환경-주민수용성을 고려한 재생에너지 보급 활성화 방안 연구

이상범,이영재,이병권 한국환경연구원 2019 기후환경정책연구 Vol.2019 No.-

1. Background and Aims of Research ㅇ The purpose of this study is to propose a system of compensating and supporting local residents to promote the distribution of renewable energy facilities including solar and wind power generation, in part through a profit-sharing mechanism, based on the scale of residential environmental impact. ㅇ The government's policy is to expand the proportion of renewable energy, but only a small percentage of facilities have actually been installed and are currently in operation after permits for power generation projects were issued. This is mainly due to delays in construction permits, construction procedures, or delays due to opposition from local residents. 2. Cases of Local Residents’ Participation and Conflict in Renewable Energy Development ㅇ Most reasons for local resident’s opposition in the public disclosure and opinion gathering process of Environmental Impact Assessments are mostly about environmental destruction and residential environmental impact, but some have expressed a desire for compensation. ㅇ However, despite clear environmental impacts on residential areas, such as noise caused by inland wind power generation, consultations with local residents, such as compensation and profit sharing, are carried out under the responsibility of individual business entities without formal standards or guidelines. As a result, compensation differs depending on the region and farm, resulting in a significant increase in conflicts and complaints between local residents and wind power business entities. 3. Compensation Cases and Perceptions of Renewable Energy Development Abroad □ Compensation cases of renewable energy ㅇ United Kingdom - Reductions in real estate value and compensation for residential environmental impacts from wind farm operations are being provided to local residents a vinicity of the wind farms. ㅇ Germany - The sharing of profit from wind power generation with neighboring residents begins when the wind farm begins operation. Without the profits of wind farm operation, there is no compensation to local residents because they do not suffer from environmental impacts before the wind farm begins operation. ㅇ Australia - To minimize social conflicts of wind power generation, the Australian government adopted a measure to compensate local communities, based on the “Wind farm guide for host landholders.” □ Perceptions of renewable energy ㅇ Germany - According to an annual survey of the renewable energy acceptance rate, 89 to 95% of people agree to build renewable energy and they are also willing to accept the presence of renewable energy facilities around their residences. - Solar power farms have the highest acceptance rate, at 77 to 83%. 63% of respondents say they will accept any renewable energy facilities, noting that the more opportunities they have to come into contact with them, the higher the rate of their acceptance. 55% say they can accommodate wind farms in residential areas: this figure increases to 69% if there are facilities around them. 4. Scale and Scope of Residential Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy The noise impact of inland wind power on residential area is well known, but most of the controversial environmental effects of inland photovoltaic power generation are false. □ Inland wind power ㅇ The noise impact of inland wind power exceeded night noise standards up to 1,030m, and the low frequency influence range exceeded 1km, showing that the noise and low frequency influence range of wind power generators could extend more than 1,000m. □ Inland solar power ㅇ There is no evidence of residential environmental impacts from solar power generation. But for large-scale solar power facilities, the aesthetic impact on residents of such a transformation should be carefully evaluated. 5. Benefit-Sharing Measures of Renewable Energy based on Residential Environmental Impacts ㅇ In order to promote the supply of renewable energy, compensation and profit sharing measures should be prepared for local residents who are expected to be directly affected by the development of renewable energy, but, as there are no laws or guidelines in Korea, it becomes a major factor of social conflict. □ Inland wind power ㅇ Based on previous research results and overseas cases, wind power business entities are required to share profits with residents living within the range of noise and low frequency and shadow flickering caused by inland wind power generation once generation operations begin and revenue is produced. For residents living in some areas of ordinary influence, direct compensation measures, such as migration or monetary compensation, should be provided. In addition, residents indirectly affected by inland wind farms are provided opportunities to participate the wind and solar farm business through additional incentives. □ Inland solar power ㅇ In case of inland photovoltaic power generation, it is necessary to adopt measures that encourage local residents’ cooperatives lead solar power projects through the provision of additional REC incentives. In particular, low-income residents living in indirectly-affected areas by inland wind or photovoltaic power generation have problems in that they cannot share in renewable energy generation profits because they do not have the investment capacity to participate publicly through equity or fund investment. In order to supplement this, a measure for sharing profits should be prepared through the Local Village Development Fund or the Act on Supporting Areas around Power Plants. 6. Conclusions and Suggestions ㅇ In order to encourage residents’ acceptance of renewable energy, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy should lead in preparing standards and guidelines for compensation and profit-sharing for residents on the receiving end of direct and indirect environmental effects of renewable energy generation facilities. In particular, the Renewable Energy Residents' Compensation and Benefit Sharing Guideline should be designed to prevent problems that require excessive compensation for residents in areas where residential environment impacts due to renewable energy development are not objectively verified and directly or indirectly affect them. Institutional improvements should be made to ensure that local recipients are not excluded from renewable energy generation revenues.

Optimizing the Electricity Price Revenue of Wind Power Generation Captures in the South Korean Electricity Market

Eamon Byrne(에먼 번),Kim Hyun-Goo(김현구),Kang Yong-Heack(강용혁),Yun Chang-Yeol(윤창열) 한국태양에너지학회 2016 한국태양에너지학회 논문집 Vol.36 No.1

How effectively a wind farm captures high market prices can greatly influence a wind farm’s viability. This research identifies and creates an understanding of the effects that result in various capture prices (average revenue earned per unit of generation) that can be seen among different wind farms, in the current and future competitive SMP (System Marginal Price) market in South Korea. Through the use of a neural network to simulate changes in SMP caused by increased renewables, based on the Korea Institute of Energy Research’s extensive wind resource database for South Korea, the variances in current and future capture prices are modelled and analyzed for both onshore and offshore wind power generation. Simulation results shows a spread in capture price of 5.5% for the year 2035 that depends on both a locations wind characteristics and the generations’ correlation with other wind power generation. Wind characteristics include the generations’ correlation with SMP price, diurnal profile shape, and capacity factor. The wind revenue cannibalization effect reduces the capture price obtained by wind power generation that is located close to a substantial amount of other wind power generation. In onshore locations wind characteristics can differ significantly/ Hence it is recommended that possible wind development sites have suitable diurnal profiles that effectively capture high SMP prices. Also, as increasing wind power capacity becomes installed in South Korea, it is recommended that wind power generation be located in regions far from the expected wind power generation ‘hotspots’ in the future. Hence, a suitable site along the east mountain ridges of South Korea is predicted to be extremely effective in attaining high SMP capture prices. Attention to these factors will increase the revenues obtained by wind power generation in a competitive electricity market.

풍력발전의 환경침해에 관한 법적검토

김남욱(Kim, Nam Wook) 한국국가법학회 2022 국가법연구 Vol.18 No.1

지구온난화에 따른 기후변화에 대응하고 파리기후협약을 이행하기 위하여 국회는 탄소중립기본법을 2021.9.24. 제정하였다. 탄소중립기본법에서는 2050 탄소중립사회이행과 녹색성장 기본원칙, 국가·지방자치단체·공공기관·사업자의 책무, 국가비전과 온실가스 감축목표, 국가 탄소중립 녹색성장 기본계획, 국가탄소중립녹색성장 위원회, 온실가스감축시책 등을 명시하고 있다. 정부는 원자력은 점진적으로 축소하고 화석연료는 대폭적으로 줄이며, 풍력·태양광·수소발전 등의 신재생에너지는 확대하고 하고 있다. 육상풍력발전이 백두대간 등 자연경관 및 생태계 파괴, 저주파 소음피해 등으로 인근 지역주민과 환경상 분쟁을 야기함에 따라 지방자치단체는 조례로 풍력발전건설의 과도한 이격거리등을 허가요건으로 규정함에 따라 풍력발전입지를 확대하는데 일정한 한계가 노정되어 있다. 정부는 풍력발전을 위한 원스톱 샵을 제도화하여 육상풍력발전보다 해상풍력발전을 더욱 확대할 방침의 경우에도 해상풍력발전에 따른 어업권 및 생태계 침해 등의 법적분쟁이 최소화 되도록 하는 법적 검토가 필요하다. 풍력발전의 공공성과 경제성을 확보하고 원활하게 신재생에너지를 확대하기 위하여 재생에너지법과 더불어 풍력발전특별법의 제정이 요구되고 있다, 국회에 계류 중인 풍력발전특별법은 국무총리 직속으로 풍력위원회를 설치하여 풍력발전사업시행승인까지 원스톱 샵 체제를 이루고 있으며, 인허가 의제 등을 도입하고 있다. 따라서 풍력발전건설의 전략적 계획과 지역계획 수립, 인허가의제도의 사전승인 후 협의제도 도입, 원스톱 샵의 도입과 지방자치단체의 역할 강화, 풍력발전건설의 이격거리 기준의 명문화, 풍력발전소의 전략적 환경영향평가와 종 보호, 풍력발전개발행위허가 취소에서의 원고적격문제에 관한 법적 쟁점을 검토한다. In order to respond to climate change caused by global warming and implement the Paris Agreement, the National Assembly passed the Carbon Neutrality Framework Act on September 24, 2021. enacted. In the Carbon Neutral Framework Act, 2050 carbon-neutral society implementation and basic principles of green growth, the responsibilities of the state, local governments, public institutions, and business operators, the national vision and greenhouse gas reduction goals, the national carbon-neutral green growth master plan, the national carbon-neutral green growth committee , and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The government is gradually reducing nuclear power, drastically reducing fossil fuels, and expanding new and renewable energies such as wind power, solar power, and hydrogen power generation. As onshore wind power generation causes environmental disputes with local residents due to destruction of natural landscapes and ecosystems such as Baekdu-daegan, and damage to low-frequency noise, local governments stipulate excessive separation distances for wind power generation construction as permission requirements by ordinance. There are certain limits to the expansion of the power generation site. Even if the government plans to further expand offshore wind power generation rather than onshore wind power generation, legal review is necessary to minimize legal disputes such as infringement of fishing rights and ecosystems due to offshore wind power generation. Therefore, strategic planning and regional planning for wind power generation construction, introduction of a consultation system after prior approval of the licensing system, introduction of one-stop shop and strengthening of the role of local governments, stipulation of separation distance standards for wind power generation construction, strategic planning of wind power plants Legal issues related to environmental impact assessment and species protection, strengthening of residents’ acceptance of wind power generation, and legal issues related to the revocation of permits for wind power development activities will be reviewed.

Identification of Representative Wind Power Fluctuation Patterns for Water Electrolysis Device Stress Testing: A Data Mining Approach

Choi Kyong Jin,김상훈,권용재,심민규 한국화학공학회 2024 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.41 No.12

Wind power generation is expected to greatly contribute to the future of humanity as a promising source of renewable energy. However, the high variability inherent in wind is a challenge that hinders stable power generation. To utilize wind power as a primary energy source, integration with a polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) system is proposed. Yet, PEMWE is known to suff er from degradation when exposed to input power patterns with high variability. This poses challenges to its commercialization. This necessitates stress testing with various wind power fl uctuations during the production process of the devices. This study investigates representative patterns of wind power fl uctuation so that these patterns can be used for the stress testing process. We employ data-mining techniques, including the swing door algorithm and k-means clustering, to identify these patterns by analyzing wind power generation data at a 10-s interval. As a result, the fi ve most representative wind power ramps are presented. This study provides practical guidelines for the development process of expensive devices for wind power generation, thereby promoting the active utilization of wind power generation.

고출력 수직 듀얼 소형 풍력 발전기의 개발

박아현(Ah Hyun Park),백승재(Seungjae Baek),강용수(Yong Soo Kang),강현(Hyoun Kang) 한국산학기술학회 2022 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.23 No.10

본 논문에서는 해양 부이, 선박 조명 등 다양한 기기의 전력 공급을 위한 고출력 코어리스형 수직 듀얼 소형풍력 발전기를 개발한다. 소형 풍력 발전기는 저렴한 설치 비용 및 유지보수 용이성, 저소음과 같은 다양한 장점이 있지만, 기존의 소형 풍력 발전기는 유효출력 제공을 위해 강한 바람이 필요하다. 따라서, 본 논문에서 제안한 코어리스형 수직 축 구조를 채택함으로써 상대적으로 약한 바람에서도 높은 풍력 발전 효율을 얻을 수 있다. 또한, 풍향의 영향을 덜 받도록 수직 이중 축 구조를 설계하고 서로 다른 방향으로 회전하는 상하 분리된 팬 구조를 개발하여 기존 소형 풍력 발전기 대비 풍력 발전 효율 향상이 가능하다. 코어리스형 수직 듀얼 소형 풍력 발전기는 3D 프린팅, CNC 가공 및 회로 접속 과정을 통해 제작되었으며 성능 평가 결과, 기존 수직축 소형 풍력 발전기 대비 풍속 1 m/s에서 5 m/s 범위의 일반 도심 풍속에서 최대 150 %의 풍력 발전 효율이 향상됨을 확인하였다. In this study, we developed dual high-power coreless vertical small wind generators that can be used for power supply of various devices. Small wind-power generators have various advantages such as relatively low installation costs, easy maintenance, and low noise, but other small wind-power generators require strong winds to obtain effective power. However, by adopting a coreless vertical structure, high wind power generation efficiency can be provided with relatively weak winds. In addition, it is possible to improve the efficiency of wind-power generation compared to other small wind-power generators by designing a vertical dual-axis structure to be less affected by wind direction, as well as upper and lower separated fan structures that rotate in reverse directions. The proposed generator was manufactured using 3D printing, a computer numerical control (CNC) process, and circuit connection. As a result of a performance evaluation, the wind power generation efficiency was improved by up to 150% compared to an existing vertical generator at a general urban wind-speed range of 1 to 5 m/s.

복합발전 풍력-디젤 하이브리드 시스템 설치 지역의 전력품질 분석

안해준(An, Hae-Joon),김현구(Kim, Hyun-Goo),김석우(Kim, Seok-Woo),고석환(Ko, Seok-Whan),장길수(Jang, Gil-Soo) 한국신재생에너지학회 2009 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.06

A severely cold weather condition of King Sejong Station, Antarctica becomes a very severe condition for an installation/operation of wind generation system. When the existing wind generation system works, it may cause a damage and destruction of wind generation system and can bring about big problems in terms of the power quality. Accordingly, it is essential to obtain technologies for the installation and operation of small wind generation system for the polar region's wind generation, and to assess and demonstrate the performance in the severely-cold environment and the polar wind generation system's development, supplementation, alteration. Also, as the available power of King Sejong Station, Antarctica, the diesel generator has been mainly used, and the wind generator has been used in the hybrid form. Wind generation and diesel generation has the different load following control each other. In the wind generation, the generated power very rapidly changes according to the change of the velocity of the wind. On the other hand, the diesel generation shows very gentle change in the velocity of output. Therefore, the study is intended to analyze the 10kw small wind generator-diesel generator's power quality of King Sejong Station, Antarctica, which is the hybrid system installation area.

Operation Scheme for a Wind Farm to Mitigate Output Power Variation

Lee, Sung-Eun,Won, Dong-Jun,Chung, Il-Yop The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2012 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.7 No.6

Because of the nature of wind, the output power of wind turbines fluctuates according to wind speed variation. Therefore, many countries have set up wind-turbine interconnection standards usually named as Grid-Code to regulate the output power of wind farms to improve power system reliability and power quality. This paper proposes three operation modes of wind farms such as maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode, single wind turbine control mode and wind farm control mode to control the output power of wind turbines as well as overall wind farms. This paper also proposes an operation scheme of wind farm to alleviate power fluctuation of wind farm by choosing the appropriate control mode and coordinating multiple wind turbines in consideration of grid conditions. The performance of the proposed scheme is verified via simulation studies in PSCAD/EMTDC with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbine models.

풍력 발전 특성을 고려한 순간전압강하 평가

송영원(Young-Won Song),박창현(Chang-Hyun Park) 대한전기학회 2012 전기학회논문지 Vol.61 No.11

This paper presents a method for assessing the voltage sag performance of power system involving wind power generation. Wind power generation is considered as one of the most desirable renewable energy sources. However, wind power generation have uncertain energy output and it is difficult to control the output. The existing methods of voltage sag assessment are not reflected the characteristics of wind power generation. Therefore, in order to more accurately assess the voltage sag performance, the probability of wind power operation is evaluated. In this paper, the probability is determined by combining the wind speed model with the output curve of wind turbine. The probability of wind power operation is reflected as a parameter in voltage sag assessment. The proposed method can provide more accurate results of voltage sag assessment for the case involving the wind power generation.

Power Ramp Rate를 이용한 풍력 발전량 예측모델 구축

황미영(Mi-Yeong Hwang),김성호(Sung-Ho Kim),윤은일(Un-Il Yun),김광득(Kwang-Deuk Kim),류근호(Keun-Ho Ryu) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2012 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지 Vol.17 No.1

Fossil fuel is used all over the world and it produces greenhouse gases due to fossil fuel use. Therefore, it cause global warming and is serious environmental pollution. In order to decrease the environmental pollution, we should use renewable energy which is clean energy. Among several renewable energy, wind energy is the most promising one. Wind power generation is does not produce environmental pollution and could not be exhausted. However, due to wind power generation has irregular power output, it is important to predict generated electrical energy accurately for smoothing wind energy supply. There, we consider use ramp characteristic to forecast accurate wind power output. The ramp increase and decrease rapidly wind power generation during in a short time. Therefore, it can cause problem of unbalanced power supply and demand and get damaged wind turbine. In this paper, we make prediction models using power ramp rate as well as wind speed and wind direction to increase prediction accuracy. Prediction model construction algorithm used multilayer neural network. We built four prediction models with PRR, wind speed, and wind direction and then evaluated performance of prediction models. The predicted values, which is prediction model with all of attribute, is nearly to the observed values. Therefore, if we use PRR attribute, we can increase prediction accuracy of wind power generation.

Operation Scheme for a Wind Farm to Mitigate Output Power Variation

Sung-Eun Lee,Dong-Jun Won,Il-Yop Chung 대한전기학회 2012 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.7 No.6

Because of the nature of wind, the output power of wind turbines fluctuates according to wind speed variation. Therefore, many countries have set up wind-turbine interconnection standards usually named as Grid-Code to regulate the output power of wind farms to improve power system reliability and power quality. This paper proposes three operation modes of wind farms such as maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode, single wind turbine control mode and wind farm control mode to control the output power of wind turbines as well as overall wind farms. This paper also proposes an operation scheme of wind farm to alleviate power fluctuation of wind farm by choosing the appropriate control mode and coordinating multiple wind turbines in consideration of grid conditions. The performance of the proposed scheme is verified via simulation studies in PSCAD/EMTDC with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbine models.