팔당호 수질사고 예경보 시스템개발에 관한 기초연구

백경오(Baek Kyong Oh),최현근,안성식,좌승희 경기연구원 2008 경기개발연구원 기본연구 Vol.2008 No.11

The accidental water pollution arises from inflow of chemically-polluted water by a fire disaster, a traffic accident, a breakdown of sewage treatment plant, and so on. In Paldang reservoir that is a source of water supply to 23 million people, there is a storing possibility that the accidental water pollution will happen because a pollution source and a water intake facility co-exist in the same region. Thus, to protect water resources from the accidental water pollution, it is necessary to develop a early forecasting and alarm system at Paldang watershed. In this study, historical accidents of the water pollution were reviewed, and cases of the system for forecasting and alarm from the accidental water pollution were searched to employ a proper type to Paldang watershed. Then the numerical model for forecasting water quality, RAMS(river analysis modeling system), was selected, and the behavior of pollutants was calculated based on several scenarios of the accidental water pollution by means of the numerical model. Also managemental plans for situation of the accidental water pollution happening at Paldang watershed were simulated. According to the simulating results, a plan of increase of discharge at Cheongpyeong Dam reduced the peak concentration of pollutants, whereas extended the time for stopping water intake. Another plan, drop of water elevation at Paldang Dam, decreased seriously the time for stopping water intake although there were a little effect to decrease the peak concentration. Thus it was concluded that appropriate combinations of the plans for the increase discharge and the dropping water elevation should be used to deal with the accidental water pollution. The system for forecasting and alarm from the accidental water pollution should have two elements; The system should predict exactly the arrival time and dispersion of harmful substance in Paldang reservoir. The system should show the available results without delay. In order to satisfy these conditions, the system is based on real-time input data giving information about the accident as well as water discharge and water quality, which can be retrieved from the main warning stations via remote transmission from the gauging sites. Also the system should have a early warning module based on UMS(unified messaging system) to spread effectively the situation of the accidental water pollution among the citizens.

A Study on the Laws and Regulations for the Prevention of Vessel-Source Pollution in the Arctic Waters: Focusing on International Code of Safety for Ships Operating in Polar Waters(Polar Code)

최정환 ( Choi Jung-hwan ),이상일 ( Lee Sang-il ) 제주대학교 법과정책연구원 2018 法과 政策 Vol.24 No.2

With the acceleration of the throwing of polar’s sea ice due to the global warming, international community has been interested in the economic benefits of polar waters such as the new sea lane and the exploitation and exploration of oil and gas resources. In particular, the arctic waters, which has been long recognised as th path of expedition, is predicted to increase a number of vessels that wish to pass through its waters due to recent success of commercial voyages that sail across from european to Asia by using the Arctic Waters. Although the most popular passages are the Northwest Passage, which is from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans passes through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and the Northeast Passage which cross the Arctic north of Russia, the North-centre Passage is expected to be sooner used as the shipping route by reason of dramatically melting of the arctic’s sea-ice. Meanwhile, with the increasing numbers of vessels sailing across in the Arctic waters, international community has voices of concern regarding vessel-source pollution. Due to physical features of the arctic waters, this area is vulnerable to vessel-source pollution considering that it may be difficult to promptly response or take measures in case of accidental discharges and operational discharges of ships than other seas. Hence, the vessels that is using the arctic waters not only have a special attention to prevent vessel-source pollution, but there also is important to take protective measures concerning the international safety requirement for design, construction, equipment, operation and manning of vessels. As a result, the Maritime Safety Committee of International Maritime Organisation has been adopted ‘International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters(Polar Code)’ and new chapter XIV(Safety Measures for Ships Operating in Polar Waters) of the SOLAS for the purpose of authorizing legal binding of Polar Code. In addition, at the sixty eighth session of Marine Environment Protection Committee on 15 May 2015 has been adopted the parts Ⅱ-A and Ⅱ-B of the Polar Code and the related amendments to MARPOL73/78 Annexes Ⅰ(Prevention of Pollution by Oil), Ⅱ(Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk), Ⅳ (Prevention of Pollution by Sewage), and Ⅴ(Prevention of Pollution by Garbage). The purpose of the Polar Code is to offer the safety operation and protection of the polar environment. The Polar Code already entered into force 1 January 2017 upon along with the entry into force the associated amendments to MARPOL73/78 and SOLAS. The content of Polar Code consist of Part I and Part II and the structure of its Code constitute that while Part A is mandatory provisions, Part B is recommendatory provisions. This study will look at the economic advantages of the arctic waters as new shipping’s route. Afterwards, this study will examine the significance and the issues of implementation of the Polar Code to prevent vesselsource pollution in the arctic waters. Further, after analysing the enacting progress and the main contents of the Polar Code, it will suggest the recommendations and the improvement for the Polar Code to combat vessel-source pollution in the arctic waters.

한강수계 중권역별 오염물질 추세분석 및 달성도 평가를 통한 우선관리물질 선정

김계웅 ( Kim Kyeung ),송정헌 ( Song Jung-hun ),이도길 ( Lee Do Gil ),황하선 ( Hwang Ha-sun ),강문성 ( Kang Moon Seong ) 한국농공학회 2019 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.61 No.3

The objectives of this study were to analyze trends of water pollutants and to evaluate the achievement of water quality standards by subbasins in the Han River. The trends of 40 water pollutants at 232 water quality measurement points were analyzed. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total organic carbon (TOC), Total coliforms (TC), et cetera were found to be worsening trend. For evaluation of achievement, we evaluated water quality arithmetic mean with river environment standards and human health standards at representative points of the subbasin. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), TOC, Total phosphorus (T-P), Fecal coliforms (FC), TC exceeded water quality standards, and water quality of human health standards was all satisfied. So, we prioritized pollutants. If pollutants exceed water quality standards or were worse, they were classified first pollutants. Although BOD and T-P are first pollutants because of water quality standards excess, they are continuously improved. Also, it is better to maintain current status because water quality management system of BOD and T-P is well prepared. Meanwhile, TOC, TC, and FC exceed water quality standards. Furthermore, they were worse gradually, but there is a lack of management systems such as water quality standards of the effluence facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement the system. The results of this study can be used as primary data for the establishment of water quality standards and selection of management pollutants.

다변량 통계분석기법을 활용한 금강수계 14개 호소의 수질평가

김진호,주진철,안채민,황대호 대한환경공학회 2021 대한환경공학회지 Vol.43 No.3

Objectives:14 reservoirs in the Geum river watershed were clustered and classified using the results of factor analysis based on water quality characteristics. Also, correlation analysis between pollutants (land system, living system, livestock system) and water quality characteristics was performed to elucidate the effect of pollutants on water quality. Methods:Cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and factor analysis (FA) using water quality data of 14 reservoirs in the Geum river watershed during the last 5 years (2014-2018) were performed to derive the principal components. Then, correlation analysis between principal components and pollutants was performed to verify the feasibility of clustering. Results and Discussion:From the factor analysis (FA) using water quality data of 14 reservoirs in the Geum river watershed, three to six principal components (PCs) were extracted and extracted PCs explained approximately 74% of overall variations in water quality. As a result of clustering reservoirs based on the extracted PCs, the reservoirs clustered by nitrogen and seasonal PCs were Ganwol, Geumgang, and Sapgyo, the reservoirs clustered by organic pollution and internal production PCs were Tapjung, Dae, Seokmun, and Yongdam, the reservoirs clustered by organic pollution, internal production, and phosphorus are Bunam, Yedang, and Cheongcheon, and finally the remaining Boryeong, Daecheong, Chopyeong, and Songak were clustered as other factors. From the correlation analysis between principal components and pollutants, significant correlation between the land, living, and livestock pollutants and water quality characteristics was found in Ganwol, Topjeong, Daeho, Bunam, and Daecheong. These reservoirs are considered to require continuous and careful management of specific (land, living, livestock) pollutants. In terms of water quality and pollutant management, the Ganwol, Sapgyo, and Seokmunho are considered to implement intensive measures to improve water quality and to reduce the input of various pollutants. Conclusions:Although the water quality of the reservoir is a result of complex interactions such as influent water factors, morphological and hydrological factors, internal production factors, and various pollutants, optimized watershed and water quality management measures can be implemented through multivariate statistical analysis. 목적:금강수계 내 14개 호소의 수질 특성별 군집화를 위해 요인분석의 결과(factor 1 기반)를 활용해 호소를 군집 및 분류하고 오염원(토지계, 생활계, 축산계)과 수질인자 간 상관분석(correlation analysis)을 통해 오염원이 수질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 방법:금강수계 내 14개 호소의 최근 5년(2014~2018)의 다양한 수질항목 자료를 활용해 군집분석(cluster analysis, CA), 주성분분석(principle component analysis, PCA), 요인분석(factor analysis, FA)을 활용해 수질에 영향을 미치는 주성분을 도출하고, 요인분석을 통해 나온 결과를 바탕으로 실제 오염원과의 상관성을 분석하였다. 결과 및 토의:14개 호소의 요인분석 결과 3~6개의 요인이 추출되었으며 평균 74%의 설명력을 나타냈다. 요인 1에 추출된 수질인자를 바탕으로 호소를 분류한 결과, 질소 요인과 계절 요인으로 분류된 호소는 간월호, 금강호, 삽교호이며, 유기오염과 내부생산으로 분류된 호소는 탑정지, 대호, 석문호, 용담호이며, 유기오염과 내부생산 그리고 인 요인으로 분류된 호소는 부남호, 예당지, 청천지이다. 나머지 보령호, 대청호, 초평지, 송악지는 기타 호소로 분류되었다. 요인분석을 통해 나온 결과와 실제 오염원과의 상관성을 분석한 결과, 토지계, 생활계, 축산계 오염원과 높은 상관성을 나타낸 호소는 간월호, 탑정지, 대호, 부남호, 대청호이며 이들 호소는 특정(토지계, 생활계, 축산계) 오염원의 지속적인 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 수질과 오염원 관리 측면에서 나쁨으로 평가된 간월호, 삽교호, 석문호는 수질개선을 위한 대책과 오염원 유입 방지 대책이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 결론:호소의 수질은 유입수, 형태학적 요소, 수문학적 요소, 내부생산요소, 오염원 등의 복합적인 작용으로 인한 결과로서 매우 복잡한 인과관계를 형성하고 있으나 다변량 통계분석 등의 통계학적인 기법을 통해 호소 특성에 맞는 맞춤형 유역 및 수질관리 방안의 도출이 가능하다.

PORT POLLUTION AND ABATEMENT POLICIES

Wayne K. Talley 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2008 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 학술대회 Vol.2008 No.3

The major environmental impacts of ports are water and air pollution. Water pollution arises from vessel oil spillage, waste disposal, ballast water disposal, anti-fouling paints and the dredging of port waters. Air pollution arises from emissions from vessels, cargo-handling equipment, trucks and railroad locomotives. Port water pollution abatement policies seek to reduce: vessel oil spillage with liability enforcement; vessel waste disposal by requiring port vessel waste reception and handling plans; the discharge of ballast-water that contains non-indigenous species by requiring that ballast water be clean before it is discharged; and vessels coated with organotin compounds by preventing such vessels entering ports. Port air pollution abatement policies include the air pollution regulations: 1) cold ironing, 2) speed reduction by vessels when approaching a port and 3) vessels burning cleaner fuels. Possible side effects of port pollution abatement policies include the opportunity costs of revenue foregone by ports and shipping lines from the adherence to such policies.

통합수질지수 및 오염부하자료를 이용한 공릉천 유입지천과 본류의 오염특성 분석

유재현 ( Jae-hyun Yu ),이한샘 ( Han-saem Lee ),임병란 ( Byung-ran Lim ),강주형 ( Joo-hyoung Kang ),안태웅 ( Tae-ung Ahn ),신현상 ( Hyun-sang Shin ) 한국물환경학회 2020 한국물환경학회지 Vol.36 No.2

In this study, we identified the major pollution-zones of the mainstream and its tributaries of Gongneung stream and investigated their pollution sources based on water quality, flowrate and pollution-load data of the stream having the characteristics of the urban-rural complex to examine the effect of the tributaries on the water quality changes in the mainstream. The water quality and flowrate data were collected for 10 months (2018 ~ 2019) at 3 points of mainstream and ten tributaries. Water quality index (WQI), load duration curve (LDC), discharge load density (DLD)and delivery ratios for each tributary were obtained so as to investigate the pollution characteristics and some of the information visualized on GIS. The main pollution-zone in the Gongneung stream was in the middle and lower streams, and the tributaries that may affect the pollution of the area were JS, JY, SL and SM. JS and SL had low WQI levels (34.7/37.5) and DLD (kg/d/km²) of BOD and T-P were relatively high in JY (99.2/6.00) and SL (60.0/2.07). BOD and T-P delivery ratios in JS were high (0.94/0.83), suggesting that JS had significant influence on the water quality of the main pollution-zone in the Gongneung stream. Meanwhile, SM having a high T-P delivery ratio (0.97) was found to be more affected by the non-point source due to the higher LDC excess rate (%) in the low flow compared to high flow. This study provides basic data on the water quality and pollution characteristics of the Gongneung stream, and the analysis results are expected to be used as examples for identifying the main pollution-zone and tributaries of stream and their pollution sources.

미국 Clean Water Act(CWA)에 관한 연구

황경환 ( Hwang Kyong-hwan ) 경상대학교 법학연구소 2016 法學硏究 Vol.24 No.4

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948이 미국최초의 수질보호법이다. 이후 국민들의 수질보호에 대한 강력한 인식과 염려로 1972년에 당시의 위법을 전면 개정하여 현재의 Clean Water Act를 제정하게 된 것이다. Clean Water Act의 목적은 미국의 물을 화학적 물리적 그리고 생물학적으로 정상적인 상태를 회복하고 유지하는 것이 다. Clean Water Act의 핵심은 수질 오염자에 의한 점원(point source)오염물질의 직접 적인 방출을 통제하는 것이다. 즉 CWA는 기본적으로 오염물질의 방출은 위법한 것으로 규정하고 있다. 그러나 미국 환경청(Environmental Protection A gency(EPA))의 허가(permit)를 받으면 오염물질의 방출이 가능하다. 이러한 통제는 CWA의 국가 오염원 방출 제거 시스템 (The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES))에 의해 오염원 방출량 및 수질보존 기준이 정해지며 집행된다. 그러므로 NPDES야말로 CWA 목적달성을 위한 구체적인 집행 제도라고 할 수 있는 것이다. 연방환경청 행정관(EPA Administrator) 은 일반 시민의 공청회를 거친후 오염물질 방출 허용기준(permit)을 발령할 수 있다. 오염 물질 방출자는 오염물질 방출을 위해서 일정한 조건과 절차에 따라 행정관에게 허가 신청을 해야 하는 것이나 행정관은 오염물질 배출자의 신청행위 없이 일방적으로 광범위한 지역에서 특정오염물질의 배출을 일반적으로 허가할 수 있다(general permit). 이때 행정관은 오염물질 방출관련 자료 정보 등의 수집방법과 보고 및 다른 필요한 조건 등의 여러 permit 조건들을 규정하여야 한다. CWA상의 EPA에 의한 NPDES permit의 발령 은 행정처분의 성격을 가진다. 그러므로 CWA는 EPA가 NPDES permit를 발령하기 전에 이를 일반시민에게 공표하고 나아가 공청회를 개최하도록 하고 있다. EPA의 NPDES permit 결정에 대한 불복심판청구는 환경항소 위원회(EPA`s Environmental Appeals Board)에 제기할 수 있으며 나아가서는 연방항소법원(federal court of appeals) 에 소 송을 제기 할 수 있다. 법원은 NPDES permit 발령은 준 사법적 절차를 따라야 한다고 판결하고 있다. 모든 시민은 수질보호를 위해 오염물질 방출자에 대해 시민소송의 주체가 될 수 있다. 여기서 시민은 불리한 법적이익을 받을 가능성이 있는 모든 사람을 의미한 다. 즉 소송의 주체가 되기 위한 시민은 기본적으로 당해사건에서 헌법이 요구하는 당사 자 적격을 가져야한다. 즉 소송의 주체(원고)가 되기 위해서는 자신이 방출된 오염물질로 인해 실질적인 상해나 손해를 받고 있음을 입증해야 한다. 소송의 대상은 clean water act 상의 오염물질 방출 기준을 위배하거나 위 관련법과 관련해서 행정기관이나 주정부 가 발령한 명령을 위반한 미연방정부나 연방정부 기관에 대해서, 그리고 행정기관이 법적으로 기속행위인 의무나 법적행위를 이행하지 않은 경우 위 행정기관에 대해 소송을 제기할 수 있다. 이러한 경우 소송가액이나 당사자의 시민권 주소지와 관계없이 재판권은 연방정부의 지방법원에 속한다. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948(FWPCA) is the first act to protect the water from the pollution in USA. The current Clean Water Act was established to strengthen water preservation amending entire FWPCA in 1972. The objective of this CWA is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation`s waters. According to the CWA, the discharge of any pollutant by any person shall be unlawful without the permits for discharge of pollutants from EPA. This is just NPDES. As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit Program controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States. EPA Administrator may, after opportunity for public hearing, issue a permit for the discharge of any pollutant, or combination of pollutants upon condition that such discharge will meet either all applicable requirements or prior to the taking of necessary implementing actions relating to all such requirements, such conditions as the Administrator determines are necessary to carry out the provisions of this CWA. Courts held that the permit issuance process was subject to the adjudicatory procedures mandated by sections 554-557 of the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). In order to enforce the CWA, CWA provides the civil suit system. CWA civil suit stipulates that any citizen may commence a civil action on his own behalf (1) against any person (including (i) the United States, and (ii) any other governmental instrumentality or agency to the extent permitted by the eleventh amendment to the Constitution) who is alleged to be in violation of (A) an effluent standard or limitation under this chapter or (B) an order issued by the Administrator or a State with respect to such a standard or limitation, or (2) against the Administrator where there is alleged a failure of the Administrator to perform any act or duty under this chapter which is not discretionary with the Administrator. The district courts shall have jurisdiction, without regard to the amount in controversy or he citizenship of the parties, to enforce such an effluent standard or limitation, or such an order, or to order the Administrator to perform such act or duty, as the case may be, and to apply any appropriate civil penalties under CWA.

수질오염물질 감소의 편익 추정 -수질총량제하 가상배출권시장 개념의 적용-

한택환 ( Tak Whan Han ),이효창 ( Hyo Chang Lee ) 한국환경경제학회·한국자원경제학회(구 한국환경경제학회) 2014 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.23 No.4

본 연구는 수질오염물질에 대한 가상적 배출권거래시장을 상정하여 균형배출권가격을 도출함으로써 수질개선에 따른 편익을 추정하려고 시도하였다. 우리나라에서는 낙동강수계를 비롯하여 주요 수계에 수질오염물질 총량관리제도가 실시되고 있다. 사회적으로 바람직스러운 배출총량을 결정함으로써 국민과 정부는 암묵적으로 수질오염물질의 경제적 가치를 결정한 것과 같다고 할 수 있다. 각 지자체별로 수질오염물질 배출상의 제약으로 인하여 희생된 경제적 기회비용이 발생할 것이며 이 기회비용의 크기가 수질오염물질의 경제적 가치이기 때문이다. 이 가상적 배출권거래시장에서의 균형가격을 수질 총량제하의 수계전체의 배출총량과 지자체별 할당에 의하여 암묵적으로 결정된 수질오염물질 배출의 단위당 가치라고 해석할 수 있다. 배출량과 편익의 관계로부터 한계순편익함수를 도출하고 지자체별 배출허용총량을 이용하여 개별배출권 초과수요함수를 구성하여 균형배출권가격을 도출하였다. 추정 결과 배출권시장의 균형배출권가격이 1,409.3원/kg·BOD으로 추산되었다. 이는 외국의 사례와 비교하여 적정한 수준이라 평가되며 이러한 배출권가격은 수질 오염물질의 단위당 경제적 가치를 산정하여 수질 변화를 수반하는 사업의 B/C분석에 직접적으로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. This study attempts to estimate the value of the water quality improvement by deriving the equilibrium price of the water pollutant emission permit for the imaginary water pollutant emission trading market. It is reasonable to say that there is already an implicit social agreement for the unit value of water pollutant, when the government set the Total Water Pollutant Loading System for the major river basin as a part of the Comprehensive Measures for Water Management, particularly for the Nakdong River Basin. Therefore, we can derive the unit value of water pollutant emission, which is already implied in the pollution allowance for each city or county by the Total Water Pollutant Loading System. Once estimated, it will be useful to the economic assessment of the water quality related projects. An imaginary water pollutant emission trading system for the Nakdong River Basin, where Total Water Pollutant Loading System is already effective, is constructed for the estimation of the equilibrium price of water pollutant permit. By estimating marginal abatement cost curve or each city or county, we can compute the equilibrium price of the permit and then it is regarded as the economic value of the water pollutant. The marginal net benefit function results from the relationship between the emission and the benefit, and then the equilibrium price of permit comes from constructing the excess demand function of the permit by using the total allowable permit of the local government entity. The equilibrium price of the permit would be estimated to be 1,409.3won/kg·BOD. This is within reasonable boundary compared for the permit price compared to foreign example. This permit price would be applied to calculate for the economic value of the water quality pollutants, and also be expected to use directly for the B/C analysis of the business involved with water quality change.

수질오염 기인 어업피해의 구제에 관한 연구 - 특히 부담주체에 관하여

공경자(Gyung-Ja Gong) 한국해사법학회 2006 해사법연구 Vol.18 No.2

  수질오염으로 인하여 어업활동 등에 장애를 입은 어민은 배상책임자에게 손해배상을 청구할 수 있는데, 「수산업법」 제82조에서는 “산업시설 기타 사업장의 건설 또는 조업이나 선박, 해양오염방지법 제2조 제10호의 해양시설과 해저광구의 개발 등”에 의한 수질오염으로 인하여 면허받은 어업에 피해가 발생한 때에는 그 오염발생시설의 경영자는 관계 법령이 정하는 바에 따라 피해자에게 정당한 배상을 하여야 한다.”고 규정하여 수질오염으로 인한 손해배상을 규정하고 있다.<BR>  이 경우 배상의 부담주체는 오염발생시설의 경영자가 행정청인 경우에는 행정청이 손해배상의 주체가 될 것이며, 행정청이 아닌 경우에는 손해를 입힌 오염발생시설의 경영자가 배상주체가 될 것이며, 또한 적용되는 법률도 다를 것이다. 즉, 부담주체가 국가 및 지방자치단체인 경우에는 국가배상의 논리가 적용될 것이고, 부담주체가 행정청이 아닌 경우에는 민법의 불법행위의 논리가 적용될 것이다.<BR>  「수산업법」 제82조는 피해자가 손해의 배상을 청구함에 있어서는 수질오염을 일으키는 행위의 존재 및 수질오염의 사실을 입증하는 것으로 충분하고, 이들 사이의 인과관계의 존재 및 수질오염에 대한 상대방의 고의 또는 과실을 별도로 입증할 필요는 없는 것으로 해석된다. 왜냐하면 「수산업법」 제82조의 입법취지는 동조 제1항이 규정하는 각종 행위와 수질오염 및 이로 인한 손해의 발생 사이의 인과관계의 존재를 인정하고 나아가 피해자에 대하여 오염발생시설 경영자 등의 고의 또는 과실의 존재에 대한 법률상의 입증책임을 면제함으로써, 피해의 구제를 용이하게 규정한 특별한 손해배상책임으로서의 의미를 부여한 것으로 이해할 수 있을 것이다.<BR>  그리고 폐기물 해양투기비용에 오염자 부담원칙을 적용하여 해양투기로 인해 발생할 수 있는 수질오염의 손해 발생 문제는 육상 폐기물을 해양에 투기하도록 한 환경부가 일차로 져야 한다고 본다. 그러나 오염자 부담원칙은 법률에 명시적으로 규정되어 있지 않는 한 단지 환경정책적 또는 행위준칙의 성격을 지닐 뿐이라고 보는 것이 다수설이기에 해양오염방지법상에 명시되어 있지 않는 한 환경부에게 책임을 묻지는 못한다. 따라서 해양오염방지법상 육상폐기물의 투기에 대한 손해배상의 책임소재를 새롭게 규정하는 것이 필요하다고 본다.   Fisherman who suffer from water pollution can claim for loss or damages against the subject of pollution. In relation with the claim, the Fisheries Act, Article 82, will regulate the claim for loss or damages caused by water pollution. The law specifies the types of water pollution and regulates that a head of the pollution subject should have the obligation to compensate for the possible loss or damage. When the pollution subject is an administrative body, it will be obligated to compensate for the damage in accordance with the Law of National Compensation. If not the case, the head of pollution subject shall be responsible for the pollution in accordance with the general principle of the civil law on compensation for damage in clause 750 of the civil code.<BR>  Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries who responsible for ocean environment shall be responsible for marine pollution and the possible loss and damages. However, if the pollution subject should be responsible for the damages, the responsibility would go to the Ministry of environment which neglects the dumping of land wastes. However, as the he Law of the Prevention of Marine Pollution, doesn"t specify the responsibility of pollution subject, many believe that it is interpreted in the administrative level and as the rule to action. For this reason, unless it is not specified in the Law of Prevention of Marine Pollution, the Ministry of environment shall not be responsible for the case. Accordingly, it is required that the Law of the Prevention of Marine Pollution or the Fisheries Act, Article 82, should specify who will be responsible for the dumping of land wastes.

「지하수법」상 지하수 오염방지 제도의 문제점과 개선방안

박종준 한국환경법학회 2019 環境法 硏究 Vol.41 No.1

수량과 수질의 통일적 관리와 지속가능한 물관리 체계의 구축을 위하여 국토교통부의 수자원 보전・이용 및 개발 기능이 환경부로 이관되어, 기존의 분산되었던 물관리 체계가 일정 부분 일원화됨에 따라, ‘지하수의 적절한 개발・이용’과 ‘지하수의 효율적인 보전・관리’에 관한 사항을 정하고 있는 「지하수법」은 이전과는 다른 패러다임의 전환을 요구받고 있다. 특히 이러한 차원에서 「지하수법」에서 낮은 비중을 차지하고 있는 지하수 오염방지 제도는 기존의 법적 문제를 해소하고 새로운 정책적 환경에 부응하기 위한 제도개선방향의 모색이 필요한 상황이다. 「지하수법」 제16조부터 제16조의4까지의 조항에서 지하수의 수질오염을 방지하기 위한 규제의 법적 근거로 적용되고 있는 지하수 오염방지 제도는 첫째, 대상, 요건, 조치사항 등에 있어서 규율이 불명확하며, 둘째, 「지하수법」내의 관련 규정 간의 관계, 「지하수법」과 관련 하위법령 간의 관계 및 「토양환경보전법」과의 관계에 있어서 연계성이 부족하고, 마지막으로 행정주체 간 효율적인 역할 배분의 미흡, 기초지방자치단체에 주로 집중된 권한, 실질적 법적 수단의 미비 등으로 인한 규율의 실효성 부족 등을 주요한 문제점으로 꼽을 수 있다. 지하수 오염방지 제도의 개선을 위해서는 첫째 우선적으로 지하수 오염방지 제도를 중심으로 주요 관련 용어 개념을 명확하게 정립하여야 하며, 둘째 「지하수법」내에서 지하수 오염방지와 관련된 규율의 비중을 확대하되 지하수 수량 관리 체계와의 합리적인 관계설정을 위한 조정이 필요하다. 셋째, 지하수와 토양 간의 밀접한 연관성을 고려하여 「토양환경보전법」과의 법적 연계성을 강화하여야 하고, 마지막으로 지하수 오염방지라는 정책목표를 효과적으로 달성하기 위한 전략적 규제체계가 「지하수법」에 자리 잡을 수 있도록 연관 제도 간의 유기적인 연계를 뒷받침하는 법제개선이 필요하다. 물관리 일원화라는 큰 틀에서의 제도 변화를 계기로 하여 지하수 오염방지 제도도 중장기 차원에서의 법제개선 노력을 지속적으로 전개해 나가야 한다. In order to build an integrated and sustainable management system for water quality and water quality, the authority on water resources of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport has been transferred to the Ministry of Environment and the existing decentralized water management system has become unified. Accordingly, the “Groundwater Act”, which stipulates matters relating to the proper development and utilization of groundwater and the efficient maintenance and management of groundwater, requires a new paradigm shift. In particular, the groundwater pollution prevention system, which occupies a low portion in the “Groundwater Act”. needs to find ways to improve the system in order to solve the existing legal problems and to respond to the new policy environment. The groundwater pollution prevention system is based on Article 16 through Article 16-4 of the “Groundwater Act”. The first problem with the groundwater pollution prevention system is that the regulations on the objects, requirements, and measures are unclear. Second, there is a lack of connectivity in relation to the regulation itself, the sub-regulations, and “Soil Environmental Conservation Act”. The last problem is the lack of effectiveness of regulations, which is due to the inefficiency of role allocation among administrative agencies and the lack of practical legal means. In order to improve the groundwater pollution prevention system, it is necessary to clearly establish the concept of the key terms related to the groundwater pollution prevention system. Second, it is necessary to expand the proportion of regulations related to the prevention of groundwater pollution within the “Groundwater Act”, and to make a reasonable adjustment to the ground water management system. Third, considering the close relationship between groundwater and soil, the legal connection with “Soil Environmental Conservation Act” should be strengthened. Finally, it is necessary to improve the legal system to support the strategic regulatory system to effectively achieve the policy objective of preventing groundwater pollution. As a result of the unification of water management, the groundwater pollution prevention system should be continuously developed in the long term.