하천환경의 자연성 평가를 위한 식생지표의 개발

전승훈 ( Seung-hoon Chun ),채수권 ( Soo-kwon Chae ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2016 환경영향평가 Vol.25 No.6

본 연구는 하천환경평가체계 구축의 일환으로서 식생 평가 지표 및 평가 기준의 검증을 목적으로 수행하였다. 본 연구를 위해 5개 시험하천을 대상으로 68개의 평가단위에서 총 204개의 식생 표본조사구를 설정하였으며, 표본조사구별 상관-종조성 수준에서 식생군집의 분류 및 현존식생도를 작성하였다. 현존식생도를 기준으로 식생자료의 분석을 통해 표본조사의 적정 규모, 식생 지수의 점수 기준, 식생 군집 분류의 표준화, 그리고 식생평가지표의 등급화를 위한 종합 점수기준을 검토하였다. 하천 식생 평가를 위해 개발된 식생 다양도 지수와 식생 복잡도, 그리고 식생자연도 지수로 이루어진 식생평가지표의 종합점수 산정 및 등급화는 타당한 것으로 판단되었다. 식생평가지표의 등급화에 대한 식생지수의 기여도를 분석한 결과 식생자연도 지수가 다른 지수에 비해 보다 큰 역할을 하는 것으로 판단되었으나 세부 식생지수 사이의 상호보완적인 관계가 성립되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 선행 연구에서의 기준의 재검토 및 식생군집 분류의 표준화 작업 등을 통해 개정된 기준을 적용한 결과 식생평가등급 간 변별력이 크게 확보 되었음을 확인 할 수 있었으나, 하천구간의 유형에 따른 식생 지수 및 식생평가지표의 등급화는 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. The vegetation assessment indicator has been developed recently as a biological part of the integrated assessment system for river environment to improve the efficiency of river restoration projects. This study carried out to test the vegetation assessment indicator and to reset its grade criteria on experimental streams. We classified and mapped vegetation communities at the level of physiognomic-floristic composition by each assessment unit. A total of 204 sampling quadrats were set up on the 68 assessment units at 5 experimental streams. By analyzing the vegetation data collected, we examined the appropriate numbers of sampling quadrats, the criteria of vegetation index score, classification of vegetation community, and grade criteria for vegetation assessment. The developed vegetation assessment indicator composed with the vegetation complexity index (VCI), the vegetation diversity index (VDI), and the vegetation naturalness index (VNI) was proved to reflect the current conditions of the streams sufficiently. The contribution of vegetation naturalness index to grading by vegetation assessment indicator was larger, but three indexes were closely correlated to each other. Also there was more clearer discrimination of grading with the application of adjusted criteria of vegetation assessment indicator and the standardized classification of vegetation community, but the stream segment type did not influence the vegetation assessment grade significantly.

백두대간 덕유산권역 마루금 주변의 산림식생구조

김호진,송주현,이정은,조현제,박완근,김수진,윤충원,Kim, Hojin,Song, Juhyeon,Lee, Jeongeun,Cho, Hyunje,Park, Wangeun,Kim, Sujin,Yun, Chung Weon 한국산림과학회 2022 한국산림과학회지 Vol.111 No.1

백두대간은 생물종이 다양하고 풍부한 한반도의 핵심 생태축으로 남한에서 향로봉부터 지리산 천왕봉까지 약 701 km에 이른다. 덕유산권역(늘재-육십령)은 남부권역에 속하며, 특히 덕유산은 입지환경 특성에 따라 다양한 식생이 나타나는 곳이다. 따라서 본 연구는 백두대간 늘재-육십령 구간의 식생현황을 조사하고 산림식생유형분류를 통해 향후 체계적인 보전 및 관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 식생조사는 2019년 5월부터 10월까지 수행하였으며 총 637개소의 조사를 실시하였다. 식생유형분류결과, 군락군수준에서는 신갈나무군락군으로 구분되었으며, 군락수준에서는 구상나무군락, 산오이풀군락, 여뀌군락, 굴참나무군락, 떡갈나무군락, 층층나무군락, 신갈나무전형군락으로 구분되었다. 구상나무군락에서는 퍼진고사리군, 가문비나무군으로 세분되었고, 굴참나무군락은 떡갈나무군, 굴참나무전형군으로 세분되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 아고산식생, 초지식생, 농경지식생 등 특이한 산림식생에 대한 보전 및 관리방안이 마련되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. The Baekdudaegan, spanning around 701 km from Hyangrobong to Cheonwangbong of Mt. Jirisan in South Korea, is rich in biodiversity and known as the main ecological axis of the Korean Peninsula. The Neuljae-Yuksimnyeong section of Marugeum in the southern part of the Baekdudaegan, particularly Mt. Deogyusan, is an area in which various types of vegetation appear depending on the environmental characteristics. The aims of this study were to investigate the current vegetation status at the Neuljae-Yuksimnyeong section of the Baekdudaegan and to provide basic data to aid systematic conservation and management through future classification of forest vegetation types. A vegetation survey was conducted using 637 plots from May to October 2019. Vegetation-type analysis showed that the vegetation units could be classified as a Quercus mongolica community group divided into seven communities: the Abies koreana community, Sanguisorba hakusanensis community, Persicaria hydropiper community, Quercus variabilis community, Quercus dentata community, Cornus controversa community, and Quercus mongolica community. The A. koreana community was subdivided into the Dryopteris expansa group and Picea jezoensis group. The Q. variabilis community was also subdivided into the Q. dentata group and Q. variabilis typical group. We concluded that special management plans for distinctive forest vegetation, including subalpine vegetation, grass or herb vegetation, and agricultural vegetation, should be prepared urgently to aid ecosystem preservation and enhancement.

낙동강 상류의 하천변 식생의 군락생태학적 연구 -삼림 및 관목성 식생-

송종석 ( Jong Suk Song ) 한국환경생태학회 2008 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.22 No.4

경상북도 낙동강 상류부의 삼림 및 관목식물군락에 대해 식물사회학적 조사를 하였다. 그 결과 3군강에 속하는 10군락단위와 상급단위 미결정 4군락단위를 식별하였다: A-1 단풍나무-너도밤나무군강군, 물푸레나무-느릅나무군목, 미정의 군단: 1) 들메나무군락: 느티나무군목(가칭), 느티나무군단(가칭): 2) 느티나무군락, A-2 나도버들군강, 버드나무군목, 버드나무군단: 3)버드나무-왕버들군집, 4) 버드나무군집, 5) 시무나무군집, 6) 갯버들군집, 7) 눈갯버들군집, 8) 선버들군집, A-3 찔레꽃군강, 마-칡군목, 쥐다래-왕머루군단: 9)국수나무군락, 10)구기자나무군락, A-4 상급단위 미결정의 군락: 11) 누리장나무군락, 12) 가죽나무군락, 13) 아까시나무군락, 14) 족제비싸리군락. 본 연구에서 식별된 군락단위는 cluster분석의 결과와 아주 잘 일치하였다. 다변량 분석에 있어서 주성분분석의 결과는 이보다 덜 일치하였으나 인위적 영향에 따라 집합의 정도를 나타내는 것으로 해석되었다. 이들 삼림 및 관목의 식생단위는 일본의 것과 공통성이 높은 초본군락과는 달리, 군집레벨에서 한국에 고유한 다섯 개의 식생단위를 포함하였다. 이상의 군락생태학적 연구를 바탕으로 각 군락과 환경과의 관계, 자연보호 등에 관해 논하였다. This study conducted a survey on forest and shrub vegetation in the riverside of the main stream of the Nakdong River on the southeastern part of Korea based on the method of ZM school of phytosociology. As a result, this study identified the vegetation units as ten associations and communities belonging to three classes, and four communities unclear to the upper units. The identified vegetation units were as follows: A-1 Acero-Fagetea class group, Fraxino-Ulmetaria, undecided alliance: 1) Fraxinus mandshurica community; Zelkovetalia(prov.), Zelkovion(prov.): 2) Zelkova serrata community, A-2 Salicetea sachalinensis, Salicetalia koreensis, Salicion koreensis: 3) Salicetum koreensio-chaenomeloides, 4) Salicetum koreensis, 5) Hemipteletum davidii, 6) Salicetum gracilistylae, 7) Salicetum graciliglandis, 8) Salicetum subfragilis, A-3 Rosetea multiflorae, Dioscoreo-Puerarietalia lobatae, Actinidio-Vition coignetiae: 9) Stephanandra incisa community, 10) Lycium chinense community, A-4 unclear upper units: 11) Clerodendron trichotomum community, 12) Ailanthus altissima community, 13) Robinia pseudo-acacia community. 14) Amorpha fruticosa community. The community units identified by the study corresponded with the result of cluster analysis quite nicely while the result of PCA analysis in multivariate analyses showed less correspondence with cluster analysis result, but it was interpreted as a degree of aggregation according to anthropogenic influence. The vegetation unit of forests and shrubs, unlike the herbal community in highly common with those of Japan, included five vegetation units unique to Korea at a collective level. On the basis of the above synecological study, this research discussed the relation between each community and environment, and natural environment, etc.

제주도 천연기념물 수림지(제주 평대리 비자나무 숲과 제주 납읍리 난대림)의 군집구조

이정은,황요섭,김호진,이주흥,윤충원 한국산림과학회 2023 한국산림과학회지 Vol.112 No.4

The Natural Monument Forest (NMF) is a form of natural and cultural heritage that has symbolized the harmony between nature and culture in Korea for a long time. Recently, the NMF has deteriorated due to industrialization and reckless city expansion. Given this situation, it is necessary to preserve and manage the ecosystem of the NMF through preferential research regarding the forest community structure. Accordingly, this study sought to identify the community structure by analyzing the vegetation classification, stratum structure,and species diversity using vegetation data collected from the Forest of Japanese Torreyas in Pyeongdae-ri, Jeju and the Subtropical Forest of Nabeup-ri, Jeju. The results classified the forest vegetation as a Litsea japonica community group divided into two communities: a Torreya nuciferacommunity and a Quercus glauca community. The T. nuciferacommunity was subdivided into the Idesia polycarpa group and Dryopteris erythrosora group, while the Q. glauca community was subdivided into the Mercurialis leiocarpa group and Arachniodes aristata group. The T. nucifera species showed the highest level of importance in vegetation units 1 (Litsea japonicacommunity group-Torreya nucifera community-Idesia polycarpa group) and 2 (Litsea japonica community group-Torreya nucifera community-Dryopteris erythrosora group), whereas Q. glauca showed the highest level of importance in vegetation units 3 (Litsea japonica community group-Quercus glauca com- munity-Mercurialis leiocarpa group) and 4 (Litsea japonica community group-Quercus glauca community-Arachniodes aristata group). In terms of the species diversity, vegetation units 1, 2, 3, and 4 had 2.866, 2.716, 2.222, and 2.326 species, respectively. These findings suggest that it is necessary to prepare a differentiated management plan for each vegetation unit.

Plug-trays cutting mechanism for fully automated vegetable seedling transplanter

( Bhola Paudel ),( Jayanta Kumar Basak ),( Seong Woo Jeon ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2023 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.1

Transplanting seedlings from plastic trays to the field can cause transplanting shock, which negatively impacts their growth and development. Biodegradable seedling plug-trays are a potential solution, but their large-scale implementation is challenging due to a lack of machinery. In this study, we propose and develop a fully automated vegetable seedling transplanter that separates the seedling plug-cell from the biodegradable plug-tray for transplanting. The biodegradable plug-trays are prepared from the paper and cardboard waste mixed with strength enhancing additives. The plug-trays mechanism comprises two sub-mechanisms: a plug-trays aligning mechanism and a plug-trays separating mechanism. The former moves the plug-trays laterally and longitudinally to align each plug-cell at the seedling discharge point using a double helical grooved screw and a five-bar mechanism. The latter uses a blade assembly to separate the plug-cell from the tray, which falls through a seedling discharge tube to the hopper of the planter unit. Experimental trials showed that the system successfully separated 70% of the plug-cells from 35-day-old pepper and cabbage seedlings. The proposed mechanism has potential as a practical solution for the transplanting shock issue and can be optimized for larger-scale farming by reducing the stagnation count and developing a support system for separating the last two rows of the plug-tray.

A Study on Monitoring the Adequacy of Linking Vegetation-based Bio-filters with AHU

Kim, Taehan(김태한),An, Byungryul(안병렬) 한국태양에너지학회 2016 한국태양에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.10

평창 두타산 산림식생의 군집유형과 입지환경요인의 상관관계

이정은,신재권,김동갑,윤충원,Lee, Jeong Eun,Shin, Jae Kwon,Kim, Dong Gap,Yun, Chung Weon 한국산림과학회 2017 한국산림과학회지 Vol.106 No.3

본 연구는 두타산 일대 산림식생구조를 밝히고, 식생유형분류와 입지환경인자와의 상관관계 파악을 목적으로 수행되었다. 2016년 6월부터 10월까지 Z-M학파의 식물사회학적인 방법에 의해 식생조사를 수행하여 총 46개소의 식생자료를 획득하였고, 이 자료를 토대로 식생분류를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 최상위 수준에서 신갈나무군락군으로 분류되었으며, 신갈나무군락군은 철쭉군락과 거제수나무군락의 2개 군락으로 분류되었다. 철쭉군락은 동자꽃군과 철쭉전형군 2개의 군으로 세분되었고 동자꽃군은 박새소군과 동자꽃전형소군 2개의 소군으로 세분되었다. 거제수나무군락은 들메나무군과 박달나무군 2개 군으로 세분되었다. 들메나무군은 병꽃나무소군과 승마소군 2개 소군으로 세분되었다. 두타산 일대 산림식생은 총 6개의 식생단위, 14개의 종군단위, 2쌍의 대별종군으로 분류되었다. 수관층위구조의 분석결과, 식생단위별로 임관의 계층이 서로 겹치지 않는 단조로운 구조인 박새소군(식생단위 1), 동자꽃전형소군(식생단위 2), 병꽃나무소군(식생단위 4)과 겹치는 복잡한 구조인 철쭉전형군(식생단위 3) 승마소군(식생단위 5), 박달나무군(식생단위 6)이 나타났다. 승마소군(식생단위 5)의 수직적 계층구조가 가장 발달하였으며, 박달나무군(식생단위 6)은 초본층 식피율이 가장 낮았다. 일치법에 의한 식생단위와 환경요인과의 상관관계를 보면, 해발 1,100 m, 사면 중부, 경사 $20^{\circ}$, 암석노출도 20%, 교목층 DBH 30 cm를 기준으로 철쭉군락(식생단위 1~3)과 거제수나무군락(식생단위 4~6)이 분류되었다. CCA 분석 결과 철쭉군락(식생단위 1~3)은 해발, 지형과 정의 상관관계, 거제수나무군락(식생단위 4~6)은 부의 상관관계 분포경향이 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to analyze forest vegetation type classification and relationships between the type and environment factor in Mt. Dutasan. Data were collected by total of forty six plots using Z-M phytosociological method from June to October, 2016, and analyzed by vegetation classification, canopy layer structure and relationships between vegetation unit and environment factor using coincidence methods. As a result of vegetation type classification, Quercus mongolica community group was classified at a top level of vegetation hierarchy that was classified into Rhododendron schlippenbachii community and Betula costata community. R. schlippenbachii community was divided into Lychnis cognata group and R. schlippenbachii typical group. L. cognata group was subdivided into Veratrum oxysepalum subgroup and L. cognata typical subgroup. B. costata community was divided into Fraxinus mandshurica group and Betula schmidtii group. F. mandshurica group was subdivided into Weigela subsessilis subgroup and Cimicifuga heracleifolia subgroup. Therefore the forest vegetation was composed of six vegetation units with two kinds of bisected species groups and fourteen species groups. As the result of an analysis of canopy layer structure, there were two kinds of structures with monotonous structures V. oxysepalum subgroup (vegetation units 1), L. cognata typical subgroup (vegetation units 2), W. subsessilis subgroup (vegetation units 4) and complicated structures R. schlippenbachii typical group (vegetation units 3), C. heracleifolia subgroup (vegetation units 5), Betula schmidtii group (vegetation units 6). The vertical layer structure of vegetation unit 5 was the most developed and vegetation unit 6 had the lowest coverage of herb layer. According to the correlation between vegetation unit and environmental factor, R. schlippenbachii community (vegetation units 1~3) and B. costata community (vegetation units 4~6) were classified based on 1,100 m of altitude, middle slope, twenty of slope degree, twenty percents of bare rock and thirty centimeters of DBH in tree layer. R. schlippenbachii community (vegetation units 1~3) showed positive correlation with altitude, topography and B. costata community (vegetation units 4~6) showed negative correlation tendency with them.

Vegetation Management Units and Its Landscape Structures of Mt. Cheolma, in Incheon City, Korea

Cho, Hyun-Je,Cho, Je-Hyuung The Ecological Society of Korea 2002 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.25 No.4

For landscape ecological management of the isolated forestlands in Incheon city located in the western tip of South Korea, the forest vegetation of Mt. Cheolma was classified phytosciologically and mapped out its spatial distribution at a scale of 1:5,000. Characteristics of forest landscape structures were discussed in terms of the number and size of patches obtained by analy zing vegetation map. Units to manage the forest vegetation were categorized into eighteen communities, seventeen groups, and sixteen subgroups. Landscape elements were classified into five types: secondary vegetation, introduced vegetation for forestry (IVF), introduced vegetation for agriculture (IVA), and other elements. Two hundred and ninety-three forest landscape patches covers 443.3ha, of which IVF accounted for 316.8ha(71.5$\%$), the largest portion, secondary vegetation for 101.2ha(22.8$\%$), IVA for 6.2ha(1.4$\%$), and others for 19.1ha(4.3$\%$). The ratio of natural forest elements of 31.9$\%$ showed that this area was mainly comprised of artificially introduced vegetation, such as Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and Pinus rigida plantation. Forest landscape patches have a mean area of 4.5ha, a density of 66.1/100ha, and a diversity index of 0.87. It was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to human interference and those in subordinate level to natural processes.

백두대간 보호지역 침엽수림의 식생분류, 종다양성 및 구조적 특성

조현제 ( Hyun-je Cho ),김준수 ( Jun-soo Kim ),조준희 ( Joon-hee Cho ),오승환 ( Seung-hwan Oh ) 한국산림과학회 2021 한국산림과학회지 Vol.110 No.4

백두대간 보호지역 침엽수림은 기후변화, 식생천이, 인간간섭 등 다양한 교란 요인으로 토지 본래의 식생 조성과 구조의 변화가 커서 생태적 안정성과 더불어 경관적 다양성과 특이성이 점차 저하되고 있다. 본 연구는 백두대간 보호지역 침엽수림의 전면적이고 종합적인 보전 방안 수립의 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 2016년에서 2020년까지 5년간 수행된 산림청 백두대간 자원실태변화조사에서 수집된 총 755개 임분의 식생정보를 바탕으로 정량적인 ZM학파의 식물사회학적 방법과 정량적인 이원지표종분석 방법(TWINSPAN)을 병용하여 종조성적 식생유형을 구분하고 그 종다양성과 구조적 특성을 파악하였다. 그 결과, 백두대간 보호지역 침엽수림의 식생유형은 2개 군락군, 4개 군락, 7개 아군락, 그리고 14개 변군락의 식생단위 체계 하에 총 15개 유형으로 구분되었다. 또한, 침엽수림 구성종의 100 ㎡당 평균 총피도와 출현종수는 각각 232%, 21종 그리고 종다양도와 종우점도 지수는 각각 평균 1.907, 0.222로 나타났다. Coniferous forests in the Baekdudaegan protected area are gradually losing their landscape diversity and uniqueness along with their ecological stability due to changes in vegetation composition and structures caused by various disturbance factors, such as climate change, vegetation succession, and human interference. This study provides basic data for establishing a comprehensive conservation plan for coniferous forests in the Baekdudaegan protected area. We classified the vegetation unit types using the Zurich-Montpellier School of Phytosociology and two-way indicator species analysis methods and analyzed the species diversity and structural characteristics based on the vegetation information of 755 stands collected in the natural resources change survey of the Baekdudaegan mountains (2016 to 2020) by the Korea Forest Service. Therefore, the vegetation of the coniferous forests of theBaekdudaegan protected area was classified into 15 types under the vegetation unit hierarchy of two community groups, four communities, seven sub-communities, and 14 variants. Furthermore, we compared the total coverage among vegetation types, importance values, constancy classes, life-forms, and diversity indices. Additionally, the average total coverage and number of species per 100 ㎡ of all coniferous forests were 232% and 21 species, respectively, with the species diversity and dominance indices averaging 1.907 and 0.222, respectively.

전라남도 홍도 산림식생의 식물사회학적 군락유형분류와 임분 구조

김호진 ( Ho-jin Kim ),신재권 ( Jae-kwon Shin ),이철호 ( Cheul-ho Lee ),윤충원 ( Chung-weon Yun ) 한국산림과학회(구 한국임학회) 2018 한국산림과학회지 Vol.107 No.3

본 연구는 전남 홍도를 대상으로 하여 산림식생구조를 밝힐 목적으로 2017년 6월부터 8월까지 총 41개소의 방형구를 설치하여 식생조사를 수행하였고, 식물사회학적 방법으로 식생유형을 분류하고 분류된 식생단위별 상대중요치와 종다양도를 산출하였다. 산림식생유형분류 결과 최상위수준에서 구실잣밤나무군락군으로 분류되었으며, 군락단위에서는 참식나무군락, 소사나무군락으로 분류되었다. 참식나무군락은 천선과나무군(식생단위 1), 큰천남성군(식생단위 2)으로 세분되었고, 소사나무군락은 쇠물푸레나무군(식생단위 3)과 소사나무전형군(식생단위 4)으로 세분되어, 총 4개의 식생단위가 분류되었고, 1개의 군락군, 2개의 군락, 4개의 군으로 분류되었다. 식생단위별 평균상대중요치 분석 결과 식생단위 1, 2, 4는 구실잣밤나무의 평균상대중요치가 가장 높았고 식생단위 3은 소사나무가 가장 높았다. 종다양도 분석 결과 식생단위 3이 가장 높은 종다양도를 나타내었다. 따라서 홍도 일대는 4개의 식생단위와 7개의 종군단위를 바탕으로 한 군집생태학적 접근의 관리방안이 필요하며, 또한 상록활엽수림으로 진행되어가는 천이연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료되었다. The study was carried out to discover the forest vegetation structure in Hongdo Island, Jeonnam province. Vegetation data were collected by total of forty one quadrate plots using Z-M phytosociological method from June to August in 2017, and analyzed by vegetation classification, mean importance value and species diversity. As a result of vegetation type classification, Castanopsis sieboldii community group was classified at a top level of vegetation hierarchy. In the level of community, it was classified into Neolitsea sericea community and Carpinus turczaninowii community. N. sericea community was subdivided into Ficus erecta group(Vegetation unit 1) and Arisaema ringens group(VU 2). C. turczaninowii community was subdivided into Fraxinus sieboldiana group(VU 3) and C. turczaninowii typical group(VU 4). Therefore, it was classified into total of four vegetation units(one community group, three communities and four groups). As a result of mean importance value, Castanopsis sieboldii was the highest in VU 1, VU 2, VU 4, and C. turczaninowii in VU 4, respectively. In case of species diversity, VU 3 showed the highest among four units in species diversity index. In conclusion, the forest vegetation of Hongdo Island was classified into four units and seven species groups. Hongdo Island could be conclusively managed by community ecological approach for the units and groups. Also it was considered that a research for the succession to the evergreen broad-leaved forest should be more intensively proceeded near future.