무인항공기를 위한 운항기술기준 제정방향에 대한 연구

박유림,한재현 한국항공우주정책⋅법학회 2021 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.36 No.2

Due to the the development of aircraft technology with information and communication, the development and distribution of unmanned aircraft system technology is rapidly progressing worldwide. In Korea, interest in the unmanned aircraft system is increasing in the private sector such as drone taxis and drone couriers, and recently, interest in unmanned technology has increased unmanned aircraft system as a means of transportation are also attracting attention. In line with this trend, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) focuses on remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) among unmanned aircraft systems with the aim of integrated operation of unmanned aircraft system and manned aircraft. And amendments of ICAO Annexes with documents are being developed. However, the current domestic aviation safety law system is based on manned aircraft, and there is no legal system and detailed safe operation standards for remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS). Therefore, there is a difficulty in reflecting international standards considering integrated operation of manned and unmanned aircraft in Korea. Therefore, in order to reflect the international standards of unmanned aircraft system in the future, this study aims to promote safe operation of unmanned aircraft system based on the amendment to the Aviation Safety Act, which established legal grounds for the definition, qualifications, airworthiness, and operation of unmanned aircraft sysem for safe operation of unmanned aircraft system. The directions of establishment of flight safety regulations for unmanned aircraft system have been provided. 항공기술과 정보통신의 발달로 인해 전세계적으로 무인항공기 기술의 발전과 보급이 빠르게 진행되고 있다. 우리나라에서도 드론택시, 드론택배 등 민간 영역에서 무인항공기 산업에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있으며, 최근 무인화 기술에 대한 관심이 높아지며 교통수단으로서의 무인항공기 역시 주목 받고 있다. 이러한 추세에 따라 국제민간항공기구(ICAO)에서는 무인항공기와 유인항공기의 통합운용을 목표로 무인항공기시스템(Unmmaned Aircraft System) 중 원격조종항공기(RPAS, Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems)에 초점을 맞추어 관련 국제기준 및 문서들의 개정안을 개발중이다. 그러나 현행하는 국내 항공법 체계는 유인항공기를 기반으로 구성되어있으며, 원격조종항공기시스템(RPAS, Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems)의 법률적 체계 및 세부적인 안전운항기준이 마련되어있지 않아 유·무인항공기의 통합운용을 고려한 국제기준의 국내반영에 어려움이 있다. 따라서 본연구는 향후 무인항공기의 국제기준의 국내반영을 위해 ‘무인항공기 안전운용을 위한 항공안전법 개정방향에 대한 연구’에서의 항공법령 상 무인항공기의 정의 및 필수구성요소들의 법률적근거 마련을 근거로 그에 따른 원격조종항공기시스템의 안전운항을위한 세부기준인 감항, 자격증명, 훈련기관, 운항절차 등의 마련을 위한 무인항공기를 위한 운항기술기준의 제정방향을 제시하였다.

연구논문 : 드론의 활용과 안전 확보를 위한 항공법상 법적 규제에 관한 고찰

김중수 ( Joong Soo Kim ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2015 법학논총 Vol.39 No.3

This has increased interest in Unmaned Aerial Vehicle such as drone recently. This Unmaned Aerial Vehicle technology is far developed mainly for military purposes, in recent years has spread to the public sector as the use of Unmaned Aerial Vehicle are being used for analysis because many types of UAVs in the private sector for a variety of purposes. Drones gas alone is not no meaning, because it holds, including ground equipment, and communication with ‘the system’ is emphasized these points Unmanned Aerial System - it referred to as (UAS Unmanned Aircraft System). In other words, the gas section only if expressly as described above (UA: Unmanned Aircraft), also known as a recent International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization), so remote control driver are always being and meaning that the ‘voluntary’ is stated that it is not unattended for calling with RPAS(Remotely Piloted Aircraft System). Even in Korea take advantage of drones is a situation that is growing explosively in areas including but not limited to military use as leverage. In this regard, the Ministry of Land is on the march “practical application civilian drone technology development” project that is underway since 2013 under a two-phase project over the total by 2022. That Unmaned Aerial Vehicle project of Ministry of Land through the practical development and dissemination based on the construction of domestic civil unmanned marine monitoring, recording, pesticide spraying, ambulance, search and rescue, meteorological and prevention accidents through the establishment versatility and safety management system. It is contributing to the core and to promote job creation by fostering the induction and the UAV industry, including the practical use of private domestic UAV technology in the future based on the creative economy industry. Looking to take advantage of the area of drones specifically in the public sector Today, naturalㆍmarineㆍland observation, border surveillance, pipelineㆍ wire rupture monitoring, volcanicㆍhurricane observation, marineㆍland surveying, forest protection activities are being utilized and disaster prevention in the private sector, leisure, as well as logistics, communications relay, pesticide, fisheries management, such as photographing filmㆍapplication range has been continuously expanded. Looking regard to the legal system for ensuring the safety of Civil Aeronautics Law and the legal system for the use of drones, Drone of the current Civil Aeronautics Law belongs to the unmanned flight device of the ultra-light flying devices. It is belongs to Among the unmanned flight device (self weight of less than 150kg, excluding the weight of the fuel drone or unmanned rotation flight equipment) powered unmanned flying device. But is actually a marine observation and investigation, fishing nursery etc. its own weight to form a majority must be mounted in the observation equipment is 150kg in weight in order to make effective use. But 50kg, 100kg the observation equipment is not suitable. Therefore, in order to take advantage of drones to enhance the effectiveness of the notion and legal position of the drone of Civil Aeronautics Law it should be specified to suit the technical level. Second, the business scope of the regulations regarding the use of drones is thought that a high probability that lists only the best projects on its utilization, and to ensure the stability in ultra-light flying devices business use projects. In particular, the business scope that is listed has been limited to the contents of most of the public sector, which is utilized as the area enumerate though, despite a few high probability infinite parts in accordance with the development of technology, even in the private sector is expected to be improved. To solve this problem step by step seems to need further revision levels can have on the degree of business aircraft use range. Third, The range of ultra-light aircraft and flight equipment prescribed for use in aviation business and leisure sports regulate only flying device that can board most people. but To steer the drone or a pilotless and unmanned rotation flight device such as drones also improper to exclude from the scope may be air leisure sports. Fourth, according to the Aviation Act and current regulations are unmanned flying devices drivers must not be flying out of the range watches, it is also banned night flights. But if this rule is applied as offshore and it is difficult to ensure the effectiveness of marine research, observations. Therefore, it is necessary to define the technical level and to be suitable for use and stability. Fifth, Unmanned military aircraft operating in the current United States Armed Forces and military authorities were excluded from applies subject to put special case of domestic Civil Aeronautics Law. But, Come at any time of manned aircraft in airspace interfere with the operation of aircraft manned or of such incidents which may cause collision. In particular, unmanned rotation flight device as drone is a relatively recent development compared to the manned aircraft such as a state confidence in its stability in the world that is not secured. Therefore, even if military authorities and United States Armed Forces operating drones to deal with any such exceptional military aircraft(Unmaned Aerial Vehicle) to ensure the safety for civil aircraft shall apply our domestic Civil Aeronautics Law. Sixth, despite the advantages that can be utilized in a variety of ways, the drone operating system is vulnerable to security. The majority of drones is because the start-up using a GPS and a commercial wireless network. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a drone operating in the field of applied security technology suitable to be utilized in order to successfully utilize place and catch. In this construction a stable operating platform for making good use of hardware in the interior drone, and it should be stable to achieve the desired function by the application in accordance with the development of a standardized platform. It is true that new technologies such as drones that connects these risks are not yet a lot of anxiety demonstration. In many regulations it requires that also true that the legal system in safety to a more social and more drone technology called as consideration for a more progressive understanding and utilization of the drones can be utilized as a viable way will be clear this for a quick establishment I think it is necessary.

무인항공기 운영자의 법적책임과 보험

김종복 한국항공우주정책⋅법학회 2018 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.33 No.2

Just as safety is the most important thing in aviation, safety is the most important in the operation of unmanned aircraft (RPA), and safety operation is the most important in the legal responsibility of the operator of the unmanned aircraft. In this thesis, the legal responsibility of the operator of the unmanned aircraft, focusing on the responsibility of the operator of the unmanned aircraft, was discussed in depth with the issue of insurance, which compensates for damages in the event of an accident First of all, the legal responsibility of the operator of the unmanned aircraft was reviewed for the most basic : definition, scope and qualification of the operator of the unmanned aircraft, and the liability of the operator of the Convention On International Civil Aviation, the ICAO Annex, the RPAS Manual, the Rome Convention, other major international treaties and Domestic law such as the Aviation Safety Act. The ICAO requires that unmanned aircraft be operated in such a manner as to minimize hazards to persons, property or other aircraft as a major principle of the operation of unmanned aircraft, which is ultimately equivalent to manned aircraft Considering that most accidents involving unmanned aircrafts fall to the ground, causing damage to third parties' lives or property, this thesis focused on the responsibility of operators under the international treaty, and the responsibility of third parties for air transport by Domestic Commercial Act, as well as the liability for compensation. In relation to the Rome Convention, the Rome Convention 1952 detailed the responsibilities of the operator. Although it has yet to come into effect regarding liability, some EU countries are following the limit of responsibility under the Rome Convention 2009. Korea has yet to sign any Rome Convention, but Commercial Act Part VI Carriage by Air is modeled on the Rome Convention 1978 in terms of compensation. This thesis also looked at security-related responsibilities and the responsibility for privacy infringement. which are most problematic due to the legal responsibilities of operating unmanned aircraft. Concerning insurance, this thesis looked at the trends of mandatory aviation insurance coverage around the world and the corresponding regulatory status of major countries to see the applicability of unmanned aircraft. It also looked at the current clauses of the Domestic Aviation Business Act that make insurance mandatory, and the ultra-light flight equipment insurance policy and problems. In sum, the operator of an unmanned aircraft will be legally responsible for operating the unmanned aircraft safely so that it does not pose a risk to people, property or other aircraft, and there will be adequate compensation in the event of an accident, and legal systems such as insurance systems should be prepared to do so. 항공에 있어서 안전이 가장 중요한 것처럼 무인항공기 운영에 있어서도 안전이 가장 중요하고 무인항공기 운영자의 법적책임에 있어서도 안전운영책임이 가장 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 무인항공기 운영자의 안전운영 책임을 중심으로 무인항공기 운영자가 지게 되는 법적책임 문제를 사고 발생 시 피해를 보상해주는 보험 문제와 함께 심도있게 고찰하였다. 우선 무인항공기 운영자의 법적책임 문제는 가장 기본적인 무인항공기 운영자의 정의, 범위, 자격요건을 살펴보고 규제동향으로 국제민간항공협약, ICAO 부속서와 RPAS Manual, 로마협약 등 주요 국제협약, 항공안전법 등 국내 관련 법률상의 운영자의 책임규정을 고찰하였다. ICAO에서는 무인항공기도 궁극적으로는 유인항공기와 동등한 수준의 기술상 및 운항상의 안전성을 확보할 것을 요구하고 있으며 무인항공기 운영의 대원칙으로 사람, 재산 및 다른 항공기에 대한 위험을 최소화 하는 방법으로 운영 되어야 한다고 규정하고 있다. 이와 관련 무인항공기 사고의 경우는 대부분이 지상에 추락하여 제3자의 인명이나 재산에 피해를 입히는 사고가 대부분인 점을 감안 관련 국제협약인 로마협약상의 운영자의 책임과 국내 상법 항공운송편의 제3자 책임 관련 규정을 중점적으로 살펴보았으며 사고 발생에 따른 배상책임 문제도 살펴보았다. 로마협약과 관련하여서는 1952년 로마협약이 운영자의 책임을 상세히 규정하고 있다. 배상책임과 관련하여서는 아직 발효는 되지 않았지만 EU 일부국가에서는 2009년 로마협약상의 책임한도액을 따르고 있는 점이 특징이다. 아직 우리나라는 어떠한 로마협약에도 가입하지 않고 있으나 상법 항공운송편은 배상책임에 있어 1978년 로마협약을 모델로 하고 있다. 이들 이외에 무인항공기 운영에 따르는 관련 법적책임으로 가장 많이 문제가 되고 있는 보안관련 책임과 사생활 침해에 대한 책임도 살펴보았다. 보험과 관련하여서는 전 세계적으로 항공보험의 가입 의무화 경향과 이에 따른 주요 각국의 규제현황을 살펴보고 무인항공기에의 적용 가능성을 살펴보았다. 또한 현행 국내 항공사업법상의 보험가입 의무화 조항과 초경량 비행장치 보험 규정과 문제점을 살펴보았다. 요컨대 무인항공기 운영자는 무인항공기를 인명이나 재산 또는 다른 항공기에 위험을 주지 않도록 안전하게 운영할 법적책임이 있으며 사고 발생 시는 적절한 보상책임이 있다고 할 것이며 이를 위한 보험제도 등 법제도적 장치가 마련되어야 한다.

무인이동체시스템의 고장분석을 위한 기능설계 기반의 Fault Tree 도출에 관한 연구

정호전(Ho-Jeon Jeong),김상헌(SangHun Kim),박진규(JinKyu Park),김상활(SangHwal Kim),방승재(SeungJae Bang) 대한기계학회 2021 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2021 No.4

무인이동체시스템은 주로 영상촬영용으로 활용되어 단순한 임무장비의 탑재와 기본적인 비행기능 및 촬영기능 정도가 요구되어왔다. 그러나 무인이동체시스템이 군사, 상업, 공공 분양에서 다양하게 활용되기 시작함에 따라 무인이동체시스템에 요구되는 물리적, 기능적 복잡도가 증가하였다. 우편 배송을 위한 자동적재함이 탑재되거나, 소화탄의 투하를 위한 체결장치, 제어장치가 탑재되는 등 임무수행을 위해 탑재되는 장비가 늘어났으며, 이를 기반으로 임무를 수행하기 위한 기능도 증가하였다. 이에 따라 운용상의 제약을 통해 안전성을 확보하는 것에서 나아가 무인이동체시스템에 대한 안전설계를 통해 안전성을 확보하는 것이 요구되고 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 대표적인 고장분석 기법인 FTA를 무인이동체시스템에 적용하기 위해 기능설계 기반의 Fault Tree 도출에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 무인이동체시스템의 개념설계 단계에서 기능분석 결과를 바탕으로 기능의 오류를 식별하고 이를 기반으로 무인이동체시스템에 대한 Fault tree를 도출하였다. 도출된 Fault Tree를 활용하여 무인이동체시스템에서 발생 가능한 다양한 형태의 고장을 분석하였다. 향후 무인이동체시스템에 대한 고장률 데이터가 축적되면 이를 활용하여 무인이동체시스템에 대한 안전목표를 설정하는데 Fault Tree를 활용할 수 있을 것이다. The unmanned aircraft system is mainly used for video shooting, and it has been required to install simple mission equipment and basic airplane capabilities and shooting functions. However, as the unmanned aircraft system began to be used in various ways in military, commercial, and public fields, the physical and functional complexity required for the unmanned aircraft system increased. The number of equipment mounted for mission operation, such as an automatic loading box for mail delivery, a fastening device for dropping fire extinguishers, and a control device were installed, and functions for operating the missions have also increased. Accordingly, it is required to secure safety through safety design for the unmanned aircraft system in addition to securing safety through operational constraints. To this end, in this study, a study on derivation of a fault tree based on functional design was conducted to apply FTA, a representative fault analysis technique, to an unmanned mobile system. In the conceptual design stage of the unmanned aircraft system, functional errors were identified based on the result of functional analysis, and a fault tree for the unmanned aircraft system was derived based on this. Various types of failures that can occur in the unmanned aircraft system were analyzed using the derived fault tree. If failure rate data for the unmanned aircraft system is accumulated in the future, the fault tree can be used to set safety goals for the unmanned aircraft system by utilizing this data.

운영환경특성을 반영한 HAZOP 기반 무인이동체시스템의 위험원 분석에 관한 연구

임상연(Sang Yeon Im),김상헌(Sang Hun Kim),박진규(Jin Gyu Park),정호전(Ho Jeon Jeong),장홍석(Hong Seok Jang) 대한기계학회 2021 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2021 No.4

기존에 영상촬영, 레저용으로 주로 활용되어왔던 무인이동체시스템을 재난 ·치안, 배송, 감시정찰 등의 공공임무에 활용하기 위한 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 이로 인해 다양한 환경에서의 무인이동체시스템의 운용이 요구되고 있다. 특히 해당 공공임무들이 도심 및 해상에서 진행됨에 따라, 운용환경특성을 반영한 무인이동체시스템의 개발은 필수적이다. 도심환경에서는 인구밀집지역에서의 비행과 함께, 전파 간섭 및 항법교란 등에 대한 대처가 필요하며, 해상환경에서는 내식성과 함께, 해상에서의 통신을 고려한 시스템 구성이 필요하다. 이러한 운용환경의 반영은 개발되는 무인이동체시스템의 안전성 및 신뢰성 확보에 중요한 요인이 된다. 본 논문에서는 운용환경특성을 반영한 HAZOP 기반의 무인이동체시스템의 위험원을 도출하였다. 이를 위해 대표적인 위험원 분석 기법인 HAZOP을 활용하여, 운용환경을 반영한 정상상태 시나리오를 도출하였으며, 이를 기반으로 무인이동체의 이탈 등을 식별하여 위험원을 도출하였다. 이를 통해 무인이동체시스템에 내재되어 있는 위험원 뿐만 아니라 운영환경에서 발현될 수 있는 위험원을 식별하여 무인이동체의 안전성확보에 활용할 수 있을 것이다. Research is being conducted to utilize the unmanned aircraft system, which has been mainly used for video shooting and leisure, for public missions such as disaster, security, delivery, surveillance, and reconnaissance. For this reason, the operation of the unmanned aircraft system in various environment is required. In particular, as the public missions are carried out in the inner city and at sea, it is essential to develop an unmanned aircraft system that reflects the characteristics of the operating environment. In an urban environment, it is necessary to cope with radio wave interference and navigation disturbances, along with flying in densely populated areas, and in a marine environment, it is necessary to configure a system that considers corrosion resistance and communication at sea. This reflection of the operating environment becomes an important factor in securing the safety and reliability of the unmanned aircraft system being developed. In this paper, the risk sources of the HAZOP-based unmanned aircraft system reflecting the characteristics of the operating environment were derived. To this end, HAZOP, a representative risk source analysis technique, was used to derive a steady state scenario reflecting the operating environment, and based on this, the risk source was derived by identifying the departure of the unmanned aircraft system. Through this, it will be possible to identify not only the risk sources inherent in the unmanned aircraft system, but also the risk sources that may arise in the operating environment and utilize them to secure the safety of the unmanned aircraft system.

무인항공기 산업의 발전을 위한 법적 고찰

이준복 ( Lee Joonbok ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2016 홍익법학 Vol.17 No.3

최근 정부에서는 자율주행차, 사물인터넷, 빅데이터, 바이오헬스케어와 함께 무인항공기산업 분야 규제를 국제적 수준으로 최소하겠다고 결정한 바 있다. 다시 말해서 무인항공기는 창조경제의 핵심으로 판단하여 무인항공기 개발을 통해 설계·제작·인증·시험 원천기술과 운영체계·원격통제소 등 운영관리 인프라 등을 개발·구축하고 시범운영을 거쳐 국내보급 및 수출기반을 조성하려는 것이다. 그러나 무인항공기는 이처럼 많은 성장가능성 및 가치를 갖고 있지만, 앞서 언급한 것처럼 많은 문제점도 함께 상존(常存)해 있다. 예를 들면, 무인항공기는 저소음과 극소형으로 제작될 수 있기 때문에 무인항공기를 이용한 촬영을 통해 특정 국민들의 사생활이 노출될 우려가 있고, 앞으로 무인항공기가 상용화 될 경우 사생활 침해의 발생 가능성은 양적·질적으로 늘어날 것이 분명한 일일 것이다. 이와 같이 무인항공기의 문제점으로 인하여 국민의 프라이버시권 등의 침해로 인하여 발생된 정신적·신체적 손해는 현재 발전단계에 있는 우리의 무인항공기 산업의 발전을 해칠 가능성 또한 존재하는 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 무인항공기 산업의 올바른 성장 및 정착을 위한 과제를 수행하기 위해 핵심적인 사항으로서 결론 부분에서 무인항공기 규제의 입법적 개선방향에 대해서 제시했다. 우선 기초적인 내용으로 무인항공기에 대한 현행 개인정보보호법의 적용여부 및 그 한계에 대해서 다뤘다. 그리고 무인항공기도 항공법에서 규율하고 있는 범위에 포함되기 때문에 현행 항공법의 개정을 통해 그 대안을 모색했고, 새로운 입법과제로서 무인항공기 사생활보호법 및 운영지침(가이드라인) 제정에 대해 제안했다. 또한 무인항공기 산업의 규제적 측면과 함께 진흥적 측면에서 가칭, 무인이동체 연구개발 진흥법안의 제정에 대해서도 간략하게 다뤄봄으로써 본 연구의 결론을 이끌어 냈다. In recent years, the government has decided to ease the regulation of unmaned aircraft industry with Autonomous vehicle, Internet of things, Big date and Bio Health Care. That is, considered the center of the Creative Economy, the unmanned aircraft intends to establish domestic supply and create export-oriented base by setting up and developing operations and management infrastructure such as planning, production, certification·testing, operating system, and remote control center. However, the unmanned aircraft has plenty of growth potential and value as mentioned previously, but with as many problems in existence. For example, produced by low noise and extremely small, the unmanned aircraft can expose the privacy of citizens. And there is no doubt that if it is commercialized, the possibility of invasion of privacy will be increased quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Therefore, mental and physical damages caused by the invasion of privacy due to the issue of the unmanned aircraft would hinder development possibility. In the present study, it was presented for the improvement of the legislative regulation of unmanned aircraft for the settlement of the appropriate growth and unmanned aircraft industry. Above all, it deals with for the application and limitation of currency Personal information protection act to the unmanned aircraft. And it sought protection through an amendment of the current Aviation Act, the Privacy Act and unmanned aircraft operating instructions(guidelines) as the new challenges offered enacted legislation. Also led to the conclusion by measures mentioned also in the developmental aspects of the unmanned aircraft industry.

무인항공기 인증체계 수립을 위한 국외 동향과 국내 연구에 대한 고찰

양준모(Jun-Mo Yang),염효원(Hyo-Won Yeom),김민성(Min-Sung Kim) 한국산학기술학회 2021 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.22 No.7

국제민간항공기구는 2026년을 목표로 무인항공기와 유인항공기의 통합 운용을 목표로 하고 있다. 무인항공기의 안전한 운용을 위해 국제민간항공기구는 감항, 통신, 감지 및 회피, 자격, 운용, 항공교통관제, 인적요인, 보증 등 8개의 워킹 그룹을 구성하였다. 각 워킹 그룹에서는 유인항공기에 적용되는 문서를 기반으로 무인항공기 인증체계를 수립하고 있다. 이런 흐름에 따라 미국과 유럽의 항공청은 국제민간항공기구의 계획을 기반으로 각 국가에 맞는 무인항공기 인증 체계를 구축하고 있다. 우리나라도 국제민간항공기구에서 개최하는 원격조종항공기시스템 패널에 참여하여 동향을 파악하고 관련 연구를 진행하고 있다. 최근 방위사업청에서는 수직 이착륙기의 일종인 드론의 소요 재기가 증가함에 따라 이에 맞는 소형 회전익 무인항공기 감항인증기준(안)을 수립하였다. 또한 소형 회전익 무인항공기 감항인증기준(안)의 보완은 앞으로 진행되는 사업의 시범 적용을 통해 진행할 것으로 발표하였다. 본 논문에서는 무인항공기 시장 확대에 따른 민간과 군의 동향과 국내에서 진행 중인 연구를 조사하여 앞으로 나아갈 방향을 제안하였고, 국제민간항공기구와 항공선진국의 기술기준에 빠르게 대응한다면 우리나라에 맞는 인증체계를 도출할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. The International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO) aims to integrate unmanned aerial vehicles and manned aircraft with the goal of 2026. For the safe operation of unmanned aerial vehicles, the ICAO has formed eight working groups, including airworthiness, communications, detect and avoid, licensing, operations, air traffic management, human in the system, and endorsement. Each working group is establishing an unmanned aerial vehicle certification system based on the documents applied to manned aircraft. With this trend, the U.S. and European aviation administration are establishing a certification system for unmanned aircraft for each country based on the plans of the ICAO. South Korea also participates in the Remoted Piloted Aircraft System Panel (RPASP) held by the ICAO to identify trends and conduct related research. Recently, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) established airworthiness certification standards (draft) for small rotorcraft unmanned aerial vehicles according to the increasing demands of drones, a type of vertical take-off and landing aircraft. In addition, it was announced that the supplementation of the airworthiness certification standard (draft) for small rotorcraft unmanned aerial vehicles would be carried out through the application of future projects. This study examined the civil and military trends due to the expansion of the unmanned aircraft market and the ongoing research in South Korea and proposes a direction to move forward. A concerted response to the technical standards of ICAO and advanced countries will help develop a certification system suitable for the country.

Design and development of a fuel cell-powered small unmanned aircraft

Kim, Taegyu,Kwon, Sejin Elsevier 2012 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY - Vol.37 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The design, construction, and flight test of a fuel cell-powered small unmanned aircraft are described. A fuel cell system featuring a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell combined with a hydrogen generator, which serves as a new power source alternative to the existing batteries, is proposed. The hydrogen generator uses a catalytic hydrolysis reaction to extract hydrogen from an alkaline solution of sodium borohydride, and constructed with a reactor, pump, separator, and fuel cartridge. Considering the performance characteristics of the fuel cell, the hybrid power management of a fuel cell and a battery was contrived. The fuel cell stack, hydrogen generator, and power management system were evaluated at the various load conditions. A high efficiency unmanned aircraft was designed and fabricated to validate the possibility of the proposed fuel cell system, and a small flight control system was developed for a high endurance test flight. Wind-tunnel tests were conducted before the flight tests under actual flight conditions. The possibility for the utilization of a fuel cell in a small aircraft was validated through the fuel cell powered flight test. The fuel cell aircraft flew for 2 h without incidents in the fuel cell system.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P><P><ce:figure id='dfig1'></ce:figure></P><P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► Small aircraft using PEMFC combined with NaBH<SUB>4</SUB> hydrogen generator was developed. ► Hybrid power management of a fuel cell and a battery was evaluated. ► High efficiency aircraft was designed and wind-tunnel tests were conducted. ► The fuel cell aircraft flew for 2 hours without incidents in the fuel cell system.</P>

항공사고 및 준사고 조사를 위한 UAS 비행 기록 시스템 파라미터 도출 방안

이건희,이중윤 한국항행학회 2024 韓國航行學會論文誌 Vol.28 No.1

‘UAS flight recording system’ is a system that is mounted on an unmanned aircraft system consisting of various components and records flight-related data. The data recorded by this system should be used for aviation accident and incident investigations to prevent similar accidents. In particular, for the category of UAS with high operating risk, safety devices close to that of manned aircraft are required, and it is urgent to develop flight recording systems reflecting the characteristics of the UAS to secure airworthiness. This paper highlights the need for UAS flight recording systems for aviation accident and incident investigations and seek a method to derive flight recording system parameters for ‘Certified Category’ with high operational risk. To this end, Inter-City UAM was used as a concrete use case, and the process of approaching system parameters was devised by assuming accident occurrences and hazards from mission profiles and scenarios. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that parameters could be derived through this process. ‘UAS 비행 기록 시스템’은 다양한 구성 요소로 이루어진 무인항공기 시스템에 장착되어 비행 관련 데이터를 기록하는 시스템이다. 이 시스템이 기록한 데이터는 유사사고 예방을 위하여 항공사고 및 준사고 조사에 활용되어야 한다. 특히, 운용 위험도가 높은 무인항공기 시스템의 범주에 대해서는 유인항공기의 안전장치 수준에 근접하게, 감항성 확보를 위하여 무인항공기 시스템 특성을 반영한 비행 기록 시스템의 개발이 시급하다. 본 논문은 항공사고 및 준사고 조사를 위해 UAS 비행 기록 시스템의 필요성을 부각하고, 운용 위험도가 큰 ‘Certified Category’를 대상으로 비행 기록 시스템 파라미터 도출 방안을 모색하였다. 이를 위해 Inter-City UAM을 구체적인 사용 사례로 지정하고, 임무 프로파일 및 시나리오로부터 사고 발생과 위해요인을 상정하여 시스템 파라미터 도출에 접근하는 프로세스를 고안하였다. 연구 결과, 이 프로세스를 통해 파라미터 도출이 가능함을 확인하였다.

무인항공기 시스템의 개념 설계를 위한 기능 안전 관점에서의 위해요인 식별 및 안전 요구사항 도출 - 영국 AAIB 무인항공기 시스템 사고조사보고서를 기반으로 -

이건희,이중윤 (사)위기관리이론과실천 2023 Crisisonomy Vol.19 No.1

With the 4th Industrial Revolution, the utilization of unmanned aircraft systems is increasing day by day in various fields. However, unmanned aircraft systems are vulnerable to functional errors due to their unique characteristics, such as remote control and automatic flight. In the event of an accident, the system operator and the general public may be injured, and the system manufacturer may be disadvantaged by the Product Liability Act. In addition, with the establishment of international standards related to risk management and functional safety, such as ISO/IEC/IEEE 16085, IEC 61508, and ARP4761, risk analysis and countermeasures have become essential when developing systems. It is time to ensure functional safety at the conceptual design phase to protect public safety and manufacturers' interests. This study reviews international standards to confirm the importance of identifying functional safety hazards and managing requirements. In addition, it also analyzes the accident investigation reports of the UK AAIB to identify hazards of unmanned aircraft systems and derive safety requirements.