Recommendations for the Development of COUNTERTERRORISM Policy in KOREA : Evaluation on Anti-Terrorism Act

Lee Man-jong J-INSTITUTE 2016 International Journal of Military Affairs Vol.1 No.2

As Korea is the only divided nation in the world, it can be said that Korea has been maintaining a little negative attitude toward terrorism while considering the military preparedness against North Korea and prevention of war provocation. However, with the 9/11, the government and all citizens made it possible for the nation to recognize that there was not a safe country for terrorism. Moreover, since the French terrorist attacks, countries have been more alert to terrorist groups like the Islamic States (IS) In Korea, the controversy over the enactment of the Anti-Terror Law has been raised, but some people have raised public opinion that anti-terrorism measures should be prepared as soon as we are not a safe zone of terrorism. In the 19th National Assembly, a bill called Anti-Terrorism Act for the Protection of the People and Public Safety was initiated in the 19th National Assembly, and the enactment of the Anti-Terrorism Act was concluded with the enactment of Law No. 14071 on March 3, On March 3, 2016, the Anti-Terrorism Act for National Protection and Public Safety was enacted and promulgated, followed by the State Planning Office and the National Intelligence Service, which enacted the Law on Terrorism for National Protection and Public Safety The enforcement decree was enacted on June 4, 2016. The enactment of the Anti-Terrorism Act , which has been controversial in the meantime, has great significance in terms of securing the legitimacy of counterterrorism administration and establishing and enforcing related laws that directly and uniformly regulate terrorism. However, there are a few things to consider in terms of complementary aspects. Since the Law on the Prevention of Terrorism for Public Protection and Public Security, which was promulgated on March 3, 2016, was accompanied by political and social controversy during the legislative process, it is expected that there will be a lot of controversy in the future operation of law and enforcement ordinance have. It is also pointed out some legislative problems as it fails to legislate all of the important issues contained in existing legislative initiatives. The Act on the Prevention of Terrorism for the Protection of the Public and the Public Security, known as Anti-Terrorism Act, is a law to prevent terrorism as it is, and it is true that such a law is necessary because the Republic of Korea is on the list of designated target by IS. However, it is hard to say that the controversy has subsided. Moreover, it has growing concern on three parts of the law: (i) the authority of the National Intelligence Service expanded excessively in the name of counterterrorism; (ii) military operations against civilians which are restricted in case of exercise of National Emergency Right on Constitution; and (iii) overly comprehensive and unclear definition of authority and organization of Center for Counterterrorism. From this point of view, this article is intended to analyze the changes caused by the enactment of Anti-Terror Law and the direction of future counterterrorism policy development.

테러판단기준에서 있어서의 테러방지법의 제정경과, 한계점, 그리고 개선사항에 대한 제안

윤민우 가천대학교 법학연구소 2023 가천법학 Vol.16 No.4

In 2016, the "Counter-Terrorism Act for National Security and Public Safety (hereinafter referred to as the Counter-Terrorism Act)" was enacted. The law faced strong opposition from some members of the National Assembly and civil society groups at the time of its enactment, resulting in inherent limitations. Despite these limitations, the passage of the Counter-Terrorism Act was considered significant in itself. However, these inherent issues eventually led to significant constraints on the effectiveness of the current Counter-Terrorism Act. Even after the passage of the legislation, there have been strong opinions and arguments from various practitioners and experts about the need to amend the Counter-Terrorism Act. One of the most serious criticisms related to the Counter-Terrorism Act is its limitation in determining terrorist acts, as it restricts itself to UN-designated terrorist organizations and their members, supporters, and followers. This limitation makes the criteria for terrorist judgments inadequate for the realities and situations in Korea. The current definition of terrorism under the Counter-Terrorism Act is overly rigid and lacks realism, reflecting neither the evolving nature of terrorism nor the characteristics of terrorists today. In light of this situation, the conceptual provisions of terrorism in the current Counter-Terrorism Act are overly rigid and unrealistic. Furthermore, the determination of terrorist acts is composed of a listing of specific actions, making the general concept of terrorism unclear. Therefore, there is a need for a legal definition of the concept of terrorism. The inflexibility and unreality in the Counter-Terrorism Act concerning terrorists and the determination of terrorist acts negatively impact the overall effectiveness of the law. Therefore, there is a need to reexamine the criteria for terrorist judgments under the current Counter-Terrorism Act, proposing ways to make them more flexible and effective, in line with the security realities of Korea. This article explores the enactment process and limitations of the current Counter-Terrorism Act's criteria for terrorist judgments and suggests ways to address these limitations.

정책흐름 모형을 적용한 한·미 테러대응 입법과정 비교분석 연구

문영기,김태영 가천대학교 법학연구소 2017 가천법학 Vol.10 No.3

이 연구의 목적은 한국과 미국의 테러대응 입법 및 개정과정에서의 정 책의 변동과정을 정책흐름모형을 적용하여 심층 검토함으로써 정책적 함 의를 찾고 향후, 우리나라의 테러방지법을 발전을 위한 의사결정과정의 효율성을 제고하는데 있다. 이를 위해 9/11 테러사건 이후 현재 적용되 고 있는 테러대응 법률 입법과정에 대한 기존연구와 정책흐름 모형의 선 행연구를 검토하였다. 그리고 우리나라의 테러방지법과 미국의 애국법· 자유법의 입법절차와 법적용에 있어서의 쟁점사항을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 첫 번째 김대중 정부(16대 국회)∼노무현 정부(17대 국 회)∼이명박 정부(18대 국회)에서는 국가전체의 절박성과 정책선도자의 의지가 부족하여 정치의 흐름을 이끌지 못하였지만, 박근혜 정부(19대 국회)에서는 여당의 국회의원들은 강한 의지를 가지고 입법안을 발의하 는 등 정책선도자로서 정부의 강력한 법제정 추진의지에 의해서 법을 제 정할 수 있었다. 또한 2015년 11월 파리 동시다발 테러사건과 북한의 핵 문제 등 안보현안이 정책변동의 영향력으로 결정적으로 활용될 수 있 었다. 그러나 국회를 통과하는 과정에서 진보진영의 반대에 대한 타협안 을 만들면서 테러의 정의, 테러위험인물의 범위 등 중요한 법 목적에 관 련된 사항을 양보하여 정책의 성과 면에서 실효성이 부족하다는 평가를 피하지 못하고 있다. 두 번째, 미국의 경우 9/11 테러사건이라는 전대미문의 테러의 공포가 미국 전체를 패닉상태로 몰아넣었다. 부시행정부(114대 연방의회)는 안 보매파의원의 주도로 국가정보기관에게 무차별적 개인정보 수집 등 시민 의 자유와 사생활 보장이라는 선진민주주의의 가치를 희생시키면서 애국 법을 제정하는데 성공하였다. 테러사건 이후 불과 20여일 만에 이룬 법 제정의 성과였다. 그 후 여러 인권관련 사건을 거치면서 시민의 자유와 사생활 보장을 위한 법의 개정을 주장하였고 10여 년 동안 꾸준히 애국 법 개정안을 내놓았다. 그러나, 2013년 에드워드 스노든(Edward Joseph Snowden) 폭로사 건은 애국법을 개정하기 위한 결정적인 계기로 작용하였다. 애국법 연장 에 대한 안보매파들의 법 수호 의지는 극렬했으나 오바마 대통령은 상원 을 압박하여 자유법을 통과시켰다. 이 과정에서 정략적 차원을 넘어서 공화당원 중에서도 애국법 제정을 주장하였고, 긍정적 정책변동과정은 국가안보’와 ‘미국시민의 기본권 보장’의 균형을 이루었다는 평가를 받으 면서 현재까지 현행법으로써의 역할을 다하고 있다. 2016년 3월 3일 우리나라도 숱한 정책변동을 겪으면서 테러방지법을 보유한 국가가 되었지만 정책성과면에서 부족한 점이 많다는 비판을 받 고 있다. 테러의 정의, 테러위험인물의 범위 등 개정해야 할 여지가 많다 는 관계자들의 의견이 또한 비등하다. 무엇보다도 이러한 정책산출(정책 성과)의 실효성이 부족한 우리의 정치문화를 되짚어봐야 한다. 그리고 앞으로 정책산출이 높은 테러방지법으로 개정·보완하기 위하여 의사결 정 과정에 있어서 효율성을 제고할 수 있어야 할 것이다. Our country had also been attacked occasionally by North Korean terrorists in the past. Terrorist attacks led by North Korea, has been considered as a military provocation by the 「United Defense Act」. That’s why some may say it is redundant to make an additional law in regards to counter-terrorism. Given the fact that the Republic of Korea is very dynamic in international exchanges, our government started to perceive terrorism differently since the September 11 2001 terror attacks led by al-Qaeda on the United States. The Kim Dae-jung administration and the 16th National Assembly tried to enact the Anti-terrorism legislation, but failed to pass it. The 17~18th National Assembly(adminstration Roh Moo-hyun and Lee Myung –bak respectively) also strived to pass this legislation, but caught up in a controversy over ‘the invasion of the liberty and privacy of the people’, resulting in failure. The situation had changed after a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris on November 13 in 2015 which shocked the world and on top of that ISIL had included South Korea in the “Crusade Coalition” among 62 countries in September 2015. The enactment was gaining momentum by these incidents, and finally the 19th National Assembly(adminstration Park Geun-hye) passed the 「Act on Anti-Terrorism for the protection of Citizens and Public Security」 which made slow progress over 15 years. On the contrary, the USA, the very victim of the ‘September 11th in 2001’ terror attacks, had passed the Act on Anti-Terrorism(USA Patriot Act) only 20 days after the attack. Even though the Act was enacted swiftly, there were many problems about the freedom and privacy of the americans. It was ironic admitting that the most democratic state in the world was tangled up with these problems, but the conservatives and progressives of the US Congress managed to be united to pass the 「USA Freedom Act」 in 2015, which replaced the 「USA Patriot Act」, preserving the frame with more legal devices to protect the rights of american citizens. As mentioned above, the legislative process of the USA differed a lot of our own process and this dissertation focused on such differences. Even though, South Korea has passed the Act on Anti-terrorism over 15 years this law lacks effectivity. Contrary to South Korea’s case, the USA has been equipped with an effective Act on terrorism and developed it through 10 years which resulted in the 「USA Freedom Act」. Secondly, 15 years after the September 11th terror attacks, it is necessary to focus on the decision-making process which brings policy out puts. Experts say our Act on Anti-terrorism had sacrificed the objectives of the law in order to pass it at the parliament, comprising its effectiveness. For this study, I have reviewed relevant preceding researches and the ‘policy stream model’. I also analysed the key issues on the different legislative process and the application of such law between South Korea and the USA. Firstly, I could find out that our government had failed to pass the Act on Anti-terrorism in the past due to the lack of desperate will of the law makers. Only after the 19th National Assembly, the Act was passed by their strong drive on it. At that time, the terror attacks in Paris also played a role to enact this law but the enacted law has been compromised in regards to the definition of terrorism, the scope of terrorism suspects and other important matters through the legislative process. Secondly, the September 11th terror attack was an unprecedented event that put the whole state into panic. The Bush administration and the US Congress, especially by the initiative of the ‘hawks’, had given the power to the USA Intelligence agencies to collect massively personal information sacrificing the principles of democracy. But in 2013 the disclosure of illegal surveillance of the NSA by Snowden, the situation has changed, being the momentum of the introduction of 「Freedom Act」. This change was regarded as a balance between ‘National Security’ and the human rights of american citizens. March 3 2016, South Korea has also an Act on Anti-terrorism nonetheless the outputs are not satisfactory in comparison to that the USA. It is time for us to reflect on the effectiveness of our law and policy, the legislative system in a better way to improve it.

일본의 국제테러대책에 대한 검토

김현우 한국테러학회 2019 한국테러학회보 Vol.12 No.1

Terrorism cannot be justified for any reason and preventing and combating terrorism is a critical mission of the international community. It is important for the international community to unite in carrying out counter-terrorism measures against an escalation in threats posed by terrorist actors has evolved with the rise of ISIL and the spread of Al Qaeda affiliates groups. Japan is implementing two major counter terrorism measures under “3-Pillar Foreign Policy” which was formulated in 2015 in response to the terrorist incident regarding the murder of Japanese hostages in Syria. This consists of 1) Strengthening counter-terrorism measures, 2) enhancing diplomacy towards stability and prosperity in the Middle East, and 3) assistance in creating societies resilient to radicalization. Japan also has worked together and deepened its cooperation with UN Security Council in combating the international terrorism and transnational crimes, including violent extremism. Listed below are the resolutions which were adopted to combat the financing of terrorism. Terminating the funding of terrorism is one of the most important measures to suppress international terrorism, since it cuts off roots of terrorist activities. One of the most successful anti-terrorism treaty which was designed to criminalize acts of financing acts of terrorism is International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. The treaty first drafted in 1999 and entered into force on 2002. Similar to this measure, Japan’s effort in the global fight against terrorist financing is adopting the provisions of the Law for Criminalization of the Financing of Terrorism, established in 2002 which was adopted by the Japanese Government in the same year. In 2014, Japan also passed a bill called Terrorist Property Freezing Act and entered into force on 2015 in response to the close cooperation with the international community to prevent and eradicate international terrorism. 테러는 어떠한 이유로도 정당화 될 수 없는 행위이며 이를 단호하게 대처하는 것은 국제사회의 임무이다. 국제테러조직 알카에다와 관련된 조직뿐만 아니라 최근 몇 년 ISIL 등에 의한 테러위협이 증가하고 있는 가운데에 있어서 국제사회가 일치단결하여 이에 대한 테러대책을 실시하는 것은 무엇보다 중요하다. 일본의 국제테러대책은 크게 2가지 방향으로 전개되고 있다. 하나는 2015년 시리아에서 일본인이 살해되는 테러사건이 발생한 것을 계기로 테러에 대한 대처능력을 향상시키기 위해서 외무성은 외교상 3가지 지원계획을 수립하였다. 이는 ① 테러 대책 강화, ② 중동의 안정과 번영을 위한 외교 강화, ③ 과격주의가 발생하지 않도록 하는 사회 구축 지원책이다. 여기에 또한 UN 안전보장이사회와의 테러 협력을 통해서 국제테러의 방지에 총력을 기울이고 있다. 다음은 테러 조직에 대한 자금의 흐름을 차단하기 위해서 테러 자금원에 대한 테러자금의 공여 방지대책이다. 테러리스트의 활동을 근원적으로 봉쇄한다는 관점에서 보면 국제테러방지에 있어서 종래부터 가장 중요한 국제 사회의 과제 중의 하나였다. 이에 프랑스에서 기초된 테러자금공여방지조약(International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism)의 초안은 1999년 채택되고 2002년 발효되었다. 이어 2001년 안전보장이사회 결의 제1373호가 채택되어 테러리스트 등에 대한 자산 동결 등의 조치를 요구하였다. 이어 일본은 2002년 3월 12일 국회에 테러자금공여방지조약 및 국내 이행을 위한 관련 법안을 제출하였고, 같은 해 5월 17일 국회(참의원)에서 승인되었다. 이에 더해 일본은 2014년 국제테러리스트의 재산의 동결 등에 관한 특별조치법(国際連合安全保障理事会決議第千二百六十七号等を踏まえ我が国が実施する国際テロリストの財産の凍結等に関する特別措置法)을 제정하여 2015년 시행하였다. 이처럼 국제테러방지조약의 비준과 그에 따른 국내법의 발빠른 정비는 일본 국내대책인 동시에 국제협력이기 때문이다.

국회 테러예방을 위한 각국의 대테러체계 비교 및 함의

박준석 한국테러학회 2017 한국테러학회보 Vol.10 No.4

Different from the past, recent terrorism threats are changing into new terrorism which aims to accomplish intention and goal by creating fear to target country, group, or people using various means and objects. Also a new form of terrorism known as homegrown terrorism which accepts ideology and philosophy of terrorists and terrorists groups and execute extreme terrorism is arising. South Korea enacted "the Anti-terrorism Act for protection of nation and public safety" in 2016, allowing government agencies to actively prevent and deal with terrorism. Terrorism, which has shown multilateral changes, has mass-produced new terrorist crimes and exhibits characteristics of inducing fear and achieving terrorist's goals by attacks on unspecified individuals at symbolic places caused by various conflicts the between terrorist and the terrorism target. National assemblies of various countries have been the target of terrorism as the symbol of democracy and the country, as demonstrated by the recent attack on Ottawa assembly in Canada in 2014. Therefore the National Assembly of Korea should prepare systematic and professional anti-terrorism system after the enactment of Anti-terrorism Act. This study compares and analyzes anti-terrorism systems of various countries to learn about changes and characteristics of their activities and aims to develop an anti-terrorism system for Korean National Assembly. 최근의 테러 위협들은 과거의 양상과는 다르게 테러대상 뿐 아니라 다양한 테러수단을 이용하여 목표 국가나 단체, 국민들에게 공포감을 조성함으로써 테러리스트의 의도와 목적달성을 이루고자 하는 뉴 테러리즘의 형태로 변모하고 있으며, 테러리스트, 테러단체의 이념과 사상을 받아들여 극단적 테러를 감행하는 자생 테러리즘이라는 새로운 테러형태가 일어나고 있다. 우리나라는 2016년 드디어 국민보호와 공공안전을 위한 테러방지법을 제정함으로써 관계기관들이 법적인 근거와 권한에 따라 테러를 예방하고 대응할 수 있도록 하였으며, 테러예방과 대응을 위한 적극적인 활동이 이루어지고 있는 실정이다. 다각적으로 변모하는 테러의 양상은 앞선 새로운 테러범죄를 양산했을 뿐 아니라 테러대상과 테러리스트 간에서 발생하는 다양한 갈등을 원인으로 매우 상징적인 장소에서 불특정다수를 대상으로 한 공격으로 공포심을 유발하고 테러리스트의 목적을 달성하려는 특징을 보여주고 있다. 각국의 국회는 민주주의의 상징이자 국가를 대표하는 장소중의 하나로 과거부터 현재까지 테러의 대상이 되어왔으며, 2014년 발생한 캐나다 오타와 의회 총격사건은 가장 최근에 대표적인 의회에 대한 공격으로 설명되고 있다. 이처럼 국회는 테러방지법 제정 이후 테러예방과 대응이 이루어져야 하는 중요한 장소로서 보다 체계적이고 전문적인 테러예방체계를 갖추어야 할 것이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 각국 의회의 테러예방체계를 비교분석하여 각국의회에서 테러예방과 대응을 위한 활동의 변화와 특징을 통해 현재 한국 국회의 테러예방체계를 구축하기 위한 방안과 방향에 대한 연구를 실시하였다.

테러방지법」과 국제적 공조 체제 인식에 관한 연구

권정훈 경찰대학 치안정책연구소 2019 치안정책연구 Vol.33 No.1

This research has been providing fundamental resources in order to establish and reinforce national counter terrorism operation system. With regarding to mitigation and response to terrorism incidents, the first counter terrorism responders such as police, coast guard, fire fighter and military play a significant role under domestic 「Act on Anti-terrorism」. Under the counter terrorism operation system, as matter of fact, the first counter terrorism responders recognize international cooperation among nations is critical in the process of national counter terrorism. Through the result of their recognition, interrelation between domestic 「Act on Anti-terrorism」 and international cooperation has preeminent characteristics which are following below. First, the first counter terrorism responders are mostly male. Because of socio-statistic balance in the field, it is required the ratio of sex should be equally distributed on the job. From the statistical point of view, the responders with less than 10 years working experience are 144 persons(70.6%) of male responders in survey. Therefore, the balance of gender distribution should be considered in human resource management policy. Secondly, the numbers of the needs as to amending 「Act on Anti-terrorism」 are high statistically. As 「Act on Anti-terrorism」 does not properly meet with law enforcement operation system in the structure of National Contingency Management System, the statistic has shown in high on the needs of amending the law. In particular, a role player in counter terrorism human right protection and counter terrorism operation management should be adjusted to protect civil right against any infringement. Finally, expansion of international cooperation under the umbellar of international counter terrorism law has shown in the survey. Accordingly, gathering information related to terrorism activities are highly agreeable in aviation security and coast guard. 본 연구는 테러 예방 및 대응 활동 등을 하는 경찰⋅해양경찰⋅군⋅소방의 대테러 관련 종사자들을 대상으로 대테러시스템 운영적 구조와 관련하여 「테러방지법」과 국제적 공조 체제를 주요 요인으로 한정하여 이의 인식을 통해 대테러시스템의 구축 및 운영을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 분석 결과를 바탕으로 도출된 시사점과 함의를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대테러 관련 종사자들의 인구통계학적 특성상 성별의 경우 남성의 비율이 과도하게 편중되어 있기 때문에 여성의 역할과 비중 등을 고려한 성비의 적절한 편성이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 또한 경력의 경우 10년 미만이 144명(70.6%)을 차지하고 있는 것으로 볼 때, 경력이 높은 종사자들이 지속적으로 근무할 수 있는 여건을 조성한 인사정책도 고려해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 「테러방지법」과 관련하여 법령 체계 및 형식에 관한 논의보다 내용 및 기능에 관해 동의함으로써 이에 대한 필요성을 높게 인식하고 있다. 특히 인권보호관과 대테러 조정 통제기관에 관한 역할과 권한을 통하여 대테러 기능 및 역할 등의 강화 및 조정에 대한 필요성을 높게 인식함에 따라 향후 「테러방지법」 개정 시 이를 참고로 한 적절한 반영이 필요할 것이다. 셋째, 국제적 공조 체제의 확대에 대한 동의 정도는 높게 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 항공 및 국경 보안에 대한 국제적 공조와 실시간 테러 관련 정보 취합의 필요성은 매우 높게 동의하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

The Goal of the Terrorism Victim Support System

Woongshin Park(Woongshin Park) J-INSTITUTE 2024 International Journal of Terrorism & National Secu Vol.9 No.-

Purpose: In modern criminal proceedings, human rights guarantees have been discussed mainly for perpetrators who are expected to be punished in the future, but interest in the criminal law status of victims, which has been marginalized since 1980, has increased. Terrorist crimes will also not be free from this trend. No, terrorist crimes are crimes that require more importance in consideration of victims under the Criminal Policy and Criminal Procedure Act. Thus, The purpose of this article is to identify the current status and problems of the support system for victims of terrorist crimes in Korea and find ways to improve them. Method: Terrorism will also not be free from this trend. No, terrorism is a crime in which consideration should be given to victims under the Criminal Policy and Criminal Procedure Act. This is be-cause terrorist crimes, unlike ordinary crimes, have a very high need to repair property, physical and psychological damage to victims directly from criminal acts in that they are used as tools for human life and body, as well as take structures that massproduce such victims. This research begins with the question “Where is the current state of consideration for victims of terrorist crimes under our actual law?” To this end, we will first review the concept and scope of victims of terrorist crimes. This is because the concept of terrorist crimes is value-charged and the victims of terrorism are the same. In addition, the ministry conducted a review of the characteristics of the victims of terrorism. Based on these discussions, we look at the structure of the nation's sup-port system for victims of terrorist crimes and discuss the support of victims of terrorist crimes abroad. In particular, the government took the issue as a reference to the Korean government's plan to improve the support system for victims of terrorist crimes by examining the international community's response philosophy and support system, including the United Nations, in terms of guaranteeing the human rights. Finally, the Act on the Prevention of Terrorism and the Act on the Protection of Victims of Crimes reviewed measures to improve the support system for victims of terrorist crimes. Results: The main improvement measures for the support system for victims of terrorist crimes according to this paper are as follows. First of all, it was argued that the damage of terrorist crimes should be considered not only traditional physical damage but also metaphysical legal interests such as the right to self-determination of personal information. In particular, it was argued that the people's right to self-determination of personal information by performing investigation activities under the Anti-Terrorism Act and collecting information should also fall under the damage of terrorist crimes. Next, since most of the current support for victims of terrorist crimes focuses on the financial support system, it was proposed to strengthen access to support victims of terrorist crimes as well as the input of human and material assets to overcome the trauma of victims (although there are also payments for mental damage recovery). In addition, the Korean Crime Victim Support Center was ordered to play an active role in introducing an active victim support system such as CVAP in New York State. Conclusion: This research begins with the question “Where is the current state of consideration for victims of terrorist crimes under our actual law?” To this end, we will first review the concept and scope of victims of terrorist crimes. This is because the concept of terrorist crimes is value-charged and the victims of terrorism are the same. In addition, the ministry conducted a review of the characteristics of the victims of terrorism.

테러방지법상 테러개념에 관한 법제적 고찰

백수웅 원광대학교 법학연구소 2019 圓光法學 Vol.35 No.1

It has been over two years since ACT ON COUNTER-TERRORISM FOR THE PROTECTION OF CITIZENS AND PUBLIC SECURITY (here in after referred to as the "Terrorism Prevention Act") was enforced in 16. There were many social conflicts, including fierce confrontation between the ruling and opposition parties in the process of legislation. Although there have been some achievements in preventing terrorism, such as a closed decision on the first trial of "IS Syrians" in arresting Syrian people on charges of inviting them to join the ISIS, controversy continues over the scope of the law and information gathering. Particularly problematic are the concepts of terrorism and dangerous people under the anti-terrorism bill. Although the law defines terrorism, it is different from what ordinary people think of terrorism. The anti-terrorism bill contains only abstract ideas. However, the public tends to judge terrorism by its type of crime, or its subject of action. Information and investigation organizations are also confused over the application of the law due to the unclear concept of terrorism. It is worrisome that the government infringes upon basic rights of the public, such as the right to decide personal information, through excessive analysis of expansion. Therefore, in this paper, we will look at the need to derive a concept of terrorism and, the U.S, and Germany will analyze the concept of terrorism in a comparative analysis to study the direction of the concept of terrorism reflecting Korea's speciality.

테러방지법상 군(軍) 역할에 관한 법적 검토와 개정방향에 관한 제언

백상진(Sang Jin Baeg) 한국공안행정학회 2023 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.32 No.4

Today, terrorism becomes a threat in the form of megaterrorism triggering a transnational disaster that causes reckless and large damage. The Korean government dispatches troops as peace keeping force for various activities in the international society. For this reason, Korea comes to be a target of an international terrorist group. In particular, externally, since South Korea has a hostile relationship with North Korea which is equipped with an advanced ability of terrorism, it always faces the threat of terrorism. Therefore, it is more important to make preemptive prevention and responses in the comprehensive security dimension. In addition, internally, the country has frequence access of foreigners and an increased number of North Korean refugees due to its growing activities in the world; severe social discontent along with the increase in unemployment rate and the widening gap between the rich and the poor; such a structural setting as high population density suitable for new terrorism. In this circumstance, blended terrorism is likely to occur simultaneously. If these external or internal factors trigger complex megaterrorism in an urban area where important national facilities, multi-purpose facilities, or other social infrastructure are concentrated, and thereby a lot of human lives and assets are damaged, it is impossible to respond to such a disaster with limited police force. For this reason, it is inevitable to protect the security of the nation and the public and maintain public order with the use of military force. According to the counter-terrorism system of South Korea, in principle, military force is put in only if a terror is posed to military facilities. In this case, there is no controversy, because the system is well established under the leadership of the Ministry of National Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. If the head of the countermeasure headquarters makes a request of support, exceptionally, it is possible to operate military force as well as military facilities. Even if the exceptional necessity to make up for insufficient police force is accepted, it is unavoidable to restrict military intervention in the private sector strictly in terms of constitutional order. Therefore, this study tries to suggest the establishment of new provisions pertinent to military presence and withdrawal procedures and the scope of work in the Act on Counter-Terrorism when counter-terrorism operation forces exceptionally intervene in a domestic situation, just as in Martial Law Act according to which military forces are allowed to intervene in such a situation as a state of national emergency in order to maintain public order. Essentially, the domestic counter-terrorism activity is use of public power for protecting social order and security. Therefore, in principle, it is required to prevent terrorism and take suppression activity with the use of police force. Exceptionally, if it is inevitable to put in the counter-terrorism operation forces under the Ministry of National Defense, it is necessary to establish new provisions suggested in this study, including ‘the limitations of the counter-terrorism of police force’, ‘the necessity of urgent support’, ‘the proposal by the director of National Counter Terrorism Committee’, ‘the approval by the President’, the control procedures of the National Assembly, such as notification to the National Assembly and the procedure of withdrawal request of the National Assembly, and the scope of work, in the Act on Counter-Terrorism. 우리나라의 외부적 혹은 내부적 요인에 의하여 국가중요시설이나 다중이용시설 등의 사회기반시설이 집중되어 있는 도심지역에서 복합적 메가테러가 발생하여 대규모 인명이나 재산 피해가 야기될 경우 제한된 경찰력으로 대응하기에는 한계에 봉착하므로 부득불 군(軍) 병력으로 국가 및 국민의 안전을 보호하고 공공질서를 유지할 필요가 있다. 우리나라의 테러대응체제에 따르면, 군 전력의 투입은 원칙적으로 군사시설에 대한 테러의 경우에 한정하고 있으며, 이때 국방부와 합참을 중심으로 한 대응체계가 잘 정비되어 있으므로 별다른 논란이 없어 보인다. 다만 대책본부장의 지원요청이 있을 경우 예외적으로 군사시설 이외에서도 군 전력 운용이 가능하다. 그렇지만 부족한 경찰력을 보완하기 위한 예외적 필요성을 인정하더라도 헌법적 질서를 고려해 볼 때 민간영역에 대한 군의 개입은 엄격히 제한될 수밖에 없다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 국가비상사태 등과 같은 상황에서 군의 개입으로 국가 치안유지를 할 수 있도록 한 계엄법처럼, 테러방지법에서도 군의 대테러작전부대가 예외적으로 국내상황에 개입할 때 그 출동 및 철수 절차, 업무범위에 관하여 테러방지법에 신설하도록 구체적으로 제안하고 있다. 국내의 대테러 활동은 본질적으로 사회질서 및 치안 유지를 위한 공권력 작용이므로 원칙적으로는 경찰력에 의한 테러 예방 및 진압활동이 수행되어야 한다. 예외적으로 부득불 국방부 소속 대테러작전부대가 투입되어야 한다면 이 논문에서 개정안을 제시한 것처럼, ‘경찰력의 테러대응 한계’, ‘긴급한 지원의 필요성’, ‘국가테러대책위원장의 건의’, ‘대통령의 승인’ 등의 요건뿐만 아니라 국회 통고 및 국회의 철수 요구 절차 등 국회 통제절차와 군 대테러작전부대의 업무범위도 테러방지법에 신설할 필요가 있다.

테러방지법 시행 이후 대테러정책의 변화와 시사점

유영현,김종길 한국테러학회 2016 한국테러학회보 Vol.9 No.4

The Anti-Terrorism Act stipulates necessary matters and protection against terrorism in relation to prevention and response of terrorism. It also aims to protect the lives and property of the people and to secure national and public security. However, There are various problems in the object, scope and scope of the Anti-Terrorism Act considering the situation of Korean peninsula and international politic. Especially, the Anti-Terrorism Act should focus on collecting information on terrorist organizations, members, and terrorist plans and taking counter-terrorism measures, intelligence collection agencies, anti-terrorism organizations, and external information collection organizations in order to implement effective law. In addition, the Anti-Terrorism Act should define such as extending the period of detention of terrorist suspects, restricting counsel's right to confront and compromising the right to be heard, and arresting foreigners without warrants and providing information related to foreign information intercepted by investigative agencies. The counter-terrorism strategy at the national level should set up a system that reduces the public's security and safety insensitivity. The counter-terrorism policy is to prevent the entry of terrorist dangerous people into the country, to join the international terrorist group and to prevent the natural terrorism, to systemize the safety management of terrorist facilities and terrorist use facilities, to protect the overseas residents and facilities, It is necessary to strengthen international cooperation, improve the ability to respond to new terrorism patterns and measures, to quickly catch terrorist signs and operate an early warning system, to support on-site response and prompt restoration, to prevent human rights violations and to prepare public information plans. 테러방지법은 테러의 예방과 대응활동과 관련하여 필요한 사항과 테러로 인한 피해보전 등을 규정하고 있다. 아울러 국민의 생명과 재산을 보호하고 국가 및 공공의 안전을 확보하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 그러나 남북 상황이나 국제정치적 상황을 고려하면, 테러방지법을 적용할 수 있는 대상과 영역 그리고 범위에 있어서 다양한 문제가 내재되어 있다. 특히 효율적인 테러방지법 시행을 위해 각국 내 정보수집기관, 방첩기관, 대외정보수집 관계기관은 테러조직, 구성원, 테러계획 등에 관한 정보를 수집하고 테러대책의 역할을 담당하는데 중점을 두어야 한다. 법제도상으로는 테러용의자의 구속기간 연장, 변호인의 제척 및 접견권의 제한 등의 규정을 마련하고 있으며, 외국인의 영장 없는 구속, 수사기관이 감청한 외국정보 관련 정보를 다른 정보 관계 기관에 제공 등과 같이 예외적인 사안에 대해 구체적이고 명확하게 규정되어야 할 것이다. 국가적인 대테러전략은 국민들의 안보ㆍ안전 불감증을 불식시키면서 국가 대테러 시스템을 정착시키는 정책이 필요하다. 이에 테러분자나 위험인물 국내입국 차단 철저, 국제테러단체 가입ㆍ동조 및 자생테러 방지대책 강구, 테러대상시설ㆍ테러이용수단 안전관리 체계화, 재외 국민ㆍ시설 보호 및 국가 중요행사 안전 확보, 관계기관 대테러 협업 활성화 및 국제공조 강화, 신종 테러 양상ㆍ수법 대응능력 향상, 테러징후 신속 포착 및 테러 조기경보 시스템 가동, 즉시 현장출동 및 신속 복구지원, 인권침해 방지대책 및 대국민 홍보방안 마련 등이 반드시 필요하다.