흡연자의 정서조절이 담뱃갑 경고그림 효과에 미치는 영향

조현영 ( Cho Hyun Young ),박준우 ( Park Joon Woo ),전승우 ( Chun Seungwoo ) 한국소비자학회 2018 소비자학연구 Vol.29 No.3

본 연구는 정서조절이 담뱃갑 경고그림 효과에 어떤 영향을 미치는 지 알아보고자 했다. 많은 선행연구가 경고그림이 금연의도에 기여함을 보였지만 일부 연구는 경고그림의 효과를 부정하거나 오히려 그것이 흡연 행동을 증가시킴을 보여주었다. 본 연구는 흡연자의 정서조절 성향을 경고그림의 효과를 조절하는 경계 조건으로 설정하였다. 정서조절은 재평가와 정서억제 전략으로 나눌 수 있다. 재평가는 부정적 정서를 일으킨 상황을 긍정적인 방향으로 해석하여 정서를 조절하는 전략이며 정서억제는 느끼는 감정을 겉으로 표현하지 않는 전략이다. 선행 연구는 재평가가 정서억제보다 적응적인 전략임을 보고한다. 본 연구는 재평가 성향이 높은 흡연자는 경고그림이 유발한 부정적 정서를 적절히 조절해 높아진 금연의도를 보일 것으로 예상했다. 반면 정서억제 성향이 높은 흡연자에게서는 부정적 정서의 매개효과가 나타나지 않을 것이라고 예상했다. 가설을 검증하기 위해 흡연자 205명을 대상으로 실험을 실시하였다. 참가자는 경고그림 또는 경고메시지에 노출된 후 부정적 정서를 느낀 정도, 금연의도 및 정서조절 성향을 측정하는 문항에 응답했다. 실험 결과, 참가자들은 경고문구보다 경고그림에 노출되었을 때 더 높은 부정적 정서와 금연의도를 보였다. 정서조절 성향을 재평가와 정서억제로 나누어 분석해 보니, 재평가의 조절효과는 통계적으로 유의하였지만 정서억제의 조절효과는 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 재평가 성향이 높은 흡연자들에게서만 담뱃갑 경고그림이 금연의도를 높이는 효과가 관찰되었으며, 정서억제 성향은 경고그림의 효과에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 또한, 담뱃갑 경고와 금연의도 간의 관계를 흡연자가 인식한 부정적 정서가 매개하는 효과도 재평가 성향에 의해 조절되었다. 반면 정서억제의 조절된 매개효과는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 이 결과는 경고그림에 수반되는 부정적 정서의 순기능이 재평가 전략을 사용하는 흡연자에게서 더 증폭될 수 있음을 보여준다. 따라서 흡연자들이 재평가 전략을 사용하도록 돕는 금연 프로그램을 적극적으로 도입해볼 만하다. The current study examined how emotion regulation strategies moderate the impacts of graphic health warning (GHWs) on intention to quit smoking. Existing literature have shown that cigarette pictorial warnings are effective in reducing smoking behavior. Some studies, however, have revealed insignificant impact of GHWs or boomerang effect such that pictorial warnings even increased smoking behavior. The present study attempted to identify a boundary condition that moderates the impact of pictorial warnings on smokers’ desire to quit smoking. We hypothesized that the impact of GHWs will depend on the type of emotion regulation strategies that the smokers often use to regulate their negative emotions. Two different types of emotion regulation strategies are widely known. First, reappraisal occurs before emotional arousal is fully experienced and encourage people to think of the situation that induce such emotional reaction in a more positive way. For example, a person who feels very nervous waiting for a job interview may reduce such nervousness by thinking the situation as an opportunity to receive a useful feedback on his or her aptitude and skills. Individuals with greater reappraisal tendency attempt to reduce a detrimental impact of negative emotion through interpreting a specific situation that induce the emotion in a more positive manner. In contrast, suppression strategy does not contain such a cognitive process. Individuals with greater suppression tendency try not to reveal one’s emotional feelings in order to regulate their emotions. Literature on emotion regulation consistently have shown that reappraisal is more adaptive than suppression strategy in reducing negative emotional feelings. Suppression strategy was shown to reduce emotional expressions but not to reduce emotional experiences. Also, individuals with greater suppression tendency showed increased activities in sympathetic nervous system as well as heart rate. Suppression, compared to reappraisal strategy thus appear not to solve underlying emotional experiences. Based on the literature we predicted moderated mediation effect of the type of emotion regulation strategy such that mediating role of negative emotion will be significant for smokers with high reappraisal tendency but not for those with high suppression tendency. Smokers with high reappraisal tendency were predicted to regulate their negative emotion induced from GHWs more effectively since they will regard the pictorial warnings as useful information, which results in enhanced desire to quit. Smokers with high suppression tendency were predicted to be relatively ineffective in reducing their negative emotion and their desire to quit thus would not be affected by GHWs. We conducted experiments with 205 Korean smokers and presented them with either a pictorial warning or a text-only warning. Pictorial warning depicts a cancerous lung in full color along with corresponding texts. A text warning was included at the front and side of the cigarette package. The front warning was “Smoking causes various diseases such as lung cancer! Would you still smoke?” and the side warning was “The tar intake may vary depending on the smoker's smoking habits.” After participants were presented with stimuli they indicated the extent to which they felt negative emotions including fear and answered to an emotional regulation scale. The data revealed that participants showed greater level of negative emotion as well as increased desire to quit after exposed to a pictorial warning than to a text-only warning message. The pictorial warning was effective in enhancing desire to quit smoking only for the smokers whose reappraisal tendency was high. Suppression tendency did not significantly moderate the relationship between cigarette pictorial warning (vs. text-only warning) and desire to quit. Also, negative emotion mediated the relationship between cigarette pictorial warning (vs. text-only warning) and desire to quit, and this mediation effect was moderated by reappraisal but not by suppression tendency. The current findings seem to suggest that detrimental impacts of negative emotion that is induced by exposure to cigarette pictorial warnings can be reduced through emotion regulation, especially reappraisal tendency. Also, this study suggested that lack of emotion regulation could have explained previous findings that failed to show effectiveness of cigarette pictorial warnings in reducing smoking behavior. Specifically, reappraisal but not suppression tendency is shown to be more adaptive strategy in smoking cessation. Such finding may in part be due to the fact that suppression strategy requires more amount of cognitive resources than reappraisal strategy. Smoker with high suppression tendency could not have sufficient cognitive resources that is enough to process pictorial warning messages and thus might not have accepted it. Previous studies have demonstrated that the impacts of GHWs are mediated by cognitive processes such as perceived risk of smoking, believability of warning messages, and perceived information effectiveness. Suppression compared to reappraisal strategy appears to interfere with such a role of cognitive factors. The present finding has practical implication. Smoking cessation program for smokers should adopt some form of emotion regulation training. For example, the program can provide a meditation session with smokers that is helpful in reappraise their negative emotion. The current study shows beneficial role of emotion regulation tendency in enhancing GHWs’ effects. Our findings seem to reconcile recent controversy on the effectiveness of cigarette pictorial warning in Korea. This study demonstrated that GHWs are effective communication tool for smokers in helping their smoking cessation attempts. There are some situations, however, in which pictorial warning messages are ineffective due to negative emotional responses towards such messages and GHWs seem to be ineffective communication tool for smokers with low emotion regulation tendency.

담뱃갑 경고그림이 흡연에 미치는 영향: 중국 소비자를 대상으로

김희,고한준 국민대학교 사회과학연구소 2018 社會科學硏究 Vol.30 No.2

Currently, cigarette package health warnings are getting more attentions from around the world. In addition, previous studies have shown that picture warnings made a stronger impact on smoking behavior than text warnings. In China, only text warnings are currently adopted to cigarette packages, and a smoking rate is still increasing year by year. For this reason, this study tried to examine consumers' reactions toward picture warnings by conducting an experiment. As a result, respondents, who were exposed to a higher level of fear in picture warnings, showed more negative attitude toward the cigarette package, lower purchase intentions, and higher intentions to quit smoking than those of the lower level group. Moreover, these is a statistically significant interaction effect between smoking group and nonsmoking group in terms of the level of fear in picture warnings and the attitude toward the cigarette package. This study suggests that China should consider adopting picture warnings to cigarette packages. This will help people quit smoking in China. 담뱃갑에 표시되는 경고메시지는 현재 많은 나라에서 사용되고 있다. 선행 연구를 바탕으로 경고그림이 경고문구 보다 흡연 욕구를 줄이거나 금연에 상대적으로 더 높은 효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 중국 시장은 경고문구만을 도입한 상황이고 흡연율 또한 나날이 높아지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 아직 경고그림이 도입되지 않은 중국의 소비자를 대상으로 실험을 진행하여 경고그림의 공포 수준에 따른 중국 소비자의 반응을 살펴보았다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 경고그림의 공포수준이 높아짐에 따라 중국 소비자들은 경고그림으로 포장된 담뱃갑에 대해서 부정적인 태도를 나타냈고, 구매의도가 떨어졌으며 금연의도 또한 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 더불어 흡연자와 비흡연자는 경고그림의 공포수준에 따라 담뱃갑에 대한 태도에서 상호작용 효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과, 중국 시장에서 흡연율을 낮추거나 금연의도를 높이기 위해서 담뱃갑에 경고그림을 도입하는 정책은 매우 효과가 있을 것이라 예상되었다.

담뱃갑 경고그림 메시지의 커뮤니케이션 효과

박노일(Nohil Park),정지연(JiYeon Jeong),문지원(Jiwoon Moon),정지혜(JiHye Jeong),박아현(Ah Hyun Park) 서울대학교 언론정보연구소 2018 언론정보연구 Vol.55 No.4

최근 도입된 담뱃갑 경고그림 메시지에 대한 커뮤니케이션학 차원의 논의가 부족한 상황이다. 이 연구는 2016년 12월 23일에 국내에 전격 시행된 담뱃갑 경고그림의 위협소구와 금연의지 변화를 흡연자 및 비흡연자 집단을 고려하여 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 담뱃갑 경고그림 전후 총 1,198명[사전: 736명(흡연자: 168명, 비흡연자: 568명, 사후: 462명(흡연자: 118명, 비흡연자: 344명)]을 대상으로 경고그림에 대한 인식조사를 진행하였다. 분석 결과, 담뱃갑 경고그림 도입 이후 흡연자 집단보다 비흡연자 집단의 흡연 위협소구 인식과 금연의지 증가를 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 비흡연자의 인구사회학적 속성, 흡연태도, 금연캠페인 변인들을 통제한 상태에서도 담뱃갑 경고그림은 흡연 위협소구와 금연의지에 영향을 미쳤다. 반면 흡연자 집단에서는 담뱃갑 경고그림이 위협소구 인식 증가에만 영향을 미쳤을 뿐 금연의지를 제고하는 데는 유의미한 영향관계를 나타내지 않았다. 이러한 연구 결과는 담뱃갑 경고그림이 비흡연자 집단에게 금연 예방효과가 나타남을 과학적으로 제시하는 동시에, 담뱃갑 경고그림이 흡연자 집단의 흡연 위협소구 효과를 나타내거나 흡연자의 금연의지 변화를 이끌어 내기에는 제한적임을 경험적으로 조명했다는 데 의의가 있다. In communication studies, there has been a lack of discussions on the effectiveness of the pictorial cigarette pack warnings. This study aims to investigate the changes in perceptions of threat appeal for smoking and willingness to quit smoking among smokers and non-smokers before and after the introduction of pictorial cigarette pack warnings on December 23, 2016 in South Korea. For these research purposes, his research conducted surveys to 1198 persons (1st wave: smokers=168, non-smokers=568; 2nd wave: smokers=118, non-smokers=344). The results showed that the nonsmokers had increased their perceptions of threat appeal and willingness to quit smoking than the smokers even when the non-smokers’ demographic characteristics, smoking attitudes, degree of exposure to cigarette pack warnings, and smoking cessation campaign involvement variables were controlled. however in the smokers group, pictorial cigarette pack warnings only affected the perceived threat of smoking, but did not render a meaningful effect on improving willingness to quit smoking. This study suggests that, for non-smokers, the pictorial cigarette pack warnings has effects on their perceptions of threat appeal and willingness to keep away from smoking but, it has limitations for smokers to increase their willingness to quit smoking.

A Method for the Web Standard based on the Characteristics of the Web Standard Compliance

채소영,이창용 한국산업경영시스템학회 2017 한국산업경영시스템학회 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.추계초록

In this study, we proposed a method for correcting non-compliance of the web standard in webpages based on the characteristics of sampled webpages. We collected about 70,000 webpages by using a web crawler and analyzed them by applying various statistical methods. We found that the top three most frequent types of errors and warnings consist of about 60% and 80% of the total number of errors and warnings, respectively. Based on these results, we focus on correcting four most frequent errors and warnings, and showed that the strategy corrected about 95% of these errors and warnings. In addition, we found that different types of errors and warnings are correlated in such a way that correcting one type of error or warning influences on the correction of another types.

운전중 전자기기 사용유형에 따른 추돌경고 형태의 차별적 효과

이세원,이재식,Lee, Se-Won,Lee, Jae-Sik 한국정보통신학회 2009 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.13 No.7

본 연구는 다양한 전자기기 사용 유형이 추돌 가능상황에서 운전자의 추돌회피 행동에 대해 어떠한지 상대적으로 평가하고, 이러한 추돌 가능 상황에서 운전자의 추돌 회피를 위한 가장 효과적인 추돌 경고 형태가 무엇인지 검토하는 것을 목적으로 수행되었다. 선행차량과의 추돌비율과 추돌회피를 위한 최초의 반응시간을 종속 측정치로 사용하여 분석한 결과, (1) 다양한전자기기 사용과제 유형 중에서 항행을 위한 목적지 검색과제가 다른 과제들(TV 시청 혹은 휴대전화 사용)에 비해 상대적으로 더 높은 추돌비율을 보였고, (2) 이러한 추돌을 방지하는데 청각경고의 형태가 가장 효과적이라는 것이 발견되었다. 특히, 운전 과제 자체뿐만 아니라, 전자기기와의 다양한 상호작용이 주로 시각적 부하를 초래하는 과제들이라는 점을 감안하면 추돌방지를 위한 경고 형태 중에서 시각경고 형태는 상대적으로 그 효과성이 감소될 수 있다는 것이 시사되었다. The purpose of the present study was to compare and analyze the differential effects of in-vehicle electronic device usage types(searching for targeted destinations in navigational purpose, watching TV in entertain purpose, and dialing a cellular-phone in phone-usage purpose) on driver's front-to-rear-end collision avoidance behavior, and to find effective collision warning format for this behavior. The result indicated that (1) the drivers showed more impaired collision avoidance performances when they were asked to search the name of targeted destination than the other task requirements, and (2) auditory warning appeared to be most effective among the other types of warning. In particular, it was suggested that the "Visual-Only" collision warning could induce most undesirable result when the drivers were engaged in both visual and auditory information processing.

피의자 권리 고지 통역에 관한 연구: ‘bbb 코리아’ 전화통역 사례를 중심으로

홍서연 한국번역학회 2019 번역학연구 Vol.20 No.5

This study aims to analyze the accuracy of Korean-Russian telephone interpretation of the Miranda Warnings and identify factors that influence interpretation in this setting. The Korean police usually use volunteer telephone interpreting services provided by BBB Korea, a language NGO, when they inform foreign suspects of their Miranda rights in their native language. In this regard, this study examined 10 recordings of BBB Korea’s Korean-Russian telephone interpretation. According to the analysis, Miranda rights were not interpreted accurately in many cases for the reasons as follows: First, the interpreters engaged in police settings had a poor legal knowledge and lacked interpreting skills, and as a result, they were not able to interpret the Miranda Warnings accurately. Second, foreign suspects interrupted during interpreting to deny their charges or protest against Korea’s police investigation procedures. Third, police officers provided too much information, including legal terms, for interpreters to interpret at one time or used vague expressions, which hindered accurate interpretation. These findings show that not only interpreters but also police officers and foreign suspects influence the accuracy of interpretation of the Miranda Warnings.

Impact of targeted education on managing warning and error signals by children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes using the Accu-Chek Combo Insulin Pump System

Asma Deeb,Nabras Al Qahtani,Amal Al Ali,Mariette Akle 대한소아내분비학회 2017 Annals of Pediatirc Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.22 No.3

Purpose: Insulin pumps are widely used in diabetes. They are equipped with safety alarms to alert users. Pump manuals contain alarm codes and how to troubleshoot them. However, these manuals are lengthy and difficult to use, particularly in emergencies. We aim to assess the impact of targeted education on warnings and errors in improving competency to troubleshoot the alarms. Methods: Twenty­one patients, with a median age of 13, were recruited over a 5­month period. Each patient had 2 study visits. The frequencies and types of alarms were recorded, and patients were given a summary sheet that outlined common alarms encountered and troubleshooting tips. In visit 2, the frequencies and types of alarms were compared to those of visit 1. The patients were asked to fill a questionnaire and to rate the education session given in visit 1, their level of competency in decrypting alarm codes, and their promptness in responding to alarms. Results: Low cartridge (W1), low battery (W2), and bolus cancelled (W8) were the commonest warnings. The most noted errors were occlusion (E4), power interruption (E8), empty battery (E2), set not primed (E11), and cartridge empty (E1). The numbers of warning and error signals markedly decreased after targeted education (P<0.05). The ability in decrypting warning signals significantly improved (P=0.02), and the frequency of response to pump alarms significantly increased (P=0.001). Conclusion: Certain warnings and errors are more common than others in insulin pumps. Targeted education is useful in improving competency and response of patients in managing pump alarms.

한국형 피의자 권리 고지문에 대한 이해도 평가

김민지,피세영 한국사회및성격심리학회 2014 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격 Vol.28 No.4

최근 경찰이 외국인에게 피의자 권리를 효과적으로 고지하기 위해 스마트폰용 미란다 경고 애플리케이션을 제작하여 보급하였지만 한글과 영문 고지문의 내용 및 사용 단어 간의 차이, 어려운 법률 용어의 사용으로 그 내용을 이해하는데 어려움이 있을 것으로 평가되었다. 그리하여 본 연구는 성인(대학생)과 미성년자(중고등학생)를 대상으로 한국형 피의자 권리 고지문에 대한 이해도를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 피의자 권리 이해도 평가 척도와 미란다 퀴즈 문항을 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 성인들에 비해 미성년자의 피의자 권리 고지에 사용된 단어나 내용에 대한 이해도가 현저히 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 피의자 권리를 충분히 이해할 수 있도록 단어나 문장을 적절하게 수정해야할 필요가 있으며 미성년 피의자 용 권리 고지문을 새롭게 만들어야 할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 한국형 피의자 권리 고지문의 문제점을 파악하고 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. Korea National Police recently developed a Miranda Rights mobile application to assist police officers, so that they can provide Miranda warnings in appropriate languages to foreign suspects. However, some differences in translations were observed between Korean and English warnings. Furthermore, Miranda warnings for Juveniles do not exist in Korea. Therefore, this study examined Korean Miranda warning comprehension level of adolescents and adults(undergraduates). The results showed that adolescents have lower Miranda comprehension and more likely to misunderstand their rights than adults. Implications for the study will be discussed. The study result is expected to be used as foundation for improving comprehension of Miranda warning and the inform procedure in Korea.

Patient Safety Warnings: Insufficient Monitoring of Patients after Sedative Administration

전은영,안소연,김아현 대한통합치과학회 2021 대한통합치과학회지 Vol.10 No.1

Empirical data for quantifying patient safety accidents are currently lacking in Korea, with information on patient safety accidents having only been collected through autonomous reporting since the implementation of the Patient Safety Act. The purpose of this study was to characterize the patient safety reporting learning system and to identify the applicable patient safety precautions to be taken in dental clinics. The Patient Safety Reporting Learning System portal site (https://www.kops.or.kr/) that was opened by the Agency for Evaluation and Certification on July 28, 2017 was searched to identify patient safety warnings applicable to the patient safety accident reporting procedure and dental clinics. The main warning applicable in dental care is “insufficient patient monitoring after sedatives administration”. The autonomy of the legislative reporter on laws and statutes is a clear obligation to prescribe regulations and have legal privileges, and mistakes are an obvious obligation to report serious side effects on regulations, so these aspects need to be reflected in future revisions.

담뱃갑 경고그림의 효과 과정에서 색상 지각과 개인 내적요인의 영향

김운한(Kim, Woon Han),심정원(Shim, Jeong Won),김현정(Kim, Hyun Jeong) 한국헬스커뮤니케이션학회 2018 헬스커뮤니케이션연구 Vol.17 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 담뱃갑의 경고그림 색상 지각 요인이 경고 효과에 어떠한 영향을 주며, 그 영향 과정에 개인의 내적요인으로서 자극둔감성과 분노, 자아존중감이 어떠한 역할을 하는지를 알아보는 것이다. 총 199명의 일반인을 대상으로 한 실험 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 경고그림의 색상 중 빨강이 부정적 감정반응에 미치는 영향이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 개인의 자극둔감성은 경고그림의 지각 요인 중 강렬함이 부정적 감정에 미치는 영향을 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 내적요인으로서 분노성향은 경고그림의 지각 요인 중 무난함에 따른 부정적 감정에 유의한 조절 효과를 나타냈다. 넷째, 경고그림에 대한 부정적 감정은 금연의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. Experiments are conducted toward 199 subjects with three different warning pictorial images to explore the relations between perception of color image and negative emotional response as warning effects. The results are as follows. First, three color images show significant differences in negative emotional responses. The red is higher in negative response marks than the green. Second, perception of three different color images shows significant impacts on negative emotional responses when attached on the tobacco packaging. Third, personal insensitivity yields negative impacts on the relations between the perception of color and negative emotional responses towards graphic pictorial warnings.