the stainless-steel grades. However, the AISI and AS/NZS can be un-conservative by around 6% for all three grades of stainless-steel built-up channels, which failed by local buckling.

청자의 맞장구 유형과 기능 연구

노은희 한국화법학회 2002 화법연구 Vol.4 No.-

The aims of this study is to inquire into the hearer's supportive back-channel types and functions in the conversation, and through this inquiry to investigate the pedagogical implication of the hearer's back-channel. The supportive back-channel means ‘the hearer's verbal or nonverbal response to the speaker's performance with a view to assisting the speaker’. The verbal back-channel type is classified into discourse mark, repetition & substitution, emotional expression. The nonverbal back-channel type is classified into nodding, laugh, emotional face, clapping, touch. This supportive back-channel performs the function of commuication in two aspects; conversation progress, relation-tying. First, the back- channel is used to display listening or understanding in the aspect of conversation progress. Second, the hearer's back-channel shows the attention and sympathy for the speaker, finally contributes to forming the social ties in the aspect of relation-tying.

접촉장면에 있어서의 한 일 양국의 맞장구 사용양상 -모어화자와 목표언어학습자의 비교를 중심으로-

강창임 단국대학교 일본연구소 2009 일본학연구 Vol.27 No.-

The purpose of this study was to consider that the feature and use of back-channel by the difference of situation, of mother tongue and contact, and the difference of learners and speakers, of Korean and Japanese. And, it focused on to took the frequency, form, function of back-channel from used back-channel in conversation between Korean native speakers(KNS) and Japanese Korean learners(JKL), Japanese native speakers(JNS) and Korean Japanese learners(KJL). Preferentially, Japanese speakers accomplished a role of hearer more positively than KNS and KJL in contact situation that native speaker or target language learner make conversation. And, Korean speakers used more back-channel as native speaker in contact situation than native speakers in mother tongue situation, when they make conversation. But, back-channel in case of target language learner is decreased more than native speakers in mother tongue situation. It was appeared to both the situation of hearer and frequency of back-channel, Japanese speakers used back-channel plentifully in any cases. Next, the form of back-channel, which native speaker and target language learner of both nations used plentifully, is the aizuchishi, and the rate was higher in Japanese speaker. And, KNS and KJL used more back-channel which the sign of agreement and understanding function than JNS and JKL. But, JNS and JKL was more higher continuous rate than KNS and KJL.

Analytical study of composite beams with different arrangements of channel shear connectors

Nader Fanaie,Farzaneh Ghalamzan Esfahani,Soheil Soroushnia 국제구조공학회 2015 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.19 No.2

Channels are implemented in composite beams as shear connectors in two arrangements, face to face and back to back. No relevant explanation is found in the design codes to clarify the preference of the mentioned arrangements. Besides, the designers do not have a common opinion on this subject; i.e., some recommend the face to face and others, back to back status. In this research, channel shear connectors in composite beams are studied analytically for both arrangements using ABAQUS software. For this purpose, they have been modeled in simply supported beams in the arrangements of face to face and back to back; their effects on the crack initiation load of concrete slabs were monitored. The stiffness values of composite beams were also compared in the two arrangements using force-displacement curve; the results are relatively the same in both cases. Furthermore, the effects of compressive strength of concrete, channel size, length and spacing of channels as well as steel type of channels on the performance of composite beams have been investigated. According to the results obtained in this research, the face to face status shows better performance in comparison with that of back to back, considering the load of concrete fracturing.

聞き手の反応に関する日韓比較-トーク番組の司会者の発話を中心に-

임시은 한국일본언어문화학회 2018 일본언어문화 Vol.43 No.-

This study is about the listener’s response in Korean and Japanese conversation. The target of the analysis is the host’s responses to the guest’s utterance in the Korean and Japanese talk shows. Listener’s responses were classified as back-channels and responses other than back-channels. Then, the frequency of each category is examined. The following are the results of the analysis. First, types of back-channel include listening, understanding, interest, admiration, sighing, surprise, unexpected, and agree by function. As a result of investigating the frequency of back-channels according to functions, The Japanese speakers use the back-channels of surprise such as ‘えー(eh)’ more than the Korean speakers. On the other hand, the Korean speakers uses the back-channels of admiration or sighing more common than the Japanese speakers. Second, listener’s responses other than back-channels are evaluated, repetitive, confirmed, preoccupation(Sakidori), and presentation of understanding. As a result of examining the frequency of each expression, the Japanese speakers conducted more evaluations than the Korean speakers, and the Korean speakers were more likely to present their understanding and preoccupation than the Japanese speakers.