음도 고정 유무에 따른 공기역학, 음성효율성 및 성대접촉률 차이

김재옥(Kim, Jaeock) 한국음성학회 2013 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.5 No.1

The aerodynamic characteristics (subglottal pressure (Ps) and mean airflow rate (MFR)), fundamental frequency (Fo), intensity (I), vocal efficiency (VE), and closed quotient (CQ) were compared during a sustained vowel /o/ sound under three conditions: in a comfortable loudness and pitch level (condition 1), in a maximum loudness level with a fixed pitch (condition 2), and in a maximum loudness level without a fixed pitch (condition 3). Also, multiple regression analyses were done to measure the aerodynamic characteristics affect on the VE and the CQ in each condition. The results showed the Fo, Ps, MFR, VE, and CQ increased as I increased with and without fixed pitch. Most notably, VE in condition 3 was the highest of all the conditions, but CQ was not very high. By the results of multiple regression analysis, VE was significantly affected by I and Ps in all conditions; Fo was the other main key for affecting VE in high pitch. However, none of the aerodynamic characteristics significantly affected CQ. As I increases, Fo should be increased by increasing Ps and VE. Therefore, researchers should consider and specify an a priori to Fo, Ps, and I when measuring VE to examine the complex and delicate vocal mechanism.

연령에 따른 정상인의 후두 위치 및 발화 기저주파수의 변화에 대한 연구

홍기환,김현기,정경수,윤희완,김성완 대한후두음성언어의학회 1998 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Changes in the human voice occur between infancy and old age and reflect a myriad of biological changes that influence the size, shape, and physical properties of the larynx. The human larynx is located near the base of the neck and attached inferiorly to the trachea and opens superiorly into the pharynx. The larynx by the third month of fetal life has the same features recognizable at birth. The fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration generally becomes higher in early age, lower in middle age, and higher in old age. These decreases in Fo undoubtedly result from a combination of factors, consisting of modest increase in length and mass of the muscle and connective tissues of the vocal fold. But the level of the larynx in the neck may be closely connected with Fo directly, high larynx in related with high pitch and low larynx with low pitch. The purpose of this study is to determine the developmental level difference from child to adult larynx using conventional radiography, and the change of speaking fundamental frequency from second decade to sixth decade.

양성후두 질환의 지속모음을 대상으로 한 기존 피치 추정 방법들의 성능 비교 분석

장승진(Seung-Jin Jang),김효민(Hyo-Min Kim),최성희(Seong-Hee Choi),박영철(Young-Cheol Park),최홍식(Hong-Shik Choi),윤영로(Young-Ro Yoon) 한국음성학회 2007 음성과학 Vol.14 No.4

In voice pathology, various measurements calculated from pitch values are proposed to show voice quality. However, those measurements frequently seem to be inaccurate and unreliable because they are based on some wrong pitch values determined from pathological voice data. In order to solve the problem, we compared several pitch estimation methods to propose a better one in pathological voices. From the database of 99 pathological voice and 30 normal voice data, errors derived from pitch estimation were analyzed and compared between pathological and normal voice data or among the vowels produced by patients with benign vocal fold lesions. Results showed that gross pitch errors were observed in the cases of pathological voice data. From the types of pathological voices classified by the degree of aperiodicity in the speech signals, we found that pitch errors were closely related to the number of aperiodic segments. Also, the autocorrelation approach was found to be the most robust pitch estimation in the pathological voice data. It is desirable to conduct further research on the more severely pathological voice data in order to reduce pitch estimation errors.

Singing abilities of kindergarten and elementary school children: Assessment of the vocal pitch matching abilities

Mayumi Mimura,Sachiko Kitano,Katsunobu Yoshitomi,Hiroaki 환태평양유아교육연구학회 2009 Asia-Pacific journal of research in early childhoo Vol.3 No.1

The vocal pitch matching ability is one of the most important abilities in music education. This study focuses on children’s development of the vocal pitch matching ability. Children of 4- and 5-year-olds in two kindergartens, and one class of the first 3 grades of the elementary school listened to musical tones and were asked to reproduce by singing what they had heard. The types of musical inputs were (1) piano sounds; (2) female singing voice sounds; and (3) chants with female singing voice sounds. As for the results, (3) input led to the best answer and the second best was (2). It was easier for children to match the pitch with voice sounds inputs with meaning. Children’s pitch matching ability was higher in the kindergarten offering music activities intentionally. From the study, the importance of developing a system- atic music transition program for children to improve their music ability is suggested.

연구논문(硏究論文) : 서비스인카운터 상황에서 음성언어가 서비스제공자 평가에 미치는 영향 -음높이와 속도를 중심으로-

임자윤 ( Ja Yoon Lim ) 한국관광산업학회 2010 Tourism Research Vol.31 No.-

The purpose of this study is to inquire into "there will be a difference in the suitability, customer orientation and inter-associability of service provider evaluation according to the pitch and verbal speed of service providers in service encounter conditions." First, the difference according to their pitch and verbal speed showed that there is a significant difference in the suitability, customer orientation and inter-associability. In other words, the higher their pitch is, and the faster their verbal speed is, there was a difference in the suitability, customer orientation and inter-associability. Although the spoken language is playing an important role in real life, the study or education on the effect have not done. While the previous study on non-verbal communication was generally carried as hierarchical classification, this study has a significance as an empirical study on the vocal effect by finding the effect of elements of vocal language among non-verbal communication types on service provider evaluation based on pitch and verbal speed.

판소리 발성법의 특성 : 조상선의 글을 중심으로

권오성(Kwon Oh sung) 국립국악원 2008 국악원논문집 Vol.17 No.-

이 논문은 판소리 발성법에 대한 내용으로 북한에서 창극 활동을 하던 조상선의 발성법을 중심으로 판소리 발성의 특성에 대하여 논의한 것이다. 요즘 남한에 명창들이 하는 것과는 달리 조상선은 판소리의 수업 과정에서 학습 초기부터 장단을 연습시킨 다음에 〈춘향전〉, 〈적벽가〉 순으로 가르쳤음을 알 수 있다. 호흡 및 목풀이 훈련에서는 아침 일찍 누워있는 채로 약 10분간 호흡 훈련을 시키고, 아주 작은 소리부터 시작해서 점차 큰 소리로 등 목의 작용과 성(聲)의 훈련을 시켰다. 그 다음 악보에 의한 발성훈련에서는 오선보로 된 악보를 제시하며, 그 악보를 이조해 가면서 훈련시켰다. 그리고 호흡 및 목풀이 훈련, 독공과 득음, 또한 발성과 창법 문제, 성음 작성과 성악 강의 설치 마지막으로 창법에서 제기되는 특수 예를 중심으로 훈련시키는 내용이다. 그리고 창극과 관련해서 신인 육성 문제에 대하여 조상선 나름으로의 견해를 밝혔다. 남한에서의 판소리 발성법에 대한 연구로, 여러 사람의 석사학위 논문들과 김기령의 한국 판소리의 가창력 특징 이라는 논문에서 밝힌 호흡, 기성양식, 공명, 음색, 음역 등에 대한 논의를 하였다. 또한 김형태의 『보이스 오디세이』 서 판소리 발성의 관련된 논의도 소개하였다. 끝으로, 남한의 김세종제 〈춘향가〉 이수자인 김민수의 조상선 판소리 발성법을 검토한 견해도 소개하였다. In this paper, I have discussed about couple points that Cho, Sangsun has made in his paper relating to the characteristics of vocalization of Pansori. He was one of the famous and active Korean traditional opera singer in North Korea. According to his writing, we can see that the Pansori classes in North Korea were conducted under certain distinctiveness to those of what we have in South Korea, both in curriculum and method wise. First, Cho, Sangsun clearly mentioned that the beginning of pansori class started with training on the beat of the music and the proceeded to the famous repertoire 〈Chunhyang-jeon〉 and 〈Jeokbyuk-ga〉. For abdominal breathing training and clearing the throat, he has suggested to do inhaling and exhaling training right after the rise in the morning for about 10 minutes. After this breathing exercise, move over to the singing practice only with the small voices first then to the louder ones. He has also used written materials for voice training, with staffed notations, that can be movable into neighbouring keys. Additional specifications on training techniques for breathing, throat clearing, dokgong, deukeum, vocalization, vocalism, drawing vocal sound, and other various issues on the vocalism have also been mentioned for further integrated training. His views on the upbringing the new figures(actors/singers) in the field of Korean traditional opera has also clearly made in his writings. As for the educational method that has been used in South Korea, I have introduced the writings of Kim, Giryung, the characteristics of vocalism of South Korea s Pansori . In conclusion, I have introduced the vocalization techniques of Kim, Minsoo, who has adapted those of Cho, Sangsun, as a initiator of Kim, Sejong style Chunhyang-ga in South Korea.

Electroglottographic Measurements of Glottal Function in Voice according to Gender and Age

Ko Do-Heung 한국음성학회 2011 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.3 No.1

Electroglottography (EGG) is a common method for providing non-invasive measurements of glottal activity. EGG has been used in vocal pathology as a clinical or research tool to measure vocal fold contact. This paper presents the results of pitch, jitter, and closed quotient (CQ) measurements in electroglottographic signals of young (mean = 22.7 years) and elderly (mean = 74.3 years) male and female subjects. The sustained corner vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/ were measured at around 70 ㏈ SPL since the most notable among EGG variables is the phonation intensity, which showed positive correlation with closed phase. The aim of this paper was to measure EGG data according to age and gender. In CQ, there was a significant difference between young and elderly female subjects while there was no significant difference between young and elderly male subjects. The mean value for young males was higher than that for elderly males while the mean value for young females was lower than that for elderly females. Thus, it can be said that in mean values, increased CQ was related to decreased age for females, while CQ decreased for males as the speaker's age decreased. Although the laryngeal degeneration due to increased age seems to occur to a lesser extent in females, the significant increase of CQ in elderly female voices could not be explained in terms of age-related physiological changes. In standard deviation of pitch and jitter, the mean values for young and elderly males were higher than that for young and elderly females. That is, male subjects showed higher in mean values of voice variables than female subjects. This result could be considered as a sign of vocal instability in males. It was suggested that these results may provide powerful insights into the control and regulation of normal phonation and into the detection and characterization of pathology.

Emotion Recognition Based on Frequency Analysis of Speech Signal

Sim, Kwee-Bo,Park, Chang-Hyun,Lee, Dong-Wook,Joo, Young-Hoon Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 2002 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of FUZZY LOGIC and INTELLIGE Vol.2 No.2

In this study, we find features of 3 emotions (Happiness, Angry, Surprise) as the fundamental research of emotion recognition. Speech signal with emotion has several elements. That is, voice quality, pitch, formant, speech speed, etc. Until now, most researchers have used the change of pitch or Short-time average power envelope or Mel based speech power coefficients. Of course, pitch is very efficient and informative feature. Thus we used it in this study. As pitch is very sensitive to a delicate emotion, it changes easily whenever a man is at different emotional state. Therefore, we can find the pitch is changed steeply or changed with gentle slope or not changed. And, this paper extracts formant features from speech signal with emotion. Each vowels show that each formant has similar position without big difference. Based on this fact, in the pleasure case, we extract features of laughter. And, with that, we separate laughing for easy work. Also, we find those far the angry and surprise.

국내 정치인의 목소리 구성요소에 의한 메시지전달력 연구 : 전문가의견과 목소리 분석을 중심으로

정은이 한국정치커뮤니케이션학회 2016 정치커뮤니케이션 연구 Vol.0 No.41

본 연구는 국내정치인의 메시지전달력이 어떠한지를 알기 위해 목소리의 특징이 메시지의 전달력에 영향을 미친다는 사실에 주목하였다. 목소리의 특징을 만들어내는 것은 목소리의 크기, 높이, 음색 등 여러 요인에 따라 다르며, 이러한 요인들은 메시지의 전달력에 영향을 미쳐, 수용자의 메시지 집중 및 호응도, 이해도 등에 영향을 미친다. 이에 본 연구는 국내 정치인의 목소리에 관심을 갖고 연구하였는데, 2017년 대선을 앞두고 있어 세간의 관심을 받고 있는 4명의 정치인을 선정하여 연설시 나타난 목소리를 전문가들의 전문적 의견과 소리스펙트로그램을 활용한 과학적 분석으로 우리 정치인들의 메시지전달력이 어떠한지를 살펴보고, 함의를 도출하고자 하였다. 연구결과로는, 전문가들의 전문의견과 과학적 분석을 통해 목소리의 음높이, 억양변화, 공명, 발음의 정확성 등의 목소리 특징으로 분석대상자의 목소리를 분석하였는데, 현 정치인들의 메시지전달에 있어 보다 심화된 노력이 필요해 보였다. 안정된 음높이로, 듣기에 불편함이 없는 목소리 특징을 보였으나, 메시지 전달에 있어 상당한 영향력을 발휘하는 발음의 정확성에 있어서 부족한 면모를 드러냈다. 이는 메시지의 전달이 불분명하게 이루어질 수 있음을 시사하는 대목이며, 이에 발음의 정확성을 향상시키기 위한 한국정치인들의 목소리 훈련이 진행되기를 바란다. The purpose of this study was to examine the importance of politicians' voices in sending a message. According to previous studies, voice features are influenced by several factors such as tone, pitch, and volume. These factors affect message recipients in responsiveness, understanding, and so on. In this respect, 4 South Korean politicians’ voice features such as vocal pitch, accuracy of pronunciation, resonance, and intonation variation, who are well known for the next presidential election, were investigated in order to evaluate message communicability, using expert opinions and scientific analysis. The results of this study were identified: 1) South Korean politicians were poorer at accurate pronunciation which has a significant impact on message passing. 2) They showed less accuracy in sending a message. Thus, they need to take vocal training course for making their pronunciation more accurate.

초등학교 음악과 지도서의 가창지도 관련 내용에 관한 비판적 고찰

고선미 미래음악교육학회 2019 미래음악교육연구 Vol.4 No.3

The purpose of this study is to point out the defects in the contents of teaching singing in the elementary music education guidance books and to express the necessity of teaching singing approaches that takes into account the nature of the voice production the musical functions of singing. Among the musical activities, 'singing' is the easiest and the most important musical skill since it makes people not only to express themselves and to comfort the body and mind but also to express musical concepts as vocal sound and to communicate the music concepts and interpretation through singing. Thus, in the music class of elementary school that teach basic and universal music functions, teaching singing with this view should be done. However, most of the elementary music education guide books that are currently in use present the contents that does not consider what previously mentioned. Therefore, I analyzed and explained the problems of the contents related to teaching singing in the guide books on the basis of the explanation of the principles of voice production, the vocal mechanism as well as the vocal pedagogy. The vocal mechanism may be th most complex than the mechanisms of any other instruments. However, a meaningful education can be achieved only by introducing references fo teaching singing based on the understanding of it. I hope that the results of my study will provide an opportunity to consider better and more meaningful contents for teaching singing. 가창은 음악적 핵심개념을 이해하기 위한 가장 효과적이고 수월한 기능이다. 가창지도는 악기지도와 마찬가지로 그 궁극적 목적은 정확한 음높이와 음길이를 적절한 방법으로 소리 내는 것에 있을 텐데 이를 지도할 교사에게 제공되는 음악과 지도서의 관련 내용을 살펴보면 이러한 목적을 이루기에는 그 내용이 불충분할 뿐만 아니라 부정적 결과의 초래를 우려할만한 내용적 오류나 지도법적 오류들도 상당히 발견된다. 따라서 본 연구는 발성 원리와 가창 교수법 이론을 설명하고 이를 근거로 지도서의 가창지도 관련내용을 분석하고 문제점을 지적하여 발성원리와 가창 교수법의 이해에 기반을 한 적절한 가창지도방안의 필요성을 피력하고자 한다.