Upgrading low-boiling-fraction fast pyrolysis bio-oil using supercritical alcohol: Understanding alcohol participation, chemical composition, and energy efficiency

Jo, Heuntae,Prajitno, Hermawan,Zeb, Hassan,Kim, Jaehoon Elsevier 2017 Energy conversion and management Vol.148 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Herein, a supercritical methanol (scMeOH) route for efficient upgrading of the low-boiling fraction of fast pyrolysis bio-oil containing a large amount of low-molecular-weight acids and water was investigated. The effects of various reaction parameters, including the temperature, concentration, and time, were explored. The yield of bio-oil and the energy efficiency of the scMeOH upgrading process were determined based on the amount of methanol that participated in the reaction during upgrading and fractionation of the upgraded heavy-fraction bio-oils (UHBOs) and upgraded light-fraction bio-oils (ULBOs). Upgrading at 400°C with 9.1wt% bio-oil for 30min generated a high bio-oil yield of 78.4wt% with a low total acid number (TAN) of 4.0mg-KOH/g-oil and a higher heating value of 29.9MJkg<SUP>−1</SUP>. The energy recovery (ER) was 94–131% and the energy efficiency (EE) was in the range of 79–109% depending on the calorific values of the ULBOs. Compared with upgrading in supercritical ethanol and supercritical isopropanol, less alcohol participation, a lower TAN, and higher ER and EE were achieved with scMeOH upgrading. Plausible pathways for bio-oil upgrading in supercritical alcohols based on detailed compositional analysis of the UHBO, ULBO, and gaseous products were discussed.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Non-catalytic and non-hydrogen based bio-oil upgrading was conducted using scMeOH. </LI> <LI> 16–40wt% alcohols were consumed during the upgrading. </LI> <LI> High bio-oil yield of 78.4wt% and low TAN of 4.0mg KOH/g were achieved. </LI> <LI> Effect of supercritical alcohols, reaction times, temperature and bio-oil concentration was conducted. </LI> <LI> scMeOH upgrading has good energy recovery (ER) and energy efficiency (EE) compared with scEtOH and scIPA. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

기업의 GVC 고도화 및 고유의 강점(FSA)이 공급망 경쟁력 강화에 미치는 영향

김민재,최두원 한국경영컨설팅학회 2024 경영컨설팅연구 Vol.24 No.1

본 연구에서는 통상 공급망이라 불리는 GVC와 관련하여 Humphrey와 Schmitz(2002)가 제시한 4단계 고도화 개념을 이론적으로 고찰하고 관련 사례를 분석하여 GVC의 경쟁력 강화 방안을 연구하였다. 나아가 Rugman과 Verbeke(2004), Collinson과 Rugman(2008) 등의 연구를 바탕으로 FSA(Firm Specific Advantage: 기업 고유의 우위성)와 RSA(Regional Specific Advantage: 지역 특유의 우위성)에 대한 이론적 고찰을 통해 4단계 GVC 고도화 개념과의 접목 가능성을 탐색하였으며, 선행연구에 기반하여 변수의 구성적 정의를 통해 연구의 개념적 도식화를 실시한 후 이를 조작적으로 정의하여 연구모형을 수립하였다. FSA와 RSA가 4단계 GVC 고도화에 미치는 영향, 궁극적으로 GVC에서의 주도권과 경제력에 영향을 미치는 인과경로를 분석하였다. 첫째, 오늘날의 국제분업 체계와 글로벌 공급망은 상당히 심화되어 있어, 주변국 혹은 역내 국가에 한정된 기업의 강점은 공급망 위기 시대의 필승 전략이 될 수 없다. 둘째, Humphrey와 Schmitz(2002)의 4단계 GVC 고도화에서 주장한 바와 같이 공정/제품 고도화는 GVC 경쟁력을 유의미한 수준까지 강화하지는 못한다. 셋째, 미소곡선과 고도화의 개념이 제시하는 바와 같이 공급망의 상류도(upstream)로 생산기능 고도화를 실현하거나 거래선 다변화를 통한 가치사슬 고도화가 이루어져야 한다는 결과가 실증분석을 통해서 도출됨으로써 이론이 통계적으로 입증되었다. 넷째, FSA는 RSA로는 불가능한 생산기능/가치사슬 고도화의 실현에 기여하며, 상기 두 고도화는 Humphrey와 Schmitz(2002)이 주장한 바와 같이 공정/제품 고도화로는 불가능한 GVC에서의 주도권과 경제력을 확보하는 데 기여한다. This study theoretically examined the four-stage upgrading concept proposed by Humphrey and Schmitz(2002) in relation to GVCs, commonly referred to as supply chains, and analyzed related cases to study how to enhance the competitiveness of GVCs. Furthermore, based on the studies of Rugman and Verbeke(2004), Collinson and Rugman(2008), and others, it explored the possibility of combining FSA(Firm Specific Advantage) and RSA(Regional Specific Advantage) with the four-stage GVC upgrading concept through a theoretical review of FSA and RSA, and established a research model by operationally defining variables based on previous studies. This study analyzed the causal pathways that influence the impact of FSA and RSA on the four stages of GVC upgrading, and ultimately on the leadership and economic power in GVCs. First, today's international division of labor and global supply chains are so deeply interconnected that a firm's ability to exert its strengths only in neighboring or regional countries is not a winning strategy in times of supply chain crisis. Second, process/product upgrading, as described in Humphrey and Schmitz’s(2003) four stages of GVC upgrading, does not meaningfully enhance GVC competitiveness. Third, the theory is statistically supported by the empirical analysis, which shows that functional upgrading should be realized upstream in the supply chain or value chain upgrading should be achieved through trade diversification, as suggested by the smile curve and the concept of upgrading. Fourth, FSA contributes to the realization of functional/value chain upgrading, which is not possible with RSA, and the above two upgrading contributes to securing leadership and economic power in GVCs, which is not possible with process/product upgrading, as argued by Humphrey and Schmitz (2002).

싱가포르 주택개발청(HDB)의 업그레이딩 프로그램에 관한 연구

김주현,박선경,하재명,이재윤 한국주거학회 2004 한국주거학회 논문집 Vol.15 No.2

This research is about Apartment Remodeling Upgrading Programme by Singapore Housing Development Board(HDB). For this study, we visited HDB and made field survey of the projects. There are basically three types of upgrading, namely, Precinct Upgrading, Apartment Block Upgrading and Flat Upgrading. Precint Upgrading refers the upgrading of services and facilities of the precinct. It involves the extention of open space, car-park, commercial space and additional covered linkways. These afford the residents greater convenience and comfort and generally enhance the environment of the community. Apartment Upgrading refers the upgrading of the block facade, improvements to the elevator, lift lobbies, letter boxes, trash chute and rain chute. The upgrading improves the quality of life of the residents. Flat Upgrading Involves the addition of space which may be in the form of a new Utility-room, replacement of old services, piping and equipment within an apartment unit. These provide the residents with a bigger and more comfortable living space.

A Systematic Literature Review of the Environmental Upgrading in Global Value Chains and Future Research Agenda

Amira Khattak,Luisa Pinto 한국유통과학회 2018 유통과학연구 Vol.16 No.11

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to provide a systematic literature review related to environmental upgrading in Global Value Chains (GVCs) and suggest possible future research agendas in advancing environmental upgrading and ultimately GVC boundaries. Research design, data, and methodology - The academic databases such as Science Direct, EBSCO, ProQuest and Google Scholar were explored using a structured keywords searches to identify relevant research in the environmental upgrading area in GVCs. Only relevant papers were selected after reading the abstracts, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results - Overall analysis of the literature review suggests two critical developments in the field of environmental upgrading. The first and foremost major development is an enhanced understanding of environmental upgrading as a concept and phenomenon. The second significant development is that environmental upgrading has been empirically proven to be fundamentally based on relationships and power structures within GVCs. Conclusions - Environmental upgrading in GVCs has been studied individually and not in relation to financial outcomes and social upgrading. Hence, the relationship of environmental upgrading with financial outcomes and social upgrading needs to be investigated. Furthermore, the impact of the interaction of varying institutional structures on environmental upgrading is worthy of future study.

Upgrading of petroleum vacuum residue using a hydrogen-donor solvent with acid-treated carbon

Kim, Doo-Wook,Jeon, Pil Rip,Moon, Seunghyun,Lee, Chang-Ha Elsevier 2018 Energy conversion and management Vol.161 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Hydrocarbon/carbon systems can be used to perform the hydrogen transfer reaction in heavy oil upgrading, as alternatives to metal catalysts and molecular hydrogen. In this study, a system comprising a hydrogen-donor solvent (tetralin) and acid-treated activated carbon was established to evaluate its ability as a hydrogen transfer agent to upgrade a vacuum residue (VR). The use of tetralin substantially decreased coke formation from 32.7 wt% to a negligible amount in VR upgrading at 450 °C because the solvent could act as a hydrogen donor and diluent for the coke precursors. The acid-treated activated carbon accelerated dehydrogenation of tetralin through hydrogen transfer in the upgrading, resulting in a higher residue conversion and moderate coke formation. In view of the phase behavior, the hydrogen transfer reaction could also be promoted by increasing the contact between the hydrogen acceptor and donor in the supercritical medium. In the VR upgrading using the activated carbon in supercritical tetralin, complete residue conversion was achieved with 47 wt% light fractions (gas and light oil) and 6 wt% coke at 450 °C and 5.33 MPa. The results indicate that the streams available in oil refinery processes, which are rich in hydrocarbons with hydrogen-donor abilities, have great potential for use in heavy oil upgrading.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Upgrading of VR was conducted in a hydrogen-donor solvent/activated carbon system. </LI> <LI> The developed system achieved high performance at relatively mild conditions. </LI> <LI> The use of tetralin led to suppression of coke formation in VR upgrading at 450 °C. </LI> <LI> Activated carbon accelerated dehydrogenation of tetralin through hydrogen transfer. </LI> <LI> Residue conversion of 100 wt% could be achieved with 6.2 wt% coke at 5.3 MPa. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

The Present and the Future of Biogas Purification and Upgrading Technologies

허남효(Heo, Namhyo),박재규(Park, Jaekyu),김기동(Kim, Kidong),오영삼(Oh, Youngsam),조병학(Cho, Byounghak) 한국신재생에너지학회 2011 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.05

Anaerobic digestion(AD) has successfully been used for many applications that have conclusively demonstrated its ability to recycle biogenic wastes. AD has been successfully applied in industrial waste water treatment, stabilsation of sewage sludge, landfill management and recycling of biowaste and agricultural wastes as manure, energy crops. During AD, i.e. organic materials are decomposed by anaerobic forming bacteria and fina1ly converted to excellent fertilizer and biogas which is primarily composed of methane(CH4) and carbon dioxide(co₂) with smaller amounts of hydrogen sulfide(H2S) and ammonia(NH3), trace gases such as hydrogen(H2), nitrogen(N2), carbon monoxide(CO), oxygen(O2) and contain dust particles and siloxanes. The production and utilisation of biogas has several environmental advantages such as i)a renewable energy source, ii)reduction the release of methane to the atomsphere, iii)use as a substitute for fossil fuels. In utilisation of biogas, most of biogas produced from small scale plant e.g. farm-scale AD plant are used to provide as energy source for cooking and lighting, in most of the industrialised countries for energy recovery, environmental and safety reasons are used in combined heat and power(CHP) engines or as a supplement to natural. In particular, biogas to use as vehicle fuel or for grid injection there different biogas treatment steps are necessary, it is important to have a high energy content in biogas with biogas purification and upgrading. The energy content of biogas is in direct proportion to the methane content and by removing trace gases and carbon dioxide in the purification and upgrading process the energy content of biogas in increased. The process of purification and upgrading biogas generates new possibilities for its use since it can then replace natural gas, which is used extensively in many countries, However, those technologies add to the costs of biogas production. It is important to have an optimized purification and upgrading process in terms of low energy consumption and high efficiency giving high methane content in the upgraded gas. A number of technologies for purification and upgrading of biogas have been developed to use as a vehicle fuel or grid injection during the passed twenty years, and several technologies exist today and they are continually being improved. The biomethane which is produced from the purification and the upgrading process of biogas has gained increased attention due to rising oil and natural gas prices and increasing targets for renewable fuel quotes in many countries. New plants are continually being built and the number of biomethane plants was around 100 in 2009.

Why do we need a theory and metrics of technology upgrading?

Slavo Radosevic,Esin Yoruk 기술경영경제학회 2016 ASIAN JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION Vol.24 No.-

This paper discusses why we need a theory and metrics of technology upgrading. It criticallyreviews existing approaches to technology upgrading, and proposes a theoretically relevant andempirically grounded intermediate conceptual and statistical framework to illustrate the typesof challenges facing economies with different levels of income. It conceptualises technologyupgrading as a three-dimensional process that considers the intensity and type of technologyupgrading based on different types of innovation and technology activities; the broadeningof technology upgrading through exploitation of technology and knowledge diversification;and interaction with the global economy via the import, adoption, and exchange ofknowledge. We consider these to be necessary first steps towards a theory and metrics oftechnology upgrading and the generation of more relevant composite indicator oftechnology upgrading.

Patterns of technology upgrading – the case of biotechnology in China

Wang Lili,Chen Fang,Knell Mark 기술경영경제학회 2019 ASIAN JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION Vol.27 No.2

Technology upgrading is essential for emerging countries to catch up. Yet, little is known about how countries are upgrading their technologies. In this paper, we first explore the patterns of biotechnology upgrading in China and examine the specialization feature from both technological and organizational perspectives. Our results show that China has specialized in the industrial-biotech sub-field, and firms have played a key role in the development of biotech in this field. Secondly, we investigate the knowledge bases for technology upgrading. From the perspective of scientific knowledge bases, we find that there is a scientific backup for biotechnology; and that biotechnology goes hand in hand with bioscience. From the perspective of technical knowledge bases, by disaggregating the knowledge sources by countries, we find that local knowledge has become an increasingly important resource for the development of new biotechnologies in China. The increasing importance of local knowledge in the development of new biotechnologies shows that China is moving on a path from imitative to indigenous innovation.

Excellent aging stability of upgraded fast pyrolysis bio-oil in supercritical ethanol

Jo, Heuntae,Verma, Deepak,Kim, Jaehoon Elsevier 2018 Fuel Vol.232 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The stabilities of low-boiling-fraction fast pyrolysis bio-oil (LBFBO) and upgraded bio-oil (UBO) produced using supercritical ethanol (scEtOH) were examined under accelerated aging conditions at 80 °C for up to 1 year. During the 3-month aging of LBFBO, a jelly-like non-flowable phase formed, and a hard, solid block formed after further aging for over 6 months. The viscosities and molecular weights of aged LBFBOs increased significantly. In contrast, the UBOs exhibited excellent stabilities after up to 6 months of aging with marginal increases in their viscosities and molecular weights. The condensation reaction during the aging of LBFBO led to the formation of water and reduced the oxygen content, while negligible changes were observed in the elemental contents of the aged UBOs. The excellent aging stability of UBO was attributed to its non- or less-reactive chemical species than those of LBFBO. Acetic acid, which acted as a catalyst for condensation and persisted for the 3-month aging of LBFBO, was converted into its corresponding ethyl ester during the scEtOH upgrading. The reactive pyrolytic lignin in LBFBO decomposed into its low-molecular-weight fractions. In addition, the other reactive species in LBFBO, such as aldehydes, furfural, and monoaromatics substituted with α,β-unsaturated aldehyde groups, were converted to less- or non-reactive species during the upgrading. Therefore, negligible compositional changes in the chemical structure of UBOs were achieved for up to 6 months of aging.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Accelerated aging for 1 year was tested before and after supercritical upgrading. </LI> <LI> Fast pyrolysis bio-oil (LBFBO) was upgraded in supercritical ethanol. </LI> <LI> Upgraded bio-oil (UBO) consisted of esters, alcohols, ethers and alkylated phenols. </LI> <LI> During the 3-month aging of LBFBO, a jelly-like non-flowable phase formed. </LI> <LI> Negligible compositional changes of UBO were achieved for up to 6 months of aging. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

GVC 재편에 따른 한국 소재·부품 산업의 대응 방안에 관한 연구

김민재(Min-Jae Kim),한능호(Neung-Ho Han) 한국국제상학회 2021 國際商學 Vol.36 No.1

오늘날 국제경제 및 경영, 무역 분야에서 핵심적 개념으로 자리매김한 글로벌 가치사슬의 변화에 따라 국가의 무역 및 산업이 크게 요동친다. 우리나라 또한 코로나19, 보호무역주의 확산, 미·중 무역분쟁, 일본의 수출규제 등 급격하고 변화무쌍한 통상환경과 GVC가 재편되는 상황에서 안정적인 지위 유지와 경쟁력 제고를 위해서 GVC 재편에 따른 대응 방안을 필수적으로 모색해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라가 GVC에서의 경쟁력을 강화할 수 있는 단계적 전략을 ‘공정 고도화’, ‘제품 고도화’, ‘생산기능 고도화’, ‘가치사슬 고도화’의 4단계로 구분하였다. 나아가 세계적인 수준의 제조업을 보유함으로써 소재·부품 산업과의 연계 효과를 발생시켜 공정·제품 고도화가 가능하며, 일본의 수출규제를 계기로 반도체·디스플레이 핵심 3소재에 있어 무역의 다변화 및 투자유치, 그리고 국산화에 성공함으로써 가치사슬·생산기능 고도화 또한 달성 혹은 실현 단계에 있음을 확인하였다. Purpose : The purpose of the study is to find ways to respond to the reorganization of GVC in order to maintain a stable status and enhance competitiveness under the rapidly changing trade environment and GVC reorganization Research design, data, methodology : This paper proposed a four-stage strategy to strengthen the competitiveness of GVC. “Process upgrading”, “Product upgrading”, “Functional upgrading”, and Value chain upgrading . Based on this strategy, this study analyzed the current situation of GVC in Korea. Results : A world-class manufacturing industry makes it possible to achieve process and product upgrading by creating a link with the materials and parts industry. The findings confirmed that value chain & functional upgrade is also achieved or realized through successful trade diversification, investment attraction, and localization of semiconductor and display core materials. Conclusions : Korea s GVC strategy has been successful following the upgrade stategy in the fourth stage. However, sustainable policies will have to be implemented in the future.