조산통 혹은 조기양막파수 산모와 임신 중반기 무증상 산모에서 Ureaplasma urealyticum과 Mycoplasma hominis의 검출율

김미주 ( Mi Ju Kim ),최민혜 ( Min Hye Choi ),성원준 ( Won Joon Seong ),구태본 ( Tae Bon Koo ),박일수 ( Il Soo Park ) 대한주산의학회 2008 Perinatology Vol.19 No.4

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 조산 혹은 조기양막파수 산모와 임신 중반기 무증상 산모에서 Ureaplasma urealyticum과 Mycoplasma hominis의 검출률을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 2002년 2월부터 2002년 7월까지 조기 진통이나 조기 양막 파수가 있었던 산모(1군) 43명, 임신 18~24주의 무증상 산모(2군) 47명, 그리고 만삭의 산모(3군) 64명으로 총 154명의 산모를 대상으로 본 연구를 진행하였다. 환자들은 입원 당시 혹은 외래에서 자궁경부 swab (Dacron(R))을 시행하여, Ureaplasma urealyticum과 Mycoplasma hominis의 감염 여부를 MYCOFASTR(R) Evolution 2 (International Microbio Signes, France)의 지침에 따라 시행한 후 판정하였다. 결과: 무증상 임신 중기인 2군과 만삭분만 한 3군간에 자궁경부 swab 결과는 큰 차이가 없었다. 조산의 임박군인 1군 내에서 임신 주수에 따른 Ureaplasma urealyticum의 검출률은 임신 주수가 32주 이상인 군(15/20,75%)에서 32주 미만인 군(10/23, 43.4%)보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 무증상군인 2군에서 임신 중기 Ureaplasma urealyticum과 Mycoplasma hominis 노출군과 비노출군간에 조산률의 의미 있는 차이는 보이지 않았다. 결론: Ureaplasma urealyticum과 Mycoplasma hominis는 조산의 원인이라기 보다는 분만에 가까워지면서 검진율이 증가하므로 자연적인 경관의 숙화에 따른 숙주 방어력의 소실을 비롯한 다른 원인에 대하여 더 연구하여야 하겠다. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the risk of preterm birth in pregnant women with Ureaplasma urealyticum and/or Mycoplasma hominis infection and the prevalence of these organisms in normal pregnancy. Methods: Between February 2002 and July 2002, we included 43 pregnant women prior to 37 weeks of gestation with definite gross leakage of amniotic fluid (n=16) (group 1), 47 healthy women without any obstetric problems between 18 and 24 weeks of gestation (group 2) and 64 women who delivered fullterm fetuses who had taken cervical swabs around 36 weeks gestation (group 3). Cervical swabs (Dacron(R)) were taken on admission in group 1 and at outpatients in group 2 and 3. Detections of U. urealyticum and M. hominis were done using commercial kits (MYCOFAST(R)Evolution 2, International Microbio Signes, France). Results: There was no significant difference between mid-gestation (group 2) and fullterm (group 3) in cervical swab result. In group 1, the detection rate of Ureaplasma uealyticum was higher in impending preterm birth over 32 weeks of gestational age (15/20, 75%) than 32 weeks or less (10/23, 43.4%) (p<0.05). In group 2, there was no significant difference in preterm birth rate between the exposed and the non-exposed to U. urealyticum and/or M. hominis in middle of 2nd trimester. Conclusion: U. urealyticum does not seem to be a predictor of preterm birth, and there seems to be some different mechanism according to gestational age. We couldn`t varify that M. Hominis and U. urealyticum were related to preterm birth, although U. urealyticum was highly detected in impending preterm birth.

Ureaplasma urealyticum의 집락에 따른 신생아의 임상 양상

임인숙 ( In Suk Lim ),최창원 ( Chang Won Choi ),김병일 ( Byeong Il Kim ),김상덕 ( Sang-duk Kim ),이진아 ( Jin A Lee ),김이경 ( Eu Kyung Kim ),김한석 ( Han Suk Kim ),최중환 ( Jung Hwan Choi ) 대한주산의학회 2007 Perinatology Vol.18 No.1

목적: Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum)은 태아와 신생아 폐렴의 중요한 원인으로 밝혀져 있으며 미숙아에서 기관지폐 이형성증의 발생과 관련이 있다고 보고되어졌다. 저자들은 U.urealyticum의 집락 여부에 따른 신생아들의 임상양상을 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 2003년 6월부터 2006년 7월까지 분당 서울대학교병원 신생아 중환자실에 입원한 환아 중 출생 첫날 U. urealyticum에 대한 검사를 시행한 476명을 대상으로 하였다. 소변 또는 기관지 폐포 흡인액중에서 PCR 또는 배양검사를 시행하여 U. urealyticum 양성군과 음성군간의 신생아 호흡 곤란증후군 및 기관지폐 이형성증의 빈도를 비교하였다. 결과: 출생 첫날 U. urealyticum에 대한 검사를 시행한476명 중 재태 연령 32주 미만은 136명이었고 재태 연령 32주 이상은 340명이었다. 재태 연령 32주 미만의 환아에서는 18명(13%)이 U.urealyticum 양성이었고 이들에서 기관지폐 이형성증의 발생빈도는 U. urealyticum 음성군에 비해 유의하게 높았고(p=0.058), 신생아 호흡 곤란 증후군의 발생빈도는 적었다(p=0.043). 생후 3일의 말초 혈액에서 총백혈구수는 U. urealyticum 양성군에서 유의하게 증가되어 있었으며(p=0.003), 이차이는 중성구에서 더 뚜렷하였다(p=0.001). 총 IgM과 CRP는 U. urealyticum 집락과 유의한 관계가 없었으며 산모 양수에서 U. urealyticum의 집락여부와 환아의 U. urealyticum의 집락여부도 유의한 관계가 없었다. 재태 연령 32주 이상의 환아에서는 23명(7%)이 U. urealyticum 양성이었고 이들에서 기관지폐 이형성증의 발생은 없었으며 신생아 호흡 곤란 증후군의 발생빈도는 감소하지 않았다 (p=0.605). 환아의 총 IgM은 U. urealyticum 양성군에서 증가하였으나(p<0.006) 환아의 총백혈구와 CRP는 유의한 증가를 보이지 않았다. 산모의 U. urealyticum 집락여부와 환아의 U. urealyticum의 집락여부도 유의한 상관관계가 없었다(p=0.21). 결론: U. urealyticum의 집락은 재태 연령 32주 미만의 미숙아에서 기관지폐 이형성증의 발생빈도를 증가시켰고 신생아 호흡 곤란 증후군의 발생빈도는 감소시켰다. Objective: Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization is a significant cause of fetal and neonatal pneumonia and is associated with the prevalence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between U. urealyticum colonization and neonatal morbidity Methods: We tested 476 infants for U. urealyticum on the first day of life among infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Bun-dang Seoul National University Hospital from June 2003 to July 2006. Urine and endotracheal aspirates were processed by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or culture for U. urealyticum colonization. We compared the morbidity in the colonized group with the non-colonized group. Results: The study group consisted ot 136 infants less than 32 weeks of gestational age and 340 infants more than 32 weeks of gestational age. In infants less than 32 weeks of gestational age, 18 (13%) of 136 infants had 1 or more positive specimens by culture or PCR. BPD occurred more in the colonized group than in the non-colonized group (p=0.058) and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) occurred significantly less in the colonized group (p=0.043). Total WBC counts on the third day of life was significantly increased in the colonized group (p=0.003) and this significance was prominent in the neutrophil fraction (p=0.001). There was no significant relation between U. urealyticum colonization and IgM levels nor C-reactive protein (CRP) level nor U. urealyticum colonization of the mother. Twenty-three(7%) of 340 infants more than 32 weeks of gestational age had 1 or more positive specimens by culture or PCR. BPD didn`t occur and RDS didn`t decrease significantly in the colonized group (p=0.605). Total IgM levels didn`t increase significantly in the colonized group (p<0.006) but total WBC counts and CRP levels didn`t increase significantly in the colonized group. There was no significant relation between U. urealyticum colonization and U. urealyticum colonization of the mother (p=0.21). Conclusion: U. urealyticum colonization in infants less than 32 weeks of gestational age was associated with an increased prevalence of BPD and a decreased prevalence of RDS.

조기양막파수 산모에서 중합효소 연쇄반응 기법을 이용한 양수내 Ureaplasma urealyticum 의 검출과 양수내 염증성 반응 및 주산기 예후와의 연관성

윤보현(Bo Hyun Yoon),이희선(Hee Sun Lee) 대한산부인과학회 2002 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.45 No.6

Objective : The aim of this study was 1) to determine the clinical significance of isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum (U urealyticum) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in amniotic fluid and 2) to identify the association of positive result of PCR for U urealyticum with maternal and intraamniotic inflammatory response in patients with preterm premature rupture of membrane (PROM). Methods : Amniocentesis was done in 131 patients with preterm PROM during the period from January, 1994 to January, 1998. Amniotic fluid was cultured for bacteria and mycoplasmas. PCR with primer for U urealyticum was performed. Patients were divided three groups according to the results of amniotic fluid culture and PCR for U urealyticum: those with a negative amniotic fluid culture and negative PCR (group 1, n=84), those with a negative amniotic fluid culture but positive PCR (group 2, n=12) and those with a positive amniotic fluid culture (group 3, n=35). Results : 1) U urealyticum was isolated in 18.3% (24/131) by conventional culture method and in 26.7% (35/131) by PCR. 2) Patients with a negative amniotic fluid culture but positive PCR for U urealyticum (group 2) had significantly higher amniotic fluid white blood cell (WBC) count and higher rate of funisitis than those with a negative amniotic fluid culture and negative PCR (group 1) (amniotic fluid WBC: median 169 [1-2,295] cells/㎣ vs median 1 [0-7,956] cells/㎣ p<.001; funisitis: 71.4%[5/7] vs 24.6%[15/61], p=0.02). 3) Patients with a negative culture but positive PCR for U urealyticum (group 2) had higher rate of congenital infectious morbidity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in their babies than those with a negative culture and negative PCR (group 1) (congenital infectious morbidity: 36.4% [4/11] vs 11.4% [9/79]; bronchopulmonary dysplasia: 27.3% [3/11] vs 2.5%[2/79], p<0.05 for each). 4) No significant differences in perinatal outcome were observed between patients with a negative culture but positive PCR (group 2) and those with a positive amniotic fluid culture (group 3). Conclusion : Isolation of U urealyticum by PCR in amniotic fluid is associated with an intense intraamniotic inflammatory response and adverse perinatal outcomes in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes.

난소암 조직에서 Ureaplasma urealyticum의 분리 배양과 검출

여태홍(Tae Hong Yeo),석원일(Won Il Seok),김홍열(Heung Yeol Kim) 대한산부인과학회 2001 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.44 No.5

Background & Objectives : According to recent studies, Mycoplasma DNA was positive in 20% of uterine cervical cancer tissue and 48% of gastric cancer tissue. It also showed the correlation with human cancers and infection of Mycoplasma. Ureaplasma urealyticum(U. urealyticum) is a bacteria of high infection rate in women's urogenital system, but it is difficult to find a report about the relations to cancer. So, the objectives of this studies are to investigate the infection rate of the U. urealyticum from Korean women's ovarian cancer, borderline ovarian cancer and benign ovarian tumor, and to discover the relationship between these ovarian tumors with U. urealyticum's infection. Methods : In obstetrics and gynecology department of Kosin medical college, the PCR procedure and cultivation was performed on extracted cancer tissues of 22 ovarian cancer patients and 5 borderline ovarian cancer patients who had operation, and it was also performed on 30 benign ovarian tumor patients as an control group. Results : The detection freguency of U. urealyticum in ovarian cancer tissue was 31.8% (7/22) which was higher than 13.3% (4/30) of benign ovarian tumor but had no statistical relation (p=0.318). In borderline ovarian cancer, the detection frequency was 0.0% (0/5). The infection frequency of U. urealyticum was 22.7% (5/22) in ovarian cancer tissue and 0.0% (0/5) in borderline ovarian tumor and 3.3% (1/30) in benign ovarian tumor, so the infection frequency was higher in ovarian cancer tissue than benign ovarian tumor which was showing statistical relation (p=0.024). The detection frequency of U. urealyticum from benign ovarian tumor tissue was 23.0% (3/13) in mature teratoma and 16.7% (1/6) in epithelial ovarian tumor, which was showing higher frequency in mature teratoma but had no statistical relation(p=0.589). The infection frequency was showed only in epithelial ovarian tumor as 16.7% (1/6) but also had no statistical relation(p=0.388). The detection frequency of U. urealyticum followed by the FIGO stage of malignant ovarian cancer was 33% in stage I and 30.8% (4/13) in stage III, which was higher in stage I but had no statistical relation(p=0.662). The infection frequency was 11.1% (1/9) in stage I and 30.8% (4/13) in stage III, which was higher in stage III but had no statistical relation(p=0.360). Conclusion : With the above results, there was no significant relation between U. urealyticum infection and ovarian cancer. There is, however, few study and case on ovarian cancer internally and externally. It is considered that more studies on the subject with much cases should be made.

Genetic Classification and Antimicrobial Resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum Isolated from Urine

Choi, Myung-Won,Park, In-Dal 대한미생물학회 2012 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.42 No.2

Recently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods have been used to reclassify Ureaplasma urealyticum into two independent species (spp.), designating U. parvum and U. urealyticum. In the current study, we aim to reclassify U. urealyticum and to analyze the correlation between the presence of a genetic marker and an antibiotic resistance of U. urealyticum. Susceptibility test against tetracycline, levofloxain or moxifloxacin was performed by broth microdilution method. The presence of tet(M) gene and the mutations of quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) were analyzed by PCR and sequencing. Among fourteen Ureaplasma isolates, three were identified as U. parvum and eleven were identified as U. urealyticum, and this is first report showing that two independent spp. of U. urealyticum isolated from Korean are present. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges for Ureaplasma isolates were as follows: tetracycline 0.25~128 ${\mu}g/ml$, levofloxacin 1~8 ${\mu}g/ml$, and moxifloxacin 0.5~4 ${\mu}g/ml$. The tet(M) determinant was found in 3 among 14 Ureaplasma isolates with tetracycline MIC of >16 ${\mu}g/ml$, suggesting that the presence of the tet(M) determinant is associated with tetracycline resistance. Mutations of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes in the QRDRs were found in 3 among 14 Ureaplasma isolates, exhibiting only parE gene mutation is associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

침윤성 자궁경부암조직에서 Ureaplasma urealyticum의 검출

안은모(Un Mo Ahn),서남원(Nam Won Seo),김도형(Do Hyung Kim),여태홍(Tae Hong Yeo),강태경(Tae Kyoung Kang),김준홍(Jun Hong Kim),안선의(Sune Ie Ahn),김동휘(Dong Hwi Kim),박은동(Un Dong Park) 대한산부인과학회 2001 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.44 No.4

Objective : Mycoplasmas have been implicated in many diseases including cervicitis, urethritis, salpingitis, endometritis... and functioning as cofactors catalyzing the HIV disease state. The oncogenic potentiality of mycoplasma was only recently realized when they were shown causing chromosomal changes and in vitro cell transformations through gradual progressive chromsomal loss and translocation. Few study has been reported the prevalence of mycoplasma infection in human cancers and suggested that there was a connection between these organisms and human cancers. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between Ureaplasma urealyticum infection and cervical cancer. Methods : The detection frequency of Ureaplasma urealyticum in 52 invasive cervical cancer tissues and 17 normal cervical tissues was studied using PCR. Results : U. urealyticum DNA was detected in 8 out of 52(15.4%) invasive cervical cancer tissues and 1 out of 17(5.9%) normal cervical tissues. No statistic significance was observed between the detection frequency of Ureaplasma urealyticum and clinicopathologic parameters. The prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum in invasive cervical tissues was 15.4% and this rate was higher than 5.9% in normal cervical tissues but there was no statistic significance. Conclusions : With respect to clinicopathologic parameters of cervical cancer, there was no significant relation between U. urealyticum infection and cervical cancer. There is, however, few study and case on cervical cancer internally and externally. It is considered that more studies on the subject with much cases should be made.

The Prevalence of Vaginal Microorganisms in Pregnant Women with Preterm Labor and Preterm Birth

최성진,박순덕,장인호,어영,이안나 대한진단검사의학회 2012 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.32 No.3

Background: To investigate the risk factors for vaginal infections and antimicrobial susceptibilities of vaginal microorganisms among women who experienced preterm birth (PTB), we compared the prevalence of vaginal microorganisms between women who experienced preterm labor (PTL) without preterm delivery and spontaneous PTB. Methods: Vaginal swab specimens from 126 pregnant women who experienced PTL were tested for group B streptococcus (GBS), Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex virus (HSV) I and II, and bacterial vaginosis. A control group of 91 pregnant women was tested for GBS. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed for GBS, M. hominis, and U. urealyticum. Results: The overall detection rates for each microorganism were: U. urealyticum, 62.7%; M. hominis, 12.7%; GBS, 7.9%; C. trachomatis, 2.4%; and HSV type II, 0.8%. The colonization rate of GBS in control group was 17.6%. The prevalence of GBS, M. hominis, and U. urealyticum in PTL without preterm delivery and spontaneous PTB were 3.8% and 8.7% (relative risk [RR], 2.26), 3.8% and 17.3% (RR, 4.52), and 53.8% and 60.9% (RR, 1.13), respectively, showing no significant difference between the 2 groups. The detection rate of M. hominis by PCR was higher than that by culture method (11.1% vs. 4.0%, P= 0.010). The detection rates of U. urealyticum by PCR and culture method were 16.7% and 57.1%, respectively. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the prevalence of GBS, M. hominis, and U. urealyticum between the spontaneous PTB and PTL without preterm delivery groups. Background: To investigate the risk factors for vaginal infections and antimicrobial susceptibilities of vaginal microorganisms among women who experienced preterm birth (PTB), we compared the prevalence of vaginal microorganisms between women who experienced preterm labor (PTL) without preterm delivery and spontaneous PTB. Methods: Vaginal swab specimens from 126 pregnant women who experienced PTL were tested for group B streptococcus (GBS), Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex virus (HSV) I and II, and bacterial vaginosis. A control group of 91 pregnant women was tested for GBS. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed for GBS, M. hominis, and U. urealyticum. Results: The overall detection rates for each microorganism were: U. urealyticum, 62.7%; M. hominis, 12.7%; GBS, 7.9%; C. trachomatis, 2.4%; and HSV type II, 0.8%. The colonization rate of GBS in control group was 17.6%. The prevalence of GBS, M. hominis, and U. urealyticum in PTL without preterm delivery and spontaneous PTB were 3.8% and 8.7% (relative risk [RR], 2.26), 3.8% and 17.3% (RR, 4.52), and 53.8% and 60.9% (RR, 1.13), respectively, showing no significant difference between the 2 groups. The detection rate of M. hominis by PCR was higher than that by culture method (11.1% vs. 4.0%, P= 0.010). The detection rates of U. urealyticum by PCR and culture method were 16.7% and 57.1%, respectively. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the prevalence of GBS, M. hominis, and U. urealyticum between the spontaneous PTB and PTL without preterm delivery groups.

Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in Pregnant Women

고은하,김인숙,맹국영,이순애,김선주 대한임상미생물학회 2009 Annals of clinical microbiology Vol.12 No.4

Background: Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis are associated with an increased risk of pregnancy complications, such as preterm birth and premature membrane rupture. The purpose of this study was to determine the isolation rates and antimicrobial susceptibilities of genital mycoplasma in a sample of pregnant women from Jinju, Korea. Methods: Vaginal swabs were obtained from 258 pregnant women between 2004 and 2008 and tested for the presence of U. urealyticum and M. hominis at Gyeongsang National University Hospital. The identification and antimicrobial susceptibilities of U. urealyticum and M. hominis were determined with a commercially available kit, the Mycoplasma IST2 Kit (bioMé- rieux, Marcy-l’Etoile, France), and evaluated according to standards set by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: U. urealyticum only was detected in 105 specimens (38.6%), while M. hominis only was detected only in 2 specimens (1.8%). Seven specimens (6.7%) were positive both for U. urealyticum and M. hominis. Susceptibilities of U. urealyticum to azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and doxycycline were 75.2%, 82.9%, 88.6%, and 88.6%, respectively, while almost all of the isolates were susceptible to josamycin (99.0%) and pristinamycin (100%). The susceptibility of U. urealyticum to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was 56.2% and 15.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The rate of isolation of genital mycoplasma in pregnant women was 44.2% in Jinju; most of the mycoplasma were U. urealyticum. U. urealyticum and M. hominis were highly resistant to quinolones, but susceptible to josamycin. Therefore, empirical treatment without prior identification and determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of genital mycoplasma will fail in many cases.

출생 시 Ureaplasma urealyticum 집락이 조산아의 임상 양상에 미치는 영향

윤진상,조희승,장선정,이규형 대한신생아학회 2009 Neonatal medicine Vol.16 No.1

Purpose : Present evidences suggest that Ureaplasma urealyticum is a cause of pneumonia, septicemia, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in newborn infants, particularly those born prematurely. The purpose of this work was to examine the relationship between Ureaplasma urealyticum in the tracheal aspirates and adverse outcomes, such as BPD and early onset neonatal sepsis in premature infants. Methods : A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on tracheal aspirates collected within 24 hour after birth in 176 premature infants less than 35 weeks of gestation and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Bundang CHA Hospital. Results : U. urealyticum was detected in 37 of 176 preterm infants (21.0%). Gestational age (29+5±2+5 wk vs. 30+6±2+5 wk, P=0.013) and birth weight (1.39±0.44 kg vs. 1.59±0.55 kg, P=0.037) were lower in the U. urealyticum-positive group compared to the control group. The incidence of early onset neonatal sepsis (16.2% vs. 6.5%, P=0.045) and BPD (45.9% vs. 29.5%, P=0.047) was higher in the U. urealyticum-positive group compared to the control group, but the severity of BPD was not different between two groups. However, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of U. urealyticum was not independently related to the development of early onset neonatal sepsis and BPD. Conclusion : The results suggest that colonization of the lower respiratory tract by U. urealyticum might not be related to the development of neonatal sepsis and BPD directly in preterm infants.

Genetic Classification and Antimicrobial Resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum Isolated from Urine

최명원,박인달 대한미생물학회 2012 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.42 No.2

Recently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods have been used to reclassify Ureaplasma urealyticum into two independent species (spp.), designating U. parvum and U. urealyticum. In the current study, we aim to reclassify U. urealyticum and to analyze the correlation between the presence of a genetic marker and an antibiotic resistance of U. urealyticum. Susceptibility test against tetracycline, levofloxain or moxifloxacin was performed by broth microdilution method. The presence of tet(M) gene and the mutations of quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) were analyzed by PCR and sequencing. Among fourteen Ureaplasma isolates, three were identified as U. parvum and eleven were identified as U. urealyticum, and this is first report showing that two independent spp. of U. urealyticum isolated from Korean are present. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges for Ureaplasma isolates were as follows:tetracycline 0.25~128 μg/ml, levofloxacin 1~8 μg/ml, and moxifloxacin 0.5~4 μg/ml. The tet(M) determinant was found in 3 among 14 Ureaplasma isolates with tetracycline MIC of >16 μg/ml, suggesting that the presence of the tet(M) determinant is associated with tetracycline resistance. Mutations of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes in the QRDRs were found in 3 among 14 Ureaplasma isolates, exhibiting only parE gene mutation is associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.